Displaying publications 41 - 60 of 162 in total

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  1. Fulltext Evidence of Marine Microplastics in Commercially Harvested Seafood
    Curren E, Leaw CP, Lim PT, Leong SCY
    Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2020;8:562760.
    PMID: 33344429 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.562760
    Microplastic pollution is a global issue that has a detrimental impact on food safety. In marine environments, microplastics are a threat to marine organisms, as they are often the same size range as prey and are mistaken as food. Consumption of microplastics has led to the damage of digestive organs and a reduction in growth and reproductive output. In this study, microplastic pollution was assessed across three commercially available shrimp species that were obtained from the supermarkets of Singapore. A total of 93 individuals were studied from the Pacific white leg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, the Argentine red shrimp Pleoticus muelleri and the Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus. Microplastic fibers, fragments, film and spheres were identified from the digestive tract of these organisms. Microplastic abundance ranged from 13.4 to 7050 items. F. indicus exhibited the highest number of microplastics. Microplastic film was the most abundant in L. vannamei individuals (93-97%) and spheres were the most abundant in P. muelleri (70%) and F. indicus (61%) individuals. This study demonstrates that microplastic contamination is evident in commonly consumed shrimp and highlights the role of shrimp in the trophic transfer and accumulation of microplastics in seafood. The consumption of microplastic-containing seafood is a route of exposure to humans and has implications on human health and food security. Capsule: Microplastics were examined in three shrimp species from the supermarkets of Singapore. Microplastics ranged from 13.4 to 7050 items of shrimp.
    Matched MeSH terms: Seafood
  2. Geosesarma sodalis, a new species of vampire crab (Crustacea, Brachyura, Sesarmidae) from a limestone cave in central Sarawak, Malaysia
    Ng PKL
    Zookeys, 2021;1031:133-141.
    PMID: 33958910 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1031.63134
    A new species of semi-terrestrial crab of the genus Geosesarma (Sesarmidae) is described from a limestone cave in central Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Geosesarma sodalissp. nov. is characterised by its quadrate carapace, absence of a flagellum on the exopod of the third maxilliped, presence of 10 or 11 sharp tubercles on the dactylus of the chela and a diagnostic male first gonopod structure. This is the sixth species of Geosesarma reported from Sarawak, and the first member of the genus collected from inside caves.
    Matched MeSH terms: Seafood
  3. The Feeding Ecology of the Blue Swimming Crab, Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758), at Kung Krabaen Bay, Chanthaburi Province, Thailand
    Kunsook C, Gajaseni N, Paphavasit N
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2014 Aug;25(1):13-27.
    PMID: 25210585
    The natural diet of blue swimming crabs, Portunus pelagicus, was investigated from October 2008 to October 2009 using hand sampling and a crab gill net. The results showed that the major prey items in the stomach contents of P. pelagicus were teleost fish (29.61%), organic matter (20.69%), crustaceans (18.3%) and shelled molluscs (11.46%). Significant differences were found in diet composition between juvenile and mature crabs, between crabs inside and outside the bay and among seasons. In contrast, significant differences were not found between male and female crabs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Seafood
  4. Fulltext Antibiotic resistance and plasmid profiling of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from cockles (Anadara granosa) at Tanjung Karang, Kuala Selangor
    International Food Research Journal, 2011;18(3):1183-1188.
    MyJurnal
    A total of sixty V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from local cockles (Anadara granosa) were investigated by their antibiotic resistance patterns and plasmid profiles. The isolates showed multiple resistances towards most of the antibiotics tested. All strains of V. parahaemolyticus isolated harbored 1-3 plasmids, with sizes ranging from 2.7 to 54 kb. All V. parahaemolyticus strains showed high multiple antibiotics in frequencies of 0.58 – 0.94 indicating that the strains were derived from high-risk sources. In addition, no particular plasmid profile was predictive of a particular pattern of antibiotic susceptibility. These findings are essential because of the suggested involvement of seafood especially shellfish and environment in transmission of this pathogen to human. Thus, indicating that seafood may be a source of food- acquired antibiotic resistant bacteria to consumer.
