Displaying publications 41 - 60 of 106 in total

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  1. Nanomedicines for improved targetability to inflamed synovium for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: Multi-functionalization as an emerging strategy to optimize therapeutic efficacy
    Fang G, Zhang Q, Pang Y, Thu HE, Hussain Z
    J Control Release, 2019 06 10;303:181-208.
    PMID: 31015032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.04.027
    Owing to its intricate autoimmune pathophysiology and significant risks of progression to other rheumatic co-morbidities (i.e., osteoporosis and osteoarthritis), a plausible therapeutic regimen is mandatory for early-stage management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Nevertheless, the conventional therapeutic agents particularly the corticosteroids and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) have shown grander success in the treatment of RA; however, long-term use of these agents is also associated with serious adverse events. To combat these issues and optimize therapeutic efficacy, nanotechnology-based interventions have been emerged as viable option. While, nanomedicines signposted superiority over the conventional pharmacological moieties; there are still many pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic challenges to nanomedicines following their intravenous or intra-articular administration. To circumvent these challenges, significant adaptations such as PEGylation, surface conjugation of targeting ligand(s), and site- responsive behavior (i.e., pH-, biochemical-, or thermal-responsiveness) have been implemented. Besides, multi-functionalization of nanomedicines has been emerging as an exceptional strategy to overcome pharmacokinetic challenges, improve targetability to inflamed synovium, maximise internalisation into the activated macrophages, and improved therapeutic outcomes for treatment of RA. Therefore, this review aims to conceptualize and recapitulate the substantial evidences regarding the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic superiority of multi-functionalized nanomedicines over the naked nanomedicines for site-selective targeting to inflamed synovium and rational treatment of RA and other rheumatic co-morbidities. Pharmaceutical sustainability of the multi-functionalized nanomedicines for improved biocompatibility, profound interaction with the targeting tissue/cells/sub-cellular domain, and diminished systemic toxicity has also been pondered.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanomedicine
  2. Fulltext Synthesis, characterization, and efficacy of antituberculosis isoniazid zinc aluminum-layered double hydroxide based nanocomposites
    Saifullah B, El Zowalaty ME, Arulselvan P, Fakurazi S, Webster TJ, Geilich BM, et al.
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2016;11:3225-37.
    PMID: 27486322 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S102406
    The chemotherapy for tuberculosis (TB) is complicated by its long-term treatment, its frequent drug dosing, and the adverse effects of anti-TB drugs. In this study, we have developed two nanocomposites (A and B) by intercalating the anti-TB drug isoniazid (INH) into Zn/Al-layered double hydroxides. The average size of the nanocomposites was found to bê164 nm. The efficacy of the Zn/Al-layered double hydroxides intercalated INH against Mycobacterium tuberculosis was increased by approximately three times more than free INH. The nanocomposites were also found to be active against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Compared to the free INH, the nanodelivery formulation was determined to be three times more biocompatible with human normal lung fibroblast MRC-5 cells and 3T3 fibroblast cells at a very high concentration of 50 µg/mL for up to 72 hours. The in vitro release of INH from the Zn/Al-layered double hydroxides was found to be sustained in human body-simulated buffer solutions of pH 4.8 and 7.4. This research is a step forward in making the TB chemotherapy patient friendly.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanomedicine
  3. Fulltext Nanocarrier-Based Therapeutics and Theranostics Drug Delivery Systems for Next Generation of Liver Cancer Nanodrug Modalities
    Ruman U, Fakurazi S, Masarudin MJ, Hussein MZ
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2020;15:1437-1456.
