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Comparison of three forms of antigens in the demonstration of cell-mediated immune response in murine toxoplasmosis

Rahmah N, Khairul Anuar A

Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1992 Dec 15;189(2):640-4.
PMID: 1472034

Mice were chronically infected with cysts of ME49 strain of Toxoplasma gondii. At different periods post-infection, their spleens were removed and single cell suspensions were made. Lymphocyte transformation experiments were performed on the lymphocyte suspensions using three different kinds of antigens of ME49 strain of T. gondii, namely soluble, excretory/secretory and cystic forms. The results showed that the pattern of lymphocyte responsiveness was dependent on the kind of antigen employed for induction of the blastogenesis. Using soluble and cystic forms of the antigen, different periods of lymphocyte suppression and lymphocyte proliferation were demonstrated. However, with the use of excretory/secretory antigen, no significant suppression of lymphocyte stimulation was noted throughout the course of infection. Thus excretory/secretory antigen may be the best form of antigen for stimulation of the cell-mediated immune response and hence it appears to be a good candidate for vaccine in toxoplasmosis.

Matched MeSH terms: Spleen/immunology
Polycystic kidneys and liver in two siblings with other severe congenital abnormalities

Tan KL, Thomas MA

Med J Malaya, 1970 Sep;25(1):46-9.
PMID: 4249495
Matched MeSH terms: Spleen/abnormalities
[Results of examining wild monkeys for the presence of smallpox antibodies and smallpox group viruses]

Marennikova SS, Shelukhina EM, Shenkman LS, Mal'tseva NN, Matsevich GR

Vopr. Virusol., 1975 May-Jun.
PMID: 169629

The results of examinations of sera, blood and organs of different species of monkeys from some Asian and African countries for the presence of antibody to smallpox and viruses of the smallpox group. Significant titers of smallpox antibodies (antihemagglutinins virus-neutralizing and, in some cases, precipitating antibody) were found in a considerable number of monkeys shot near foci with human cases (Equatorial province of Zair Republic). In the same monkeys kidney tissues yielded 3 isolates of smallpox virus group two of which were indistinguishable in the laboratory tests from variola virus. On the basis of these data it is concluded that smallpox viruses circulate among wildlife monkeys in some areas of Equatorial Africa. Further studies along these lines are necessary.

Matched MeSH terms: Spleen/microbiology
Melioidosis mimicking miliary tuberculosis

Tan RZ, Mohd Nor F, Shafie S, Tan LJ

Forensic Sci Med Pathol, 2019 03;15(1):151-154.
PMID: 30293222 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-018-0026-3

Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, a gram-negative intracellular bacillus. Tuberculosis, also an infectious disease, is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an acid fast bacillus. In both diseases, patients commonly present with fever and respiratory symptoms due to sepsis which might lead to respiratory failure or sudden death if left untreated. Not only are these two entities similar in clinical presentation, but the autopsy findings may mimic each other, giving rise to difficulties in determining the cause of death. We report a case of melioidosis and compare it to a typical case of miliary tuberculosis. Similarities between the cases on gross and histopathological examinations are discussed. In such circumstances, microbiological culture of bodily fluids and internal organs should be performed to ascertain the correct cause of death.

Matched MeSH terms: Spleen/microbiology
Concurrent Variations of Celiac and Superior Mesenteric Arteries

Satheesha Nayak B, Shetty SD, Sirasanagandla SR, Kumar N, Swamy Ravindra S, Abhinitha P

Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ), 2019 11 16;16(64):345-347.
PMID: 31729351

Celiac trunk is the first ventral branch of the abdominal aorta. It usually terminates by giving three branches; the common hepatic artery, the left gastric artery and the splenic artery. We report a rare variation of the branching pattern of the celiac trunk. The Celiac trunk divided into two branches; left gastric artery and splenicogastroduodenal trunk. The splenico-gastroduodenal trunk divided into splenic and gastroduodenal arteries. The superior mesenteric artery and hepatic artery took origin from a common hepato-mesenteric trunk. The hepatic artery had a winding course around the portal vein and hepatic duct. The knowledge of these variations is important while doing radiological investigations and liver transplant and pancreatic surgeries.

