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Therapeutic uses of epicatechin in diabetes and cancer

Abdulkhaleq LA, Assi MA, Noor MHM, Abdullah R, Saad MZ, Taufiq-Yap YH

Vet World, 2017 Aug;10(8):869-872.
PMID: 28919675 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.869-872

Epicatechin is a natural flavonoid found in green tea. It has been reported to possess an immense antioxidant effect which contributes to its therapeutic effect against a handful of ailments. In this review, we discuss its therapeutic role in the management of two of the most important human diseases; diabetes and cancer. The consumption of epicatechin has been shown to reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic patients, while is anticancer effect was attributed to its antioxidant properties, antiangiogenic and direct cytotoxicity to cancer cells. Although the exact mechanism of action of epicatechin is still being explored, there is no doubt that it is a promising candidate as an alternative. The significance of this review is to highlight the importance of the usage of natural products (in this case, epicatechin) as an alternative for the treatment of two potentially fatal diseases which is diabetes and cancer. The aim of this review is to educate the scientific community on the role of epicatechin in ameliorating the effects of diabetes and cancers on human while understanding the potential mechanisms of these aforementioned effects.

Matched MeSH terms: Biological Products
Fulltext Potential of Endophytic Diaporthe sp. as a New Source of Bioactive Compounds

Nagarajan K, Tong WY, Leong CR, Tan WN

J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2021 Apr 28;31(4):493-500.
PMID: 32627761 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2005.05012

Endophytic fungi are symbiotically related to plants and spend most of their life cycle within them. In nature, they have a crucial role in plant micro-ecosystem. They are harnessed for their bioactive compounds to counter human health problems and diseases. Endophytic Diaporthe sp. is a widely distributed fungal genus that has garnered much interest within the scientific community. A substantial number of secondary metabolites have been detected from Diaporthe sp. inhabited in various plants. As such, this minireview highlights the potential of Diaporthe sp. as a rich source of bioactive compounds by emphasizing on their diverse chemical entities and potent biological properties. The bioactive compounds produced are of significant importance to act as new lead compounds for drug discovery and development.

Matched MeSH terms: Biological Products/chemistry*
Zebrafish: predictive model for targeted cancer therapeutics from nature

Zulkhernain NS, Teo SH, Patel V, Tan PJ

Curr Cancer Drug Targets, 2014;14(8):764-73.
PMID: 25348017 DOI: 10.2174/1568009614666141028121347

Targeted therapy, the treatment of cancer based on an underlying genetic alteration, is rapidly gaining favor as the preferred therapeutic approach. To date, although natural products represent a rich resource of bio-diverse drug candidates, only a few have been identified to be effective as targeted cancer therapies largely due to the incompatibilities to current high-throughput screening methods. In this article, we review the utility of a zebrafish developmental screen for bioactive natural product-based compounds that target signaling pathways that are intimately shared with those in humans. Any bioactive compound perturbing signaling pathways identified from phenotypic developmental defects in zebrafish embryos provide an opportunity for developing targeted therapies for human cancers. This model provides a promising tool in the search for targeted cancer therapeutics from natural products.

Matched MeSH terms: Biological Products/pharmacology*; Biological Products/therapeutic use*
Fulltext Growth inhibition of Candida species by Wickerhamomyces anomalus mycocin and a lactone compound of Aureobasidium pullulans

Tay ST, Lim SL, Tan HW

BMC Complement Altern Med, 2014;14:439.
PMID: 25380692 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-439

The increasing resistance of Candida yeasts towards antifungal compounds and the limited choice of therapeutic drugs have spurred great interest amongst the scientific community to search for alternative anti-Candida compounds. Mycocins and fungal metabolites have been reported to have the potential for treatment of fungal infections. In this study, the growth inhibition of Candida species by a mycocin produced by Wickerhamomyces anomalus and a lactone compound from Aureobasidium pullulans were investigated.

Matched MeSH terms: Biological Products/isolation & purification; Biological Products/pharmacology*
Fulltext Potassium aluminium sulphate (Alum) inhibits growth of human axillary malodor-producing skin flora in vitro

Hassanain Al-Talib, Nur Izzati Syamimi Mohd Nasir, Hafizuddin Yaziz, Nur Fatihah Zulkafli, Nur Aqidah Adani, Ahmad Ikhwan Noor Rashidi, et al.

Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences, 2016;1:59-63.

Axillary malodor is caused by microbial biotransformation of non-smelling molecules present in apocrine secretions, into volatile odorous molecules. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activities of potassium aluminium salts (alum) against four malodor-producing axillary bacterial flora, as an alternative natural product for reducing axillary malodor.

Matched MeSH terms: Biological Products
Fulltext Kainic Acid-Induced Excitotoxicity Experimental Model: Protective Merits of Natural Products and Plant Extracts

Mohd Sairazi NS, Sirajudeen KN, Asari MA, Muzaimi M, Mummedy S, Sulaiman SA

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2015;2015:972623.
PMID: 26793262 DOI: 10.1155/2015/972623

Excitotoxicity is well recognized as a major pathological process of neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases involving the central nervous system (CNS). In the animal models of neurodegeneration, excitotoxicity is commonly induced experimentally by chemical convulsants, particularly kainic acid (KA). KA-induced excitotoxicity in rodent models has been shown to result in seizures, behavioral changes, oxidative stress, glial activation, inflammatory mediator production, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and selective neurodegeneration in the brain upon KA administration. Recently, there is an emerging trend to search for natural sources to combat against excitotoxicity-associated neurodegenerative diseases. Natural products and plant extracts had attracted a considerable amount of attention because of their reported beneficial effects on the CNS, particularly their neuroprotective effect against excitotoxicity. They provide significant reduction and/or protection against the development and progression of acute and chronic neurodegeneration. This indicates that natural products and plants extracts may be useful in protecting against excitotoxicity-associated neurodegeneration. Thus, targeting of multiple pathways simultaneously may be the strategy to maximize the neuroprotection effect. This review summarizes the mechanisms involved in KA-induced excitotoxicity and attempts to collate the various researches related to the protective effect of natural products and plant extracts in the KA model of neurodegeneration.

Matched MeSH terms: Biological Products
Fulltext The Garlic Tree of Borneo, Scorodocarpus borneensis (Baill.) Becc. (Olacaceae): Potential Utilization in Pharmaceutical, Nutraceutical, and Functional Cosmetic Industries

Wiart C, Shorna AA, Rahmatullah M, Nissapatorn V, Seelan JSS, Rahman H, et al.

Molecules, 2023 Jul 28;28(15).
PMID: 37570687 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155717

Scorodocarpus borneensis (Baill.) Becc. is attracting increased attention as a potential commercial medicinal plant product in Southeast Asia. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the taxonomy, habitat, distribution, medicinal uses, natural products, pharmacology, toxicology, and potential utilization of S. borneesis in the pharmaceutical/nutraceutical/functional cosmetic industries. All data in this review were compiled from Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, ChemSpider, PubChem, and a library search from 1866 to 2022. A total of 33 natural products have been identified, of which 11 were organosulfur compounds. The main organosulfur compound in the seeds is bis-(methylthiomethyl)disulfide, which inhibited the growth of a broad spectrum of bacteria and fungi, T-lymphoblastic leukemia cells, as well as platelet aggregation. Organic extracts evoked anti-microbial, cytotoxic, anti-free radical, and termiticidal effects. S. borneensis and its natural products have important and potentially patentable pharmacological properties. In particular, the seeds have the potential to be used as a source of food preservatives, antiseptics, or termiticides. However, there is a need to establish acute and chronic toxicity, to examine in vivo pharmacological effects and to perform clinical studies.

Matched MeSH terms: Biological Products*
The impact of cycleanine in cancer research: a computational study

Nwaefulu ON, Al-Shar'i NA, Owolabi JO, Sagineedu SR, Woei LC, Wai LK, et al.