    PMID: 32184597 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S236927
    The development of therapeutics and theranostic nanodrug delivery systems have posed a challenging task for the current researchers due to the requirement of having various nanocarriers and active agents for better therapy, imaging, and controlled release of drugs efficiently in one platform. The conventional liver cancer chemotherapy has many negative effects such as multiple drug resistance (MDR), high clearance rate, severe side effects, unwanted drug distribution to the specific site of liver cancer and low concentration of drug that finally reaches liver cancer cells. Therefore, it is necessary to develop novel strategies and novel nanocarriers that will carry the drug molecules specific to the affected cancerous hepatocytes in an adequate amount and duration within the therapeutic window. Therapeutics and theranostic systems have advantages over conventional chemotherapy due to the high efficacy of drug loading or drug encapsulation efficiency, high cellular uptake, high drug release, and minimum side effects. These nanocarriers possess high drug accumulation in the tumor area while minimizing toxic effects on healthy tissues. This review focuses on the current research on nanocarrier-based therapeutics and theranostic drug delivery systems excluding the negative consequences of nanotechnology in the field of drug delivery systems. However, clinical developments of theranostics nanocarriers for liver cancer are considered outside of the scope of this article. This review discusses only the recent developments of nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems for liver cancer therapy and diagnosis. The negative consequences of individual nanocarrier in the drug delivery system will also not be covered in this review.
    Matched MeSH terms: Theranostic Nanomedicine*
  4. Fulltext Carbon nanotubes and graphene as emerging candidates in neuroregeneration and neurodrug delivery
    John AA, Subramanian AP, Vellayappan MV, Balaji A, Mohandas H, Jaganathan SK
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2015;10:4267-77.
    PMID: 26170663 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S83777
    Neuroregeneration is the regrowth or repair of nervous tissues, cells, or cell products involved in neurodegeneration and inflammatory diseases of the nervous system like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Nowadays, application of nanotechnology is commonly used in developing nanomedicines to advance pharmacokinetics and drug delivery exclusively for central nervous system pathologies. In addition, nanomedical advances are leading to therapies that disrupt disarranged protein aggregation in the central nervous system, deliver functional neuroprotective growth factors, and change the oxidative stress and excitotoxicity of affected neural tissues to regenerate the damaged neurons. Carbon nanotubes and graphene are allotropes of carbon that have been exploited by researchers because of their excellent physical properties and their ability to interface with neurons and neuronal circuits. This review describes the role of carbon nanotubes and graphene in neuroregeneration. In the future, it is hoped that the benefits of nanotechnologies will outweigh their risks, and that the next decade will present huge scope for developing and delivering technologies in the field of neuroscience.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanomedicine*
  5. Armamentarium in Drug Delivery for Colorectal Cancer
    Ali A, Akhtar J, Ahmad U, Basheer AS, Jaiswal N, Jahan A
    Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst, 2022;40(1):1-48.
    PMID: 36374840 DOI: 10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2022039241
    Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer related deaths in the United States. However, more than half of all incidence and mortality are caused by risk factors such as smoking, unhealthy diet, excessive alcohol consumption, inactivity, and excess weight, and thus can be protected. CRC morbidity and mortality can also be reduced by proper screening and monitoring. Over the last few years the amalgamation of nanotechnology with healthcare system has brought about the potential to administer the delivery of certain therapeutic drugs to cancer cells without affecting normal tissues. Recent strategies combine the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to improve the overall performance of cancer nanomedicines. Targeted cancer nanotherapeutics provides many more opportunities for the selective detection of toxic chemicals within cancer cells. The distinctive features of nanoparticles, such as their small size, large surface to volume ratio, and the ability of nanoparticles to achieve several interactions of ligands at surface, offer great benefits of nanomedicines to treat various types of cancers. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms of colorectal carcinogenesis and discusses various key concepts in the development of nanotherapeutics targeted for CRC treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanomedicine
  6. Potential of a sonochemical approach to generate MRI-PPT theranostic agents for breast cancer
    Dheyab MA, Aziz AA, Khaniabadi PM, Jameel MS
    Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther, 2021 Mar;33:102177.