Matched MeSH terms: Spleen/blood supply*
Localization of dengue virus in naturally infected human tissues, by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization

Jessie K, Fong MY, Devi S, Lam SK, Wong KT

J Infect Dis, 2004 Apr 15;189(8):1411-8.
PMID: 15073678

Dengue viral antigens have been demonstrated in several types of naturally infected human tissues, but little is known of whether these same tissues have detectable viral RNA. We studied tissue specimens from patients with serologically or virologically confirmed dengue infections by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH), to localize viral antigen and RNA, respectively. IHC was performed on specimens obtained from 5 autopsies and 24 biopsies and on 20 blood-clot samples. For ISH, antisense riboprobes to the dengue E gene were applied to tissue specimens in which IHC was positive. Viral antigens were demonstrated in Kupffer and sinusoidal endothelial cells of the liver; macrophages, multinucleated cells, and reactive lymphoid cells in the spleen; macrophages and vascular endothelium in the lung; kidney tubules; and monocytes and lymphocytes in blood-clot samples. Positive-strand viral RNA was detected in the same IHC-positive cells found in the spleen and blood-clot samples. The strong, positive ISH signal in these cells indicated a high copy number of viral RNA, suggesting replication.

Matched MeSH terms: Spleen/virology
Fulltext Differential transcriptomic profiles effected by oil palm phenolics indicate novel health outcomes

Leow SS, Sekaran SD, Sundram K, Tan Y, Sambanthamurthi R

BMC Genomics, 2011 Aug 25;12:432.
PMID: 21864415 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-432

BACKGROUND: Plant phenolics are important nutritional antioxidants which could aid in overcoming chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer, two leading causes of death in the world. The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is a rich source of water-soluble phenolics which have high antioxidant activities. This study aimed to identify the in vivo effects and molecular mechanisms involved in the biological activities of oil palm phenolics (OPP) during healthy states via microarray gene expression profiling, using mice supplemented with a normal diet as biological models.
RESULTS: Having confirmed via histology, haematology and clinical biochemistry analyses that OPP is not toxic to mice, we further explored the gene expression changes caused by OPP through statistical and functional analyses using Illumina microarrays. OPP showed numerous biological activities in three major organs of mice, the liver, spleen and heart. In livers of mice given OPP, four lipid catabolism genes were up-regulated while five cholesterol biosynthesis genes were down-regulated, suggesting that OPP may play a role in reducing cardiovascular disease. OPP also up-regulated eighteen blood coagulation genes in spleens of mice. OPP elicited gene expression changes similar to the effects of caloric restriction in the hearts of mice supplemented with OPP. Microarray gene expression fold changes for six target genes in the three major organs tested were validated with real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and the correlation of fold changes obtained with these two techniques was high (R2 = 0.9653).
CONCLUSIONS: OPP showed non-toxicity and various pleiotropic effects in mice. This study implies the potential application of OPP as a valuable source of wellness nutraceuticals, and further suggests the molecular mechanisms as to how dietary phenolics work in vivo.

Matched MeSH terms: Spleen/metabolism
Effect of Spirulina (Arthrospira) supplementation on the immune response to tetanus toxoid vaccination in a mouse model

Chu WL, Quynh le V, Radhakrishnan AK

J Diet Suppl, 2013 Sep;10(3):229-40.
PMID: 23927690 DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2013.822452

The aim of this study was to investigate whether Spirulina (Arthrospira) supplementation could enhance the immune response to tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccine in a mouse model. Vaccination of TT was performed on day 7 and 21 in mice fed daily with Spirulina (50 and 150 mg/kg body weight). Both Spirulina supplementation and TT vaccination did not significantly affect body weight gain of the mice. Supplementation of Spirulina significantly enhanced IgG level (p = .01) after the first but not after the second TT vaccination. The anti-TT IgG levels of the groups that received low dose and high dose of Spirulina were not significantly different. Spirulina supplementation did not show significant effects on in vitro splenocyte proliferation and cytokine (IFN-γ and IL-4) production induced by Con A and TT. This study showed that Spirulina supplementation could enhance primary immune response in terms of antibody production, but not secondary immune response following TT vaccination in a mouse model.