J Mol Model, 2022 Oct 04;28(11):340.
PMID: 36194315 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05326-1

Cancer is imposing a global health burden because of the steady increase in new cases. Moreover, current anticancer therapeutics are associated with many drawbacks, mainly the emergence of resistance and the severe adverse effects. Therefore, there is a continuous need for developing new anticancer agents with novel mechanisms of action and lower side effects. Natural products have been a rich source of anticancer medication. Cycleanine, a natural product, was reported to exert an antiproliferative effect on ovarian cancer cells by causing apoptosis through activation of caspases 3/7 and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase to form poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1). It is well-established that PARP1 is associated with carcinogenesis, and different PARP1 inhibitors are approved as anticancer drugs. In this study, the cytotoxic activity of cycleanine was computationally investigated to determine whether it is a PARP1 inhibitor or a caspase activator. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were utilized for this purpose. The results showed that cycleanine has a good binding affinity to PARP1; moreover, MD simulation showed that it forms a stable complex with the enzyme. Consequently, the results showed that cycleanine is a potential inhibitor of the PARP1 enzyme.

Matched MeSH terms: Biological Products*
Fulltext Natural Therapeutic Options in Endodontics - A Review

Venkateshbabu N, Anand S, Abarajithan M, Sheriff SO, Jacob PS, Sonia N

Open Dent J, 2016;10:214-26.
PMID: 27386007 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601610010214

Complete eradication of microbial biofilms and elimination of the smear layer are the key factors during endodontic treatment. Various chemical irrigants have been proposed in the literature for the same. The major setback with these chemical irrigants is that they are not bio-friendly to the dental and peri-radicular tissues. In the recent years, research to use natural products for root canal disinfection has gained importance. The aim of this article is to compile various herbal products that have been used as an irrigants and intracanal medicaments in the field of Endodontics to eradicate the biofilm and remove smear layer.

Matched MeSH terms: Biological Products
Fulltext The effectiveness of betel leaves extract as antifungal agent

Emi Norzehan Mohamad Mahbob, Nurul Huda Musa, Zaidatul Shakila Mohamad Ashari, Fathiah Abdullah, Siti Hajar Noor Alshurdin

Jurnal Inovasi Malaysia, 2019;2(2):41-54.
MyJurnal

Piper betle (sirih) is a medicinal plant that has been reported for various pharmacological activities such as antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic and, anti-inflammatory. The researchwas carried out to study the antifungal activity of ethanolic extract from P. betle leaves. Matured leaves of P. betle were collected and processed to a fine powder before being extracted using ethanol. The first part of the research involved evaluation of antifungal activity of the ethanolic extracts using disk diffusion method at four different concentrations (5, 25, 50, 100 mg/mL) against 3 types of fungi isolated from laboratory surfaces. The sensitivities of the fungal towards the ethanolic extracts were determined by measuring the size of inhibitory zones. Results showed that highest concentration of the extract (100 mg/mL) inhibited fungal growth for all three types of isolated fungi with 0.97, 0.83, and 0.77 cm zone of inhibition for yeast, Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp., respectively. Low concentrations (5, 25 and 50 mg/mL) did not inhibit the fungal growth except for Penicillium sp. that showed zone of inhibition, 0.53 cm at concentration of 50 mg/mL. The second part of the research involved evaluation of fungal count utilizing effective dose of betel leaves ethanolic extract obtained from the first part of this research which is 100 mg/mL. This study found that no fungal growth on the microscope wire that has been sprayed with betel leaves ethanolic extract on Day 1, Day 4 and Day 7. For wire that been sprayed with ethanol 70%, the average of fungal count was same on Day 1 and Day 4 (5.6 x 102 cfu/mL) but increased to 9.2 x 102 cfu/mL on Day 7. In conclusion, betel leaves extract exhibit fungicidal properties that support their use as antifungal agents from natural products which are safe, easily available with no adverse effects.