    PMID: 33429101 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102177
    The production of nanomaterials integrating diagnostic and therapeutic roles within one nanoplatform is important for medical applications. Such theranostics nanoplatforms could provide information on imaging, accurate diagnosis and, at the same time, could eradicate cancer cells. Fe3O4@Au core@shell nanoparticles (Fe3O4@AuNPs) have gained broad attention due to their unique innovations in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and photothermal therapy (PTT). Seed-mediated growth procedures were used to produce the Fe3O4@AuNPs. In these processes, complicated surface modifications, resulted in unsatisfactory properties. This work used the ability of the sonochemical approach to synthesize highly efficient theranostics agent Fe3O4@AuNPs with a size of approximately 22 nm in 5 min. The inner core of Fe3O4 acts as an MRI agent, whereas the photothermal effect stands accomplished by near-infrared absorption of the gold shell (Au shell), which results in the eradication of cancer cells. We have shown that Fe3O4@AuNPs have great biocompatibility and no major cytotoxicity has been identified. Relaxivity value (r2) of synthesized Fe3O4@Au NPs, measured at 233 mM-1s-1, is significantly higher than those reported previously. The as-synthesized NPs have shown substantial photothermal ablation ability on MCF-7 in vitro under near-infrared laser irradiation. Consequently, Fe3O4@AuNPs synthesized in this study have great potential as an ideal candidate for MR imaging and PTT.
    Matched MeSH terms: Theranostic Nanomedicine
  7. Fulltext Berberine nanoparticles with enhanced in vitro bioavailability: characterization and antimicrobial activity
    Sahibzada MUK, Sadiq A, Faidah HS, Khurram M, Amin MU, Haseeb A, et al.
    Drug Des Devel Ther, 2018;12:303-312.
    PMID: 29491706 DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S156123
    BACKGROUND: Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid widely used in Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine to treat illnesses such as hypertension and inflammatory conditions, and as an anticancer and hepato-protective agent. Berberine has low oral bioavailability due to poor aqueous solubility and insufficient dissolution rate, which can reduce the efficacy of drugs taken orally. In this study, evaporative precipitation of nanosuspension (EPN) and anti-solvent precipitation with a syringe pump (APSP) were used to address the problems of solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability of berberine.

    METHODS: Semi-crystalline nanoparticles (NPs) of 90-110 nm diameter for APSP and 65-75 nm diameter for EPN were prepared and then characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD). Thereafter, drug content solubility and dissolution studies were undertaken. Berberine and its NPs were evaluated for their antibacterial activity.

    RESULTS: The results indicate that the NPs have significantly increased solubility and dissolution rate due to conversion of the crystalline structure to a semi-crystalline form.

    CONCLUSION: Berberine NPs produced by both APSP and EPN methods have shown promising activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and yeasts, with NPs prepared through the EPN method showing superior results compared to those made with the APSP method and the unprocessed drug.

    Matched MeSH terms: Nanomedicine
  8. An Electrochemical Sandwich Immunosensor for the Detection of HER2 using Antibody-Conjugated PbS Quantum Dot as a label
    Lah ZMANH, Ahmad SAA, Zaini MS, Kamarudin MA
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2019 Sep 10;174:608-617.
    PMID: 31265987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.06.024
    A facile electrochemical sandwich immunosensor for the detection of a breast cancer biomarker, the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), was designed, using lead sulfide quantum dots-conjugated secondary HER2 antibody (Ab2-PbS QDs) as a label. Using Ab2-PbS QDs in the development of electrochemical immunoassays leads to many advantages such as straightforward synthesis and well-defined stripping signal of Pb(II) through acid dissolution, which in turn yields better sensing performance for the sandwiched immunosensor. In the bioconjugation of PbS QDs, the available amine and hydroxyl groups from secondary anti-HER2 and capped PbS QDs were bound covalently together via carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) acting as a linker. In order to quantify the biomarker, SWV signal was obtained, where the Pb2+ ions after acid dissolution in HCl was detected. The plated mercury film SPCE was also detected in situ. Under optimal conditions, HER2 was detected in a linear range from 1-100 ng/mL with a limit of detection of 0.28 ng/mL. The measures of satisfactory recoveries were 91.3% to 104.3% for the spiked samples, displaying high selectivity. Therefore, this method can be applied to determine HER2 in human serum.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanomedicine
  9. Fulltext Formulation development and optimization of palm kernel oil esters-based nanoemulsions containing sodium diclofenac
    Rezaee M, Basri M, Rahman RN, Salleh AB, Chaibakhsh N, Karjiban RA
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2014;9:539-48.