    Matched MeSH terms: Seafood
  5. Fulltext Fat content and EPA and DHA levels of selected marine, freshwater fish and shellfish species from the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia
    Wan Rosli W. I., Rohana, A. J., Gan, S. H., Noor Fadzlina, H., Rosliza, H., Helmy, H., et al.
    International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(3):815-821.
    MyJurnal
    The total lipid contents and the concentration of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic
    (DHA) fatty acid of fourteen selected marine, three freshwater fish species, four shellfish species and two selected canned fish species of East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia were determined. The fat content of all samples ranged from 1.01 % to 15.83 % with silver catfish reported to have the highest value. Most of the fish had fat amounts lower than 10% of their total weight. In general, DHA concentrations (50.50-165.21 µg/g) were significantly higher than EPA (11.12-55.38 µg/g) in all of the fish species analyzed. Among all marine fish species, the sixbar grouper recorded the highest concentration of DHA (165.21 µg/g) while barramundi had the highest concentration of EPA (55.38 µg/g). In conclusion, all fish and shellfish species are considered a good source of EPA and DHA, representing a very valuable essential nutrient for maintenance of human health.
    Matched MeSH terms: Seafood
  6. Fulltext Effects of different levels of CO2 on biochemical changes and relationships among different quality indices in Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta)
    Chong, C.Y., Fatimah, A.B., Russly, A.R., Jamilah, B., Selvi, V., Maryam, S.
    International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(1):383-389.
    MyJurnal
    The profile of total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN), pH, biogenic amines were studied in Indian mackerel packed under different levels of CO2. Gutted and beheaded Indian mackerel was stored in air, vacuum packaging (VP), 30% CO2/65% N2/5% O2 (M30C), 60% CO2/35%N2/5%O2 (M60C), 80% CO2/15%N2/5% O2 (M80C) and 100% CO2 (M100C) at 5°C for 12 days. The application of VP and MAP was effective in retarding the formation of TVBN, total biogenic amines and improve the shelf life of Indian mackerel. Cadaverine obtained the best correlation with storage time when compared with other biogenic amines. Cadaverine or cadaverine + putrescine can serve as a reliable objective freshness indicator of fish stored in different atmospheres. Among the commonly used freshness indices, TVBN was the best quality indicator correlated with histamine. VP and MAP conditions influenced the performance of quality indicators. pH was a good quality indicator of spoilage in air-stored fish except for VP and MAP packed fish. Lower value of TVBN (30 mg/100g) was suggested as an upper limit for this species of fish under MAP condition based on APC and sensory result.
    Matched MeSH terms: Seafood
  7. Fulltext Effect of duck feet collagen addition on physicochemical properties of surimi
    Huda, N., Seow, E.K., Normawati, M. N., Nik Aisyah, N. M., Fazilah, A., Easa, A.M.
    International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(2):537-544.
    MyJurnal
    Duck feet collagen was added to threadfin bream and sardine surimi to study its effect on physicochemical properties such as folding test, gel strength, cook loss, water holding capacity, expressible moisture, texture profile analysis and colour measurement. As compared to commercial fish scale collagen and cow collagen, the addition of duck feet collagen resulted in a significant improvement in the quality of the sardine surimi. Duck feet collagen was able to improve the folding test score of sardine surimi from 3.00 to 5.00; gel strength was increased from 275.70 g.mm to 2682.70 g.mm and hardness of gel was increased from 1.12kg to 6.00kg. Addition of duck feet collagen improved the gel strength of threadfin bream surimi from 1696.70 g.mm to 5579.40 g.mm and hardness of gel was increased from 4.55kg to 10.32kg. Colour of threadfin bream and sardine surimi also improve with the addition of duck feet collagen. The lightness was increased from 66.47 to 66.89 (threadfin bream) and from 62.32 to 63.60 for sardine. The results suggest that duck feet collagen has potential as an alternative source of protein additive for the improvement of the physicochemical properties of low grade surimi.
    Matched MeSH terms: Seafood
  8. Fulltext Optimization of gelatin extraction and physico-chemical properties of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) bone gelatin
    Sanaei, A.V., Mahmoodani, F., See, S.F., Yusop, S.M., Babji, A.S.
    International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(1):423-430.