Matched MeSH terms: Biological Products
Fulltext Stable heterologous expression of biologically active terpenoids in green plant cells

Ikram NK, Zhan X, Pan XW, King BC, Simonsen HT

Front Plant Sci, 2015;6:129.
PMID: 25852702 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00129

Plants biosynthesize a great diversity of biologically active small molecules of interest for fragrances, flavors, and pharmaceuticals. Among specialized metabolites, terpenoids represent the greatest molecular diversity. Many terpenoids are very complex, and total chemical synthesis often requires many steps and difficult chemical reactions, resulting in a low final yield or incorrect stereochemistry. Several drug candidates with terpene skeletons are difficult to obtain by chemical synthesis due to their large number of chiral centers. Thus, biological production remains the preferred method for industrial production for many of these compounds. However, because these chemicals are often found in low abundance in the native plant, or are produced in plants which are difficult to cultivate, there is great interest in engineering increased production or expression of the biosynthetic pathways in heterologous hosts. Although there are many examples of successful engineering of microbes such as yeast or bacteria to produce these compounds, this often requires extensive changes to the host organism's metabolism. Optimization of plant gene expression, post-translational protein modifications, subcellular localization, and other factors often present challenges. To address the future demand for natural products used as drugs, new platforms are being established that are better suited for heterologous production of plant metabolites. Specifically, direct metabolic engineering of plants can provide effective heterologous expression for production of valuable plant-derived natural products. In this review, our primary focus is on small terpenoids and we discuss the benefits of plant expression platforms and provide several successful examples of stable production of small terpenoids in plants.

Matched MeSH terms: Biological Products
Evaluation of the sub-acute toxicity of the sclerotium of Lignosus rhinocerus (Cooke), the Tiger Milk mushroom

Lee SS, Tan NH, Fung SY, Pailoor J, Sim SM

J Ethnopharmacol, 2011 Oct 31;138(1):192-200.
PMID: 21930194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.09.004

Lignosus rhinocerus (known locally as 'Tiger Milk mushroom') is the most important medicinal mushroom used by the indigenous communities of Malaysia to treat fever, cough, asthma, cancer, food poisoning and as a general tonic. The sclerotium of the mushroom is the part with medicinal value. Lignosus rhinocerus was hitherto unexploited commercially because of limited supply. Recently, the mushroom was successfully cultivated.

Matched MeSH terms: Biological Products/administration & dosage; Biological Products/toxicity*
Fulltext Antiamoebic activity of plant-based natural products and their conjugated silver nanoparticles against Acanthamoeba castellanii (ATCC 50492)

Anwar A, Ting ELS, Anwar A, Ain NU, Faizi S, Shah MR, et al.

AMB Express, 2020 Feb 03;10(1):24.
PMID: 32016777 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-0960-9

Acanthamoeba spp. are the causative agent of Acanthamoeba keratitis and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). The current options to treat Acanthamoeba infections have limited success. Silver nanoparticles show antimicrobial effects and enhance the efficacy of their payload at the specific biological targets. Natural folk plants have been widely used for treating diseases as the phytochemicals from several plants have been shown to exhibit amoebicidal effects. Herein, we used natural products of plant or commercial sources including quercetin (QT), kolavenic acid (PGEA) isolated from plant extracts of Polyalthia longifolia var pendula and crude plant methanolic extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (CPFLM) as antiacanthamoebic agents. Furthermore, these plant-based materials were conjugated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to determine the effects of the natural compounds and their nanoconjugates against a clinical isolate of A. castellanii from a keratitis patient (ATCC 50492) belonging to the T4 genotype. The compounds were conjugated with AgNPs and characterized by using ultraviolet visible spectrophotometry and atomic force microscopy. Quercetin coated silver nanoparticles (QT-AgNPs) showed characteristic surface plasmon resonance band at 443 nm and the average size distribution was found to be around 45 nm. The natural compounds alone and their nanoconjugates were tested for the viability of amoebae, encystation and excystation activity against A. castellanii. The natural compounds showed significant growth inhibition of A. castellanii while QT-AgNPs specifically exhibited enhanced antiamoebic effects as well as interrupted the encystation and excystation activity of the amoebae. Interestingly, these compounds and nanoconjugates did not exhibit in vitro cytotoxic effects against human cells. Plant-based compounds and extracts could be an interesting strategy in development of alternative therapeutics against Acanthamoeba infections.