    PMID: 24531324 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S49616
    Response surface methodology was employed to study the effect of formulation composition variables, water content (60%-80%, w/w) and oil and surfactant (O/S) ratio (0.17-1.33), as well as high-shear emulsification conditions, mixing rate (300-3,000 rpm) and mixing time (5-30 minutes) on the properties of sodium diclofenac-loaded palm kernel oil esters-nanoemulsions. The two response variables were droplet size and viscosity. Optimization of the conditions according to the four variables was performed for preparation of the nanoemulsions with the minimum values of particle size and viscosity. The results showed that the experimental data could be sufficiently fitted into a third-order polynomial model with multiple regression coefficients (R(2) ) of 0.938 and 0.994 for the particle size and viscosity, respectively. Water content, O/S ratio and mixing time, quadrics of all independent variables, interaction between O/S ratio and mixing rate and between mixing time and rate, as well as cubic term of water content had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the particle size of nanoemulsions. The linear effect of all independent variables, quadrics of water content and O/S ratio, interaction of water content and O/S ratio, as well as cubic term of water content and O/S ratio had significant effects (P<0.05) on the viscosity of all nanoemulsions. The optimum conditions for preparation of sodium diclofenac nanoemulsions were predicted to be: 71.36% water content; 0.69 O/S ratio; 950 rpm mixing rate, and 5 minute mixing time. The optimized formulation showed good storage stability in different temperatures.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanomedicine
  10. Nanoencapsulation, an efficient and promising approach to maximize wound healing efficacy of curcumin: A review of new trends and state-of-the-art
    Hussain Z, Thu HE, Ng SF, Khan S, Katas H
    Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2017 Feb 01;150:223-241.
    PMID: 27918967 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.11.036
    Wound healing is a multifarious and vibrant process of replacing devitalized and damaged cellular structures, leading to restoration of the skin's barrier function, re-establishment of tissue integrity, and maintenance of the internal homeostasis. Curcumin (CUR) and its analogs have gained widespread recognition due to their remarkable anti-inflammatory, anti-infective, anticancer, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and wound healing activities. However, their pharmaceutical significance is limited due to inherent hydrophobic nature, poor water solubility, low bioavailability, chemical instability, rapid metabolism and short half-life. Owing to their pharmaceutical limitations, newer strategies have been attempted in recent years aiming to mitigate problems related to the effective delivery of curcumanoids and to improve their wound healing potential. These advanced strategies include nanovesicles, polymeric micelles, conventional liposomes and hyalurosomes, nanocomposite hydrogels, electrospun nanofibers, nanohybrid scaffolds, nanoconjugates, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), nanoemulsion, nanodispersion, and polymeric nanoparticles (NPs). The superior wound healing activities achieved after nanoencapsulation of the CUR are attributed to its target-specific delivery, longer retention at the target site, avoiding premature degradation of the encapsulated cargo and the therapeutic superiority of the advanced delivery systems over the conventional delivery. We have critically reviewed the literature and summarize the convincing evidence which explore the pharmaceutical significance and therapeutic feasibility of the advanced delivery systems in improving wound healing activities of the CUR and its analogs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanomedicine/methods*; Nanomedicine/trends*
  11. Emerging innovations in nano-enabled therapy against age-related macular degeneration: A paradigm shift
    Kumar Dubey S, Pradhan R, Hejmady S, Singhvi G, Choudhury H, Gorain B, et al.
    Int J Pharm, 2021 May 01;600:120499.