Matched MeSH terms: Spleen/cytology; Spleen/drug effects
Fulltext Effects of prebiotic, protein level, and stocking density on performance, immunity, and stress indicators of broilers

Houshmand M, Azhar K, Zulkifli I, Bejo MH, Kamyab A

Poult Sci, 2012 Feb;91(2):393-401.
PMID: 22252353 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01050

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of period on the performance, immunity, and some stress indicators of broilers fed 2 levels of protein and stocked at a normal or high stocking density. Experimental treatments consisted of a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 2 levels of prebiotic (with or without prebiotic), 2 levels of dietary CP [NRC-recommended or low CP level (85% of NRC-recommended level)], and 2 levels of stocking density (10 birds/m(2) as the normal density or 16 birds/m(2) as the high density), for a total of 8 treatments. Each treatment had 5 replicates (cages). Birds were reared in 3-tiered battery cages with wire floors in an open-sided housing system under natural tropical conditions. Housing and general management practices were similar for all treatment groups. Starter and finisher diets in mash form were fed from 1 to 21 d and 22 to 42 d of age, respectively. Supplementation with a prebiotic had no significant effect on performance, immunity, and stress indicators (blood glucose, cholesterol, corticosterone, and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio). Protein level significantly influenced broiler performance but did not affect immunity or stress indicators (except for cholesterol level). The normal stocking density resulted in better FCR and also higher antibody titer against Newcastle disease compared with the high stocking density. However, density had no significant effect on blood levels of glucose, cholesterol, corticosterone, and the heterophil:lymphocyte ratio. Significant interactions between protein level and stocking density were observed for BW gain and final BW. The results indicated that, under the conditions of this experiment, dietary addition of a prebiotic had no significant effect on the performance, immunity, and stress indicators of broilers.

Matched MeSH terms: Spleen/anatomy & histology; Spleen/drug effects
Male and female NOD mice differentially express peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and pathogenic cytokines

Yaacob NS, Goh KS, Norazmi MN

Exp. Toxicol. Pathol., 2012 Jan;64(1-2):127-31.
PMID: 20674317 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.07.005

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have been implicated in regulating the immune response. We determined the relative changes in the transcriptional expression of PPAR isoforms (α, γ1 and γ2) and cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the immune cells of 5 weeks, 10 weeks and diabetic male non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice compared to those of female NOD mice from our previous studies, "normalized" against their respective non-obese diabetic resistant (NOR) mice controls. Overall PPARα was significantly more elevated in the macrophages of female NOD mice of all age groups whereas PPARγ, particularly the PPARγ2 isoform was more depressed in the macrophages and CD4(+) lymphocytes of female NOD mice compared to their male counterparts. The pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1 and TNFα, as well as the Th1 cytokines, IL-2 and IFNγ were more elevated in female NOD mice whereas the Th2 cytokine, IL-4, was more depressed in these mice compared to their male counterparts. These findings suggest that the preponderance of T1D in female NOD mice may be influenced by the more pronounced changes in the expression of PPAR isoforms and pathogenic cytokines compared to those in male NOD mice.

Matched MeSH terms: Spleen/cytology; Spleen/immunology
Effect of exogenous nitric oxide on murine splenic immune response induced by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide

Sosroseno W, Bird PS, Seymour GJ

Anaerobe, 2009 Jun;15(3):95-8.
PMID: 19402196 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.01.002

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on the induction of murine splenic immune response to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro. BALB/c mice were immunized with A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS and a control group was sham-immunized. Spleen cells were obtained, cultured and stimulated with A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS with or without the presence of S-nitroso acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP), a NO donor, and carboxy-PTIO, an NO scavenger. Culture supernatants were assessed for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, specific IgG subclass levels, and both IFN-gamma and IL-4 levels. The results showed that in A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS-stimulated cells, SNAP enhances iNOS activity but inhibits the levels of specific IgG2a and IFN-gamma suggesting a Th1 response. The effect of SNAP on these immune parameters was ablated by carboxy-PTIO. These results suggest that exogenous NO may suppress the Th1-like immune response of A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS-stimulated murine spleen cells.