Matched MeSH terms: Biological Products
Fulltext Antitumour Activities of Selected Pure Compounds Identified from the Serum of Crocodylus porosus, Malayopython reticulatus, Varanus salvator and Cuora kamaroma amboinensis

Jeyamogan S, Khan NA, Siddiqui R

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2021 Feb 12;22(S1):97-106.
PMID: 33576218 DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2021.22.S1.97

OBJECTIVES: Here we determined antitumour effects of purified compounds such as Valdecoxib, Rofecoxib, L-Methionine and Artocarpin against cancer cell lines.
METHODS: Using purified compounds, assays were performed to determine their effects against cancer cell lines using growth inhibition assays, cytotoxicity assays, and cell survival assays against HeLa, PC3 and MCF7 cells.
RESULTS: The results showed that the selected small molecules L-Methionine, Rofecoxib, and Artocarpin suppressed the growth of more than 90% PC3 cells at 40µM. Similarly, Valdecoxib alone and in combination with other molecules exhibited potent growth inhibition and cytotoxicity against cancer cells tested. Peptide from the serum of M. reticulatus, demonstrated selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells without inhibiting the growth of normal cells.
CONCLUSION: These findings are significant and provide a basis for the rational development of therapeutic anticancer agents, however intensive research is needed to determine in vivo effects of the identified molecules together with their mode of action to realize these expectations.
.

Matched MeSH terms: Biological Products/pharmacology*
HMG-CoA Reductase as Target for Drug Development

Gunasekaran B, Shukor MY

Methods Mol Biol, 2020;2089:245-250.
PMID: 31773659 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0163-1_16

The main strategy for lowering blood cholesterol levels is through the inhibition of the NADPH-dependent HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase). The enzyme catalyses the reduction of HMG-CoA to mevalonate and this process is inhibited by statins that form the bulk of the therapeutic agents to treat high cholesterol since the 1970s. Newer drugs that are safer than statins are constantly being developed. The inhibition of candidate drugs to HMG-CoA reductase remains the mainstay of drug development research. The determination of the enzyme activity is important for the correct assessment of potency of the enzyme as well as determining the inhibition of potential therapeutic agents from the plant and microbial extracts. Also, this chapter covers the use of the popular four-parameter logistics model that can yield accurate estimation of the IC50 values of therapeutic agents and their 95% confidence intervals.

Matched MeSH terms: Biological Products/pharmacology
Fulltext Wound Healing Properties of Selected Natural Products

Ibrahim N', Wong SK, Mohamed IN, Mohamed N, Chin KY, Ima-Nirwana S, et al.

Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2018 10 25;15(11).
PMID: 30366427 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112360

Wound healing is a complex process of recovering the forms and functions of injured tissues. The process is tightly regulated by multiple growth factors and cytokines released at the wound site. Any alterations that disrupt the healing processes would worsen the tissue damage and prolong repair process. Various conditions may contribute to impaired wound healing, including infections, underlying diseases and medications. Numerous studies on the potential of natural products with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and pro-collagen synthesis properties as wound healing agents have been performed. Their medicinal properties can be contributed by the content of bioactive phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and phenolic compounds in the natural products. This review highlights the in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies on wound healing promotions by the selected natural products and the mechanisms involved.

Matched MeSH terms: Biological Products/pharmacology*; Biological Products/therapeutic use*
Development of Aurantiochytrium limacinum SR21 cultivation using salt-rich waste feedstock for docosahexaenoic acid production and application of natural colourant in food product

Leong HY, Su CA, Lee BS, Lan JC, Law CL, Chang JS, et al.

Bioresour Technol, 2019 Jan;271:30-36.
PMID: 30261334 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.093

Microalgae biorefinery is presently receiving a lot of attention as driven by its production of high value-added products. In this study, an oleaginous microalga Aurantiochytrium limacinum SR21 was cultured for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production using 20% (w/v) of K2HPO4-waste feedstock to replace 0.005% (w/v) of KH2PO4 in the flask culture. DHA is an essential nutrient for human's brain functionalities. Collectively, the K2HPO4-waste feedstock with working concentration of 0.005% (w/v) in the cultivation prompted a higher lipid content (8.29%) and DHA production (128.81 mg.L-1). Moreover, natural plant pigment products containing stabilised betacyanins were utilised as natural red colourants for hard candy production. This study develops microalgal cultivation using salt-rich waste feedstock for a higher lipid and DHA content as well as application of natural colouring agents in food products.