    PMID: 33753164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120499
    Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a degenerative eye disease, is the major cause of irreversible loss of vision among individuals aged 50 and older. Both genetic and environmental factors are responsible for the progressive damage to central vision. It is a multifactorial retinal disease with features such as drusen, hypopigmentation and/or hyperpigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium, and even choroidal neovascularization in certain patients. AMD is of two major forms: exudative (wet) and atrophic (dry) with changes affecting the macula leading to impaired vision. Although the retina remains an accessible portion for delivering drugs, there are no current options to cure or treat AMD. The existing expensive therapeutics are unable to treat the underlying pathology but display several side effects. However, recent innovations in nanotherapeutics provide an optimal alternative of drug delivery to treat the neovascular condition. These new-age technologies in the nanometer scale would enhance bioactivity and improve the bioavailability of drugs at the site of action to treat AMD. The nanomedicine also provides sustained release of the drug with prolonged retention after penetrating across the ocular tissues. In this review, the insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with the pathophysiology of AMD are provided. It also serves to review the current progress in nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems that offer feasible treatments in AMD.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanomedicine
  12. Theranostic application of nanoemulsions in chemotherapy
    Gorain B, Choudhury H, Nair AB, Dubey SK, Kesharwani P
    Drug Discov Today, 2020 07;25(7):1174-1188.
    PMID: 32344042 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.04.013
    Theranostics has the potential to revolutionize the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cancer, where novel drug delivery systems could be used to detect the disease at an early stage with instantaneous treatment. Various preclinical approaches of nanoemulsions with entrapped contrast and chemotherapeutic agents have been documented to act specifically on the tumor microenvironment (TME) for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. However, bringing these theranostic nanoemulsions through preclinical trials to patients requires several fundamental hurdles to be overcome, including the in vivo behavior of the delivery tool, degradation, and clearance from the system, as well as long-term toxicities. Here, we discuss recent advances in the application of nanoemulsions in molecular imaging with simultaneous therapeutic efficacy in a single delivery system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Theranostic Nanomedicine/methods*
  13. Carbon dots: emerging theranostic nanoarchitectures
    Mishra V, Patil A, Thakur S, Kesharwani P
    Drug Discov Today, 2018 06;23(6):1219-1232.
    PMID: 29366761 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.006
    Nanotechnology has gained significant interest from biomedical and analytical researchers in recent years. Carbon dots (C-dots), a new member of the carbon nanomaterial family, are spherical, nontoxic, biocompatible, and discrete particles less than 10nm in diameter. Research interest has focused on C-dots because of their ultra-compact nanosize, favorable biocompatibility, outstanding photoluminescence, superior electron transfer ability, and versatile surface engineering properties. C-dots show significant potential for use in cellular imaging, biosensing, targeted drug delivery, and other biomedical applications. Here we discuss C-dots, in terms of their physicochemical properties, fabrication techniques, toxicity issues, surface engineering and biomedical potential in drug delivery, targeting as well as bioimaging.
    Matched MeSH terms: Theranostic Nanomedicine
  14. Fulltext Metronidazole conjugated magnetic nanoparticles loaded with amphotericin B exhibited potent effects against pathogenic Acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the T4 genotype
    Abdelnasir S, Anwar A, Kawish M, Anwar A, Shah MR, Siddiqui R, et al.
    AMB Express, 2020 Jul 17;10(1):127.
    PMID: 32681358 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01061-z
    Acanthamoeba castellanii can cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and Acanthamoeba keratitis. Currently, no single drug has been developed to effectively treat infections caused by Acanthamoeba. Recent studies have shown that drugs conjugated with nanoparticles exhibit potent in vitro antiamoebic activity against pathogenic free-living amoebae. In this study, we have developed a nano drug delivery system based on iron oxide nanoparticles conjugated with metronidazole which were further loaded with amphotericin B to produce enhanced antiamoebic effects against Acanthamoeba castellanii. The results showed that metronidazole-nanoparticles-amphotericin B (Met-MNPs-Amp) significantly inhibited the viability of these amoebae as compared to the respective controls including drugs and nanoparticles alone. Met-MNPs-Amp exhibited IC50 at 50 μg/mL against both A. castellanii trophozoites and cysts. Furthermore, these nanoparticles did not affect the viability of rat and human cells and showed safe hemolytic activity. Hence, the results obtained in this study have potential utility in drug development against infections caused by Acanthamoeba castellanii. A combination of drugs can lead to successful prognosis against these largely neglected infections. Future studies will determine the value of conjugating molecules with diagnostic and therapeutic potential to provide theranostic approaches against these serious infections.