Matched MeSH terms: Spleen/drug effects*; Spleen/immunology*
Effect of colchicine on the murine immune response induced by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

Sosroseno W

Biomed Pharmacother, 2009 Mar;63(3):221-7.
PMID: 18534811 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2008.04.004

The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that colchicine may alter Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-induced immune response and abscess formation in mice. BALB/c mice were either sham-immunized or immunized with heat-killed A. actinomycetemcomitans. Spleen cells were stimulated with heat-killed A. actinomycetemcomitans in the presence or absence of colchicine. Specific IgG subclass antibodies, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and cell proliferation were determined. The animals were sham-immunized (group I) or immunized with heat-killed A. actinomycetemcomitans (groups II-VII). Colchicine was administered intraperitoneally before (group III), on the same day of (group IV), or after (group V) the primary immunization and on the same day of (group VI) or after (group VII) the secondary immunization. All groups were challenged with viable A. actinomycetemcomitans. The levels of serum-specific IgG subclasses and both IFN-gamma and IL-4 before and after bacterial challenge were assessed. The diameter of skin lesions was assessed. The results showed that colchicine augmented splenic-specific IgG1 and IL-4 as well as cell proliferation but suppressed specific IgG2a and IFN-gamma levels. Enhancement of serum-specific IgG1 and IL-4 levels, suppression of specific IgG2a and IFN-gamma levels as well as DTH response, and delayed healing of the lesions were observed in groups IV and VI, but not in the remaining groups of animals. Therefore, these results suggest that colchicine may induce a T helper 2 (Th2)-like immunity specific to A. actinomycetemcomitans in vitro and that colchicine administered on the same day as the immunization may stimulate a non-protective Th2-like immunity in A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced infections in mice.

Matched MeSH terms: Spleen/cytology; Spleen/immunology
Pathogenesis and vertical transmission of a transplacental rat cytomegalovirus

Loh HS, Mohd-Lila MA, Abdul-Rahman SO, Kiew LJ

Virol J, 2006;3:42.
PMID: 16737550

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) congenital infection is the major viral cause of well-documented birth defects in human. Because CMV is species-specific, the main obstacle to developing animal models for congenital infection is the difference in placental architecture, which preludes virus transmission across the placenta. The rat placenta, resembling histologically to that of human, could therefore facilitate the study of CMV congenital infection in human.

Matched MeSH terms: Spleen/pathology; Spleen/virology
Fulltext Immunostimulatory effects of the standardized extract of Tinospora crispa on innate immune responses in Wistar Kyoto rats

Ahmad W, Jantan I, Kumolosasi E, Bukhari SN

Drug Des Devel Ther, 2015;9:2961-73.
PMID: 26089645 DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S85405

Tinospora crispa (TC) has been used in folkloric medicine for the treatment of various diseases and has been reported for several pharmacological activities. However, the effects of TC extract on the immune system are largely unknown. Therefore, the present study was aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of a standardized 80% ethanol extract of the stem of TC on innate immune responses. Male Wistar Kyoto rats were treated daily at 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg doses of the extract for 21 days by oral gavage. The immunomodulatory potential of TC was evaluated by determining its effect on chemotaxis and phagocytic activity of neutrophils isolated from the blood of rats. To further elucidate the mechanism of action, its effects on the proliferation of T- and B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes subsets (CD4+ and CD8+) and on the secretion of Th1 and Th2 cytokines were also monitored. The main components of the extracts, syringin and magnoflorine, were identified and quantitatively analyzed in the extracts by using a validated reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method. It was observed that the chemotactic activity of neutrophils obtained from extract-treated rats increased as compared to controls. A dose-dependent increase in the number of migrated cells and phagocytosis activity of neutrophils was observed. Dose-dependent increase was also observed in the T- and B-lymphocytes proliferation stimulated with concanavalin A (5 μg/mL) and lipopolysaccharide (10 μg/mL), and was statistically significant at 400 mg/kg (P>0.01). Apart from cell-mediated immune response, the concentrations of Th1 (TNF-α, IL-2, and IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4) cytokines were significantly increased in sera of rats treated with different doses as compared with the control group. From these findings, it can be concluded that TC possesses immunostimulatory activity and has therapeutic potential for the prevention of immune diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Spleen/cytology; Spleen/drug effects
The role of CD4+ cells in vivo on the induction of the immune response to Porphyromonas gingivalis in mice