    MyJurnal
    The extraction of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) bone gelatin was optimized by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) involving 4-factors, 5-levels Central Composite Design (CCD). The optimum conditions for extraction were produced by a pre-treatment of 3.35% HCl for 14.5 h along with hot water extraction at 67.23°C for 5.2 h. Results showed that the predicted yield by RSM (61.81%) was closely matched the experimental yield of 60.54%. The results also indicated that the extracted bone gelatin possessed high protein content (81.75%) and imino acid (proline and hydroxyproline) (144 residues per 1000 residues), with gel strength (230.25 g), viscosity (4.64 mPa.s) and isoionic point (5.35) comparable to that of bovine gelatin. The results suggested that RSM is a great optimizing tool for extraction of gelatin from clarias catfish bone and values of the physicochemical properties of gelatin are higher or comparable than those from other fish species and bovine gelatin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Seafood
  9. Fulltext Prevalence of toxic genes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shrimps (Penaeus monodon) and culture environment
    Sujeewa, A.K.W., Norrakiah, A.S., Laina, M.
    International Food Research Journal, 2009;16(1):89-95.
    MyJurnal
    Vibrio parahaemolyticus is prevalent in tropical marine environment in all seasons and can cause seafood-borne gastroenteritis. A total of 251 suspected isolates were tested including 60 from frozen shrimp, 50 from cultured live shrimp, 67 from sediments of culture ponds and 74 from water were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the toxR gene for confirmation as V. parahaemolyticus. Of the 128 toxR positive isolates, 15% of the isolates from culture environment (from live shrimp, sediments and water) and 7% of frozen shrimp samples were positive for the tdh and trh genes. Since urease production could be a marker of trh but not tdh in V. parahaemolyticus, a total of 189 of the 251 suspected V. parahaemolyticus isolates were tested for urease production and 41% of the isolates were found to be positive for urease production. However not all urease positive strains of V. parahaemolyticus were positive for either tdh or trh genes. Detection of virulent strains in shrimp culture environment in Malaysia suggests a probable risk for health of people consuming raw shrimp.
    Matched MeSH terms: Seafood
  10. Fulltext Evaluation of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) against antibiotics resistant Vibrio parahaemolyticus on seafood
    Elexson, N., Rukayadi, Y., Nakaguchi, Y., Nishibuchi, M.
    International Food Research Journal, 2016;23(5):2229-2233.
    MyJurnal
    Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a main foodborne disease in seafood and generally seafood is
    easily deteriorates in quality of color and flavor. In this study, clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
    extract shows potent antibacterial activity against growth of antibiotics resistant Vibrio
    parahaemolyticus on seafood samples (cockles and shrimps). Vibrio parahaemolyticus was
    artificial contaminates on the samples with 106 CFU/ml. The samples were treated with different
    concentration of cloves extract with 10 mg/ml which are 0.5%, 5% and 10% concentration
    from methanol food grade extraction in 0 hr, 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 30 min, 60 min and
    120 min. Tab water and deionized water were selected as a negative control. As a result, the
    amount of 10 % cloves managed to mitigates the number of V. parahaemolyticus on seafood
    samples in 5 minutes and 15 min on both samples. Therefore, our results signify the fact that
    cloves can be apply as natural sanitizer which could meet consumer demands for safe and
    traditionally consumed either raw without any undesirable effect when applied in the seafood
    system industries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Seafood
  11. Fulltext Risk of transmission of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in foods
    New, C.Y., Ubong, A., Nur Hasria, K., Nur Fatihah, A., Son, R.
    International Food Research Journal, 2016;23(5):2249-2257.