    Matched MeSH terms: Theranostic Nanomedicine
  15. Importance of Theranostics in Rare Brain-Eating Amoebae Infections
    Anwar A, Siddiqui R, Khan NA
    ACS Chem Neurosci, 2019 01 16;10(1):6-12.
    PMID: 30149693 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00321
    Pathogenic free-living amoebae including Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, and Naegleria fowleri cause infections of the central nervous system (CNS), which almost always prove fatal. The mortality rate is high with the CNS infections caused by these microbes despite modern developments in healthcare and antimicrobial chemotherapy. The low awareness, delayed diagnosis, and lack of effective drugs are major hurdles to overcome these challenges. Nanomaterials have emerged as vital tools for concurrent diagnosis and therapy, which are commonly referred to as theranostics. Nanomaterials offer highly sensitive diagnostic systems and viable therapeutic effects as a single modality. There has been good progress to develop nanomaterials based efficient theranostic systems against numerous kinds of tumors, but this field is yet immature in the context of infectious diseases, particularly parasitic infections. Herein, we describe the potential value of theranostic applications of nanomaterials against brain infections due to pathogenic amoebae.
    Matched MeSH terms: Theranostic Nanomedicine/methods*; Theranostic Nanomedicine/trends
  16. Modular nanotheranostic agents for protistan parasitic diseases: Magic bullets with tracers
    Maciver SK, Abdelnasir S, Anwar A, Siddiqui R, Khan NA
    Mol Biochem Parasitol, 2023 Feb;253:111541.
    PMID: 36603708 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111541
    Protistan parasitic infections contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality, causing more than 2 billion human infections annually. However, current treatments are often limited; due to ineffective drugs and drug resistance, thus better options are urgently required. In the present context, theranostics agents are those that offer simultaneous detection, diagnosis and even treatment of protistan parasitic diseases. "Nanotheranostics" is the term used to describe such agents, that are around 100 nm or less in size. Anti-parasitic activity of nanoparticles (NPs) has been reported, and many have useful intrinsic imaging properties, but it is perhaps their multifunctional nature that offers the greatest potential. NPs may be used as adapters onto which various subunits with different functions may be attached. These subunits may facilitate targeting parasites, coupled with toxins to eradicate parasites, and probe subunits for detection of particles and/or parasites. The modular nature of nano-platforms promises a "mix and match" approach for the construction of tailored agents by using combinations of these subunits against different protistan parasites. Even though many of the subunits have shown promise alone, these have not yet been put together convincingly enough to form working theranostics against protistan parasites. Although the clinical application of nanotheranostics to protistan parasitic infections in humans requires more research, we conclude that they offer not just a realisation of Paul Ehrlich's long imagined "magic bullet" concept, but potentially are magic bullets combined with tracer bullets.
    Matched MeSH terms: Theranostic Nanomedicine*
  17. Emerging potential of stimulus-responsive nanosized anticancer drug delivery systems for systemic applications
    Ruttala HB, Ramasamy T, Madeshwaran T, Hiep TT, Kandasamy U, Oh KT, et al.
    Arch Pharm Res, 2018 Feb;41(2):111-129.
    PMID: 29214601 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0995-x
    The development of novel drug delivery systems based on well-defined polymer therapeutics has led to significant improvements in the treatment of multiple disorders. Advances in material chemistry, nanotechnology, and nanomedicine have revolutionized the practices of drug delivery. Stimulus-responsive material-based nanosized drug delivery systems have remarkable properties that allow them to circumvent biological barriers and achieve targeted intracellular drug delivery. Specifically, the development of novel nanocarrier-based therapeutics is the need of the hour in managing complex diseases. In this review, we have briefly described the fundamentals of drug targeting to diseased tissues, physiological barriers in the human body, and the mechanisms/modes of drug-loaded carrier systems. To that end, this review serves as a comprehensive overview of the recent developments in stimulus-responsive drug delivery systems, with focus on their potential applications and impact on the future of drug delivery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanomedicine/methods; Nanomedicine/trends*
  18. Updated Regulatory Considerations for Nanomedicines
    Subin TS, Vijayan V, Kumar KJR
    Pharm Nanotechnol, 2017;5(3):180-191.