Matched MeSH terms: Biological Products
Potential utilization of bioproducts from microalgae for the quality enhancement of natural products

Tang DYY, Khoo KS, Chew KW, Tao Y, Ho SH, Show PL

Bioresour Technol, 2020 May;304:122997.
PMID: 32094007 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122997

Microalgae are autotroph organisms that utilise light energy to synthesize various high-value bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, proteins and lipids. Due to its fast growth rate and capability to survive in harsh environment, microalgae nowadays are applied in various industrial areas. The process of obtaining microalgae-based biomolecules starts with the selection of suitable microalgae strain, cultivation, followed by downstream processing of the biomass (i.e., pre-treatment, harvesting, extraction and purification). The end products of the processes are biofuels and other valuable bioproducts. Nevertheless, low production yield and high-cost downstream processes are the emerging bottlenecks which need to be addressed in the upscaling of extracted compounds from microalgae biomass. To conclude, tremendous efforts are required to overcome these challenges to revolutionize microalgae into a novel and green factory of different bioactive compounds for industrial necessities to satisfy and fulfil global demands.

Matched MeSH terms: Biological Products*
Fulltext Report on the seventh meeting of national control laboratories for vaccines and biologicals of the WHO Western Pacific and South-East Asia member states

Shim SB, Choi CW, Shin JH, Kim JW, Schepelmann S, Jung JH, et al.

Biologicals, 2023 Nov;84:101712.
PMID: 37797484 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2023.101712

The Biregional Network of National Control Laboratories (NCLs) of the WHO Western Pacific and South-East Asia Regions has been meeting annually since 2018 to enhance NCLs' voluntary participation capacity. Its seventh meeting was hosted by the Korea National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation (NIFDS) of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), in conjunction with the Global Bio Conference, in Seoul on September 6, 2022. Over 60 participants from seven countries, (India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam) attended the meeting on-site and online. The theme of this meeting was 'Quality Control Issues and International Trends for Biologicals including Vaccines and Plasma-Derived Medicinal Products.' Three special speeches were presented on sharing the quality control system for biologicals, including NCLs' considerations in preparing the WHO Listed Authorities and sharing MFDS experiences. Furthermore, the participating NCLs shared country-specific issues related to national lot releases during the COVID-19 pandemic and acknowledged the meeting's crucial role in response preparedness for pandemic emergencies and enhancing regulatory capacity through coalitions and information exchange among NCLs. The NIFDS will cooperate closely with other Asian NCLs to enhance biological product quality control, aiming to establish regional standards and standardize test methods through collaboration.

Matched MeSH terms: Biological Products*
Fulltext Nano based drug delivery systems: recent developments and future prospects

Patra JK, Das G, Fraceto LF, Campos EVR, Rodriguez-Torres MDP, Acosta-Torres LS, et al.

J Nanobiotechnology, 2018 Sep 19;16(1):71.
PMID: 30231877 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0392-8

Nanomedicine and nano delivery systems are a relatively new but rapidly developing science where materials in the nanoscale range are employed to serve as means of diagnostic tools or to deliver therapeutic agents to specific targeted sites in a controlled manner. Nanotechnology offers multiple benefits in treating chronic human diseases by site-specific, and target-oriented delivery of precise medicines. Recently, there are a number of outstanding applications of the nanomedicine (chemotherapeutic agents, biological agents, immunotherapeutic agents etc.) in the treatment of various diseases. The current review, presents an updated summary of recent advances in the field of nanomedicines and nano based drug delivery systems through comprehensive scrutiny of the discovery and application of nanomaterials in improving both the efficacy of novel and old drugs (e.g., natural products) and selective diagnosis through disease marker molecules. The opportunities and challenges of nanomedicines in drug delivery from synthetic/natural sources to their clinical applications are also discussed. In addition, we have included information regarding the trends and perspectives in nanomedicine area.

Matched MeSH terms: Biological Products/administration & dosage

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