    MyJurnal
    Vibrio parahaemolyticus is well known to be abundantly distributed in marine, coastal and
    estuarine environments. Since 1951, V. parahaemolyticus had been the source of numerous
    outbreaks related to contaminated or mishandled seafood. However, V. parahaemolyticus
    had been detected on other types of food. This issue has prompted this study to investigate
    on the prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus in various food samples and determine the risk
    associated with it. The results of the MPN-plating technique of the study indicated that V.
    parahaemolyticus was detected in seafood (33.3%, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 31.9 – 34.8 ,
    94 – 290 MPN/g) and vegetables (10.0%, 95% CI 9.7 – 10.3 , 9.2 – 23 MPN/g) while negative
    V. parahaemolyticus was detected in fruits (0.0%, 95% CI 0 – 1,
    Matched MeSH terms: Seafood
  12. Fulltext Serum cortisol level and survival rate of juvenile Epinephelus fuscoguttatus following exposure to different salinities
    Tahir D, Shariff M, Syukri F, Yusoff FM
    Vet World, 2018 Mar;11(3):327-331.
    PMID: 29657425 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.327-331
    Background and Aim: Brown-marbled grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus is a premium marine food fish with high demand in Asia. In fish, stress due to environmental changes such as fluctuations in the salinity can result in increased cortisol level. Stress in fish increases susceptibility to diseases ultimately resulting in death. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the salinity tolerance of E. fuscoguttatus and their survival in lower salinities.

    Materials and Methods: In this study, grouper juveniles (92.43±standard error of the mean 0.51 mm) maintained in 31 ppt seawater were transferred into five tanks with seawater diluted to 25, 20, 15, 10, and 5 ppt. The salinity of the control group was not changed and was maintained at 31 ppt. Serum cortisol was measured using ELISA at 0, 30, 60, and 120 min after the fish were transferred to the different concentrations of salinity.

    Results: The survival percentage was recorded for 14 days following the transfer and the results revealed that serum cortisol of fish in a high change in salinity (15, 10, and 5 ppt) was significantly higher than the control group immediately after exposure. At the high salinity change, the cortisol levels gradually decrease at 30 min and 60 min, until no difference in cortisol concentration was observed at 120 min. No mortality was observed in fish exposed to low salinity change (25 and 20 ppt) while in higher salinity change (5 ppt), the survival percentage was 50%.

    Conclusion: The study revealed that the serum cortisol concentration was high initially and continues to decrease to resting cortisol level at 120 min indicating that cortisol hormone is released following acute stress as a primary response in grouper juveniles.

    Matched MeSH terms: Seafood
  13. Fulltext Molecular characterisation of grouper iridovirus isolates from Peninsular Malaysia
    Hassan, M.D., Hazeri, M., Omar, A.R., Abba, Y., Allaudin, Z.N., Soltani, M., et al.
    Jurnal Veterinar Malaysia, 2017;29(1):1-6.
    MyJurnal
    Grouper Iriovirus (GIV) is one of the most devastating viral diseases of marine and cultured groupers worldwide. In the current study, 5 presumptive Malaysian GIV isolates were characterised through PCR amplification of the major capsid protein (MCP) gene and phylogenetic analysis of the sequences. The sequences from the five GIV isolates showed 100% homology with each other and a close relationship with grouper iridovirus isolate (GIV_Tn_352), which was clustered in group 1 together with King grouper iridovirus isolate (KGIV_Cy_346), Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), and Crimson snapper iridovirus isolate (CSIV). The phylogenetic tree also showed different degree of relatedness with other Ranavirus strains which were obtained from the blast of GIV MCP gene in the NCBI database. This study confirmed the GIV isolates from Malaysia are related to other isolates that were reported previously.
    Matched MeSH terms: Seafood
  14. Assessment of heavy metal in self-caught saltwater fish from Port Dickson Coastal Water (Malaysia)
    Sarva Mangala Praveena, Caryn Liew Suet Lin
    Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:91-99.