Sosroseno W, Bird PS, Gemmell E, Seymour GJ

J. Periodontol., 2002 Oct;73(10):1133-40.
PMID: 12416770

It has previously been suggested that CD4+ T cells play a pivotal role in regulating the immune response to periodontal pathogens. The aim of the present study therefore was to determine delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), spleen cell proliferation, serum and splenic anti-Porphyromonas gingivalis antibody levels, and lesion sizes following challenge with viable P. gingivalis in CD4-depleted BALB/c mice immunized with P. gingivalis outer membrane proteins (OMP).

Matched MeSH terms: Spleen/cytology; Spleen/immunology
Induced expression of the antimicrobial peptide melittin inhibits experimental infection by Mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens

Lazarev VN, Stipkovits L, Biro J, Miklodi D, Shkarupeta MM, Titova GA, et al.

Microbes Infect., 2004 May;6(6):536-41.
PMID: 15158186

The in vivo action of the antimicrobial peptide melittin, expressed from a recombinant plasmid vector, on chickens experimentally infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum was studied. The plasmid vector pBI/mel2/rtTA includes the melittin gene under the control of an inducible tetracycline-dependent human cytomegalovirus promoter and the gene coding for the trans-activation protein rtTA. Aerosol administration of the vector, followed by infecting the chickens with M. gallisepticum 1226, is shown to inhibit development of infection. The inhibitory action was confirmed by a complex of clinical, pathomorphological, histological and serological studies, and also by comparing the M. gallisepticum reisolation frequency from the respiratory tract and internal organs. The data suggest that plasmid vectors expressing genes of antimicrobial peptides can be considered as potential agents for the prevention and treatment of mycoplasma infections in poultry farming.

Matched MeSH terms: Spleen/microbiology; Spleen/pathology
Histopathology of cultured sea bass (Lates calcarifer) (Centropomidae) infected with Cruoricola lates (Trematoda: Sanguinicolidae) from Pulau Ketam, Malaysia

Herbert BW, Shaharom FM, Anderson IG

Int J Parasitol, 1995 Jan;25(1):3-13.
PMID: 7797370

Cruoricola lates are found throughout sea bass (Lates calcarifer), most commonly in the mesenteric blood vessels, kidney, pericardial vessels, and eye. Eggs of C. lates were predominantly found in the gills, ventricle, hepatopancreas, and kidneys, but only develop to miracidia regularly in the gills and heart. Single miracidia escaping appear to cause little damage, but groups induce an inflammatory response and haemorrhage. Endocardial macrophages encapsulate eggs trapped between trabeculae in the heart. The reaction to eggs in the kidneys, hepatopancreas and spleen consists of fibrocytic encapsulation. Infection at the levels observed in this study were insufficient to cause lethal pathological changes, but could result in reduced food conversion ratios or impaired immunological capacity.

Matched MeSH terms: Spleen/parasitology; Spleen/pathology
Effect of inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) on the murine splenic immune response induced by Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide

Sosroseno W, Musa M, Ravichandran M, Ibrahim MF, Bird PS, Seymour GJ

Eur J Oral Sci, 2008 Feb;116(1):31-6.
PMID: 18186729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2007.00501.x

Animal studies suggest that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) may be associated with destructive periodontal disease. l-N(6)-(1-Iminoethyl)-lysine (L-NIL) has been shown to inhibit iNOS in a selective manner, and hence the aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that treatment with l-NIL may induce a T-cell helper 1 (Th1)-like immune response by Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine spleen cells in vitro. BALB/c mice were either sham-immunized or immunized with A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS. Spleen cells were stimulated with A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS in the presence or absence of L-NIL. Nitric oxide (NO), iNOS activity, specific IgG subclass antibodies, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and interleukin-4 (IL-4) levels and cell proliferation were determined. The results showed that treatment with L-NIL suppressed both NO production and iNOS activity but enhanced specific IgG2a, IFN-gamma levels, and increased cell proliferation following stimulation with A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS-stimulated cells. The results of the present study suggest that inhibition of iNOS activity by L-NIL may skew the A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS-stimulated murine splenic immune response towards the Th1-like immune profile in vitro.