    PMID: 28641516 DOI: 10.2174/2211738505666170615095542
    BACKGROUND: Nanomedicine is a branch which deals with medicinal products, devices, nonbiological complex drugs and antibody-nanoparticle conjugates and general health products that are manufactured using nanotechnology.

    OBJECTIVE: Nano-medicine provides the same efficacies as traditional medicines owing to their improved solubility and bioavailability with reduced dosages. However, there are currently safety concerns due to the difficulties related to nanomaterial characterization; this might be the reason for unawareness of such medicines among the patients. The absence of clear regulatory guidelines further complicates matters, as it makes the path to registering them with regulatory bodies difficult. However, some products have overcome these obstacles and have been registered. While there are many international initiatives to harmonize the regulatory requirements and helps the industry to determine the most important characteristics that influence in vivo product performance.

    CONCLUSION: This review focuses on the various types of nanopharmaceuticals, and developments process with strategies tailored to upcoming regulations may satisfy the patients' needs.

    Matched MeSH terms: Nanomedicine/instrumentation; Nanomedicine/legislation & jurisprudence*; Nanomedicine/methods
  19. Fulltext 18F[AlF]-radiolabelled Peptides on the Automated Synthesis Platform: Translating the Laboratory Bench Work to Bedside
    Hassan H, Razak HRA, Saad FFA, Kumar V
    Malays J Med Sci, 2019 Jul;26(4):122-126.
    PMID: 31496901 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/mjms2019.26.4.14
    Using radiolabelled peptides that bind, with high affinity and specificity, to receptors on tumour cells is one of the most promising fields in modern molecular imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy (1). In the emergence of molecular imaging and nuclear medicine diagnosis and therapy, albeit theranostic, radiolabelled peptides have become vital tools for in vivo visualisation and monitoring physiological and biochemical processes on molecular and cellular levels (2). This approach may benefit patients in the era of personalised medicine.
    Matched MeSH terms: Theranostic Nanomedicine
  20. Fulltext Recent advances in nanotheranostics for triple negative breast cancer treatment
    Thakur V, Kutty RV
    J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2019 Oct 28;38(1):430.
    PMID: 31661003 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1443-1
    Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most complex and aggressive type of breast cancer encountered world widely in women. Absence of hormonal receptors on breast cancer cells necessitates the chemotherapy as the only treatment regime. High propensity to metastasize and relapse in addition to poor prognosis and survival motivated the oncologist, nano-medical scientist to develop novel and efficient nanotherapies to solve such a big TNBC challenge. Recently, the focus for enhanced availability, targeted cellular uptake with minimal toxicity is achieved by nano-carriers. These smart nano-carriers carrying all the necessary arsenals (drugs, tracking probe, and ligand) designed in such a way that specifically targets the TNBC cells at site. Articulating the targeted delivery system with multifunctional molecules for high specificity, tracking, diagnosis, and treatment emerged as theranostic approach. In this review, in addition to classical treatment modalities, recent advances in nanotheranostics for early and effective diagnostic and treatment is discussed. This review highlighted the recently FDA approved immunotherapy and all the ongoing clinical trials for TNBC, in addition to nanoparticle assisted immunotherapy. Futuristic but realistic advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning not only improve early diagnosis but also assist clinicians for their workup in TNBC. The novel concept of Nanoparticles induced endothelial leakiness (NanoEL) as a way of tumor invasion is also discussed in addition to classical EPR effect. This review intends to provide basic insight and understanding of the novel nano-therapeutic modalities in TNBC diagnosis and treatment and to sensitize the readers for continue designing the novel nanomedicine. This is the first time that designing nanoparticles with stoichiometric definable number of antibodies per nanoparticle now represents the next level of precision by design in nanomedicine.
    Matched MeSH terms: Theranostic Nanomedicine/methods*; Nanomedicine/methods*
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