    Freshwater fish has been studied and reported numerously. However, little attention has been made and limited studies available on local marine fish in Malaysia. Thus, in this study, concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Pb and Cu) were studied in four major local marine fish Megalaspis cordyla (hardtail scad), Rastrelliger kanagurta (Indian mackerel), Selaroides leptolepis (yellowstripe scad) and Sardinella fimbriata (fringescale sardinella). The study was also intended to estimate potential health risk assessment from these heavy metals to the consumption of fish and assess maximum allowable fish consumption rate. The range of heavy metal concentrations were 0.053-0.096 mg/kg for Cd, 1.16-2.34 mg/kg for Cr, 8.34-12.44 mg/kg for Pb and 1.40-3.21 mg/kg for Cu in four major self-caught saltwater fish. Heavy metal levels of Cd and Cu in the local marine fish from Port Dickson are below the limit enforced by Food Regulations (1985) while the levels of Cr and Pb have exceeded the limit. Potential health risks associated with Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb were assessed based on target hazard quotients. HQ values calculated for Cd, Cr and Cu were less than 1, thus indicate that no adverse effects while HQ values for Pb exceeded 1 for all the fish species assessed with the exception of Megalaspis spp and Sardinella sppa. Cr was the highest while Pb concentrations were the lowest in all the studied fish samples for maximum allowable fish consumption rate. A long term monitoring program is crucial to be done in coastal areas with high consumption of local marine fish along Port Dickson to obtain real consumption rates and other cofounders factors in local population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Seafood
  15. Fulltext Assessment of heavy metals contamination and human health risk in shrimp collected from different farms and rivers at Khulna-Satkhira region, Bangladesh
    Sarkar T, Alam MM, Parvin N, Fardous Z, Chowdhury AZ, Hossain S, et al.
    Toxicol Rep, 2016;3:346-350.
    PMID: 28959555 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.03.003
    This study is aimed to assess the heavy metals contamination and health risk in Shrimp (Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Penaeus monodon) collected from Khulna-Satkhira region in Bangladesh. The results showed that the Pb concentrations (0.52-1.16 mg/kg) in all shrimp samples of farms were higher than the recommended limit. The Cd levels (0.05-0.13 mg/kg) in all samples and Cr levels in all farms except tissue content at Satkhira farm were higher than the permissible limits. The individual concentration of Pb, Cd, and Cr between shrimp tissue and shell in all rivers and farms were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) were estimated to assess the non-carcinogenic health risks. Shrimp samples from all locations under the current study were found to be safe for consumption, the possibility of health risk associated with non-carcinogenic effect is very low for continuous consumption for 30 years.
    Matched MeSH terms: Seafood
  16. Fulltext Prevalence and quantification of Vibrio species and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in freshwater fish at hypermarket level
    Noorlis, A., Ghazali, F.M., Cheah, Y.K., Tuan Zainazor, T.C., Ponniah, J., Tunung, R., et al.
    International Food Research Journal, 2011;18(2):689-695.
    MyJurnal
    Little is known on the biosafety level of Vibrio spp. in freshwater fish in Malaysia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and concentration of Vibrio spp. and V. parahaemolyticus in
    freshwater fish using the Most Probable Number-Polymerase Chain Reaction (MPN-PCR) method. The study was conducted on 150 samples from two types of freshwater fish commonly sold at hypermarkets, i.e. Pangasius hypophthalmus (catfish) and Oreochromis sp. (red tilapia). Sampling was done on the flesh, intestinal tract and gills of each fish. The prevalence of Vibrio spp. and V. parahaemolyticus was found to be 98.67% and 24% respectively with higher percentages detected in samples from the gills followed by the intestinal tract and flesh. Vibrio spp. was detected in almost all red tilapia and catfish samples. V. parahaemolyticus was detected in 25% of the catfish samples compared to 22.6% of red tilapia fish. The density of Vibrio spp. and V. parahaemolyticus in the samples ranged from 0 to 1.1x107 MPN/g. Although the maximum value was 1.1x107 MPN/g, most samples had microbial loads ranging from 0 to >104 MPN/g. The outcome on the biosafety assessment of Vibrio spp. and V. parahaemolyticus in freshwater fish indicates another potential source of food safety issues to consumers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Seafood
  17. Fulltext Food consumption and expenditures in Singapore: implications to Malaysia’s agricultural exports
    Tey, Y.S., Suryani, D., Emmy, F.A., Illisriyani, I.
    International Food Research Journal, 2009;16(2):119-126.