Matched MeSH terms: Spleen/cytology; Spleen/immunology*
Fulltext In vivo toxicity and antitumor activity of essential oils extract from agarwood (Aquilaria crassna)

Dahham SS, Hassan LE, Ahamed MB, Majid AS, Majid AM, Zulkepli NN

BMC Complement Altern Med, 2016 Jul 22;16:236.
PMID: 27450078 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1210-1

Aquilaria crassna has been used in traditional Asian medicine to treat vomiting, rheumatism, asthma, and cough. Furthermore, earlier studies from our laboratory have revealed that the essential oil extract from agarwood inhibited colorectal carcinoma cells. Despite of the wide range of ethno-pharmacological uses of agarwood, its toxicity has not been previously evaluated through systematic toxicological studies. Therefore, the potential safety of essential oil extract and its in vivo anti-tumor activity had been investigated.

Matched MeSH terms: Spleen/drug effects; Spleen/pathology
Fulltext In Vivo Toxicity Evaluation of Sugar Adulterated Heterotrigona itama Honey Using Zebrafish Model

Fakhlaei R, Selamat J, Razis AFA, Sukor R, Ahmad S, Amani Babadi A, et al.

Molecules, 2021 Oct 15;26(20).
PMID: 34684803 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206222

Honey is prone to be adulterated through mixing with sugars, cheap and low-quality honey, and other adulterants. Consumption of adulterated honey may cause several health issues such as weight gain, diabetes, and liver and kidney dysfunction. Therefore, studying the impact of consumption of adulterated honey on consumers is critical since there is a lack of study in this field. Hence, the aims of this paper were: (1) to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) of adulterated honey using zebrafish embryo, (2) to elucidate toxicology of selected adulterated honey based on lethal dose (LD50) using adult zebrafish, (3) to determine the effects of adulterated honey on histological changes of zebrafish, and (4) to screen the metabolites profile of adulterated honey by using zebrafish blood serum. The LC50 of Heterotrigona itama honey (acacia honey) and its sugar adulterants (light corn sugar, cane sugar, inverted sugar, and palm sugar in the proportion of 1-3% (w/w) from the total volume) was determined by the toxicological assessment of honey samples on zebrafish embryos (different exposure concentrations in 24, 48, 72, and 96 h postfertilization (hpf)). Pure H. itama honey represents the LC50 of 34.40 ± 1.84 (mg/mL) at 96 hpf, while the inverted sugar represents the lowest LC50 (5.03 ± 0.92 mg/mL) among sugar adulterants. The highest concentration (3%) of sugar adulterants were used to study the toxicology of adulterated honey using adult zebrafish in terms of acute, prolong-acute, and sub-acute tests. The results of the LD50 from the sub-acute toxicity test of pure H. itama honey was 2.33 ± 0.24 (mg/mL). The histological studies of internal organs showed a lesion in the liver, kidney, and spleen of adulterated treated-honey groups compared to the control group. Furthermore, the LC-MS/MS results revealed three endogenous metabolites in both the pure and adulterated honey treated groups, as follows: (1) S-Cysteinosuccinic acid, (2) 2,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid, and (3) Cysteinyl-Tyrosine. The results of this study demonstrated that adulterated honey caused mortality, which contributes to higher toxicity, and also suggested that the zebrafish toxicity test could be a standard method for assessing the potential toxicity of other hazardous food additives. The information gained from this research will permit an evaluation of the potential risk associated with the consumption of adulterated compared to pure honey.

Matched MeSH terms: Spleen/drug effects; Spleen/pathology

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