    MyJurnal
    Imports are the only source of food supply to Singapore. Such condition offers a very attractive proposition for agricultural oriented countries. The dependence on type of food imports is determined by consumer demand. This study intends to do an exploratory study on the current conditions of Singaporean food consumption and expenditures with implications on Malaysia as an important agricultural exporting country to Singapore. It is identified that Singaporean consumers tend to demand for high quality poultry, pork, seafood, vegetables, and fruits in future, particularly in response to income growth. At the mean time, Malaysia is seemingly rich in the production of these food commodities and commits to exports for the excess of the supplies. While facing competition from various countries, Malaysia still possesses various competitive advantages over the other countries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Seafood
  18. Fulltext A rare case of a sharp foreign body on the vocal cord
    Nor Hisyam CI, Misron K, Mohamad I
    Malays Fam Physician, 2017;12(2):23-25.
    PMID: 29423126 MyJurnal
    A foreign body (FB) in the upper aerodigestive tract is a common clinical problem that presents as as acute emergency. Sharp FB, such as fish bone or chicken bone, commonly lodges in the tonsil, base of tongue, vallecula or pyriform fossa. Dislodgement of a FB into the laryngopharynx is very rare and specifically onto the vocal cord is extremely uncommon. This case report illustrates a rare case of a sharp FB that was dislodged into the airway and stuck on to the right vocal cord, which was removed under local anaesthesia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Seafood
  19. Sustainable valorization approaches on crustacean wastes for the extraction of chitin, bioactive compounds and their applications - A review
    Azelee NIW, Dahiya D, Ayothiraman S, Noor NM, Rasid ZIA, Ramli ANM, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2023 Dec 31;253(Pt 2):126492.
    PMID: 37634772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126492
    The unscientific disposal of the most abundant crustacean wastes, especially those derived from marine sources, affects both the economy and the environment. Strategic waste collection and management is the need of the hour. Sustainable valorization approaches have played a crucial role in solving those issues as well as generating wealth from waste. The shellfishery wastes are rich in valuable bioactive compounds such as chitin, chitosan, minerals, carotenoids, lipids, and other amino acid derivatives. These value-added components possessed pleiotropic applications in different sectors viz., food, nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, agro-industrial, healthcare, and pharmaceutical sectors. The manuscript covers the recent status, scope of shellfishery management, and different bioactive compounds obtained from crustacean wastes. In addition, both sustainable and conventional routes of valorization approaches were discussed with their merits and demerits along with their combinations. The utilization of nano and microtechnology was also included in the discussion, as they have become prominent research areas in recent years. More importantly, the future perspectives of crustacean waste management and other potential valorization approaches that can be implemented on a large scale.
    Matched MeSH terms: Seafood
  20. Comparison of shrimp waste-derived chitosan produced through conventional and microwave-assisted extraction processes: Physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity assessment
    Mohammadi P, Taghavi E, Foong SY, Rajaei A, Amiri H, de Tender C, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2023 Jul 01;242(Pt 2):124841.
    PMID: 37182628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124841
    Depending on its physicochemical properties and antibacterial activities, chitosan can have a wide range of applications in food, pharmaceutical, medicine, cosmetics, agriculture, and aquaculture. In this experimental study, chitosan was extracted from shrimp waste through conventional extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and conventional extraction under microwave process conditions. The effects of the heating source on the physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity were investigated. The results showed that the heating process parameters affected the physicochemical properties considerably. The conventional procedure yielded high molecular weight chitosan with a 12.7 % yield, while the microwave extraction procedure yielded a porous medium molecular weight chitosan at 11.8 %. The conventional extraction under microwave process conditions led to medium molecular weight chitosan with the lowest yield (10.8 %) and crystallinity index (79 %). Antibacterial assessment findings revealed that the chitosan extracted using the conventional method had the best antibacterial activity in the agar disk diffusion assay against Listeria monocytogenes (9.48 mm), Escherichia coli. (8.79 mm), and Salmonella Typhimurium (8.57 mm). While the chitosan obtained by microwave-assisted extraction possessed the highest activity against E. coli. (8.37 mm), and Staphylococcus aureus (8.05 mm), with comparable antibacterial activity against S. Typhimurium (7.34 mm) and L. monocytogenes (6.52 mm). Moreover, the minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration assays demonstrated that among the chitosan samples investigated, the conventionally-extracted chitosan, followed by the chitosan extracted by microwave, had the best antibacterial activity against the target bacteria.
    Matched MeSH terms: Seafood
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