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Fulltext Fabrication of silver nanoparticles dispersed in palm oil using laser ablation

Zamiri R, Zakaria A, Ahangar HA, Sadrolhosseini AR, Mahdi MA

Int J Mol Sci, 2010;11(11):4764-70.
PMID: 21151470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11114764

In this study we used a laser ablation technique for preparation of silver nanoparticles. The fabrication process was carried out by ablation of a silver plate immersed in palm oil. A pulsed Nd:YAG laser at a wavelength of 1064 nm was used for ablation of the plate at different times. The palm coconut oil allowed formation of nanoparticles with very small and uniform particle size, which are dispersed very homogeneously within the solution. The obtained particle sizes for 15 and 30 minute ablation times were 2.5 and 2 nm, respectively. Stability study shows that all of the samples remained stable for a reasonable period of time.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils/chemistry
Comparative differential scanning calorimetric analysis of vegetable oils: I. Effects of heating rate variation

Tan CP, Man YC

Phytochem Anal, 2002 May-Jun;13(3):129-41.
PMID: 12099103

The melting curves of 11 vegetable oils have been characterised. Vegetable oil samples that were cooled at a constant rate (5 degrees C/min) from the melt showed between one and seven melting endotherms upon heating at four different heating rates (1, 5, 10 and 20 degrees C/min) in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles and iodine value analyses were used to complement the DSC data. Generally, the melting transition temperature shifted to higher values with increased rates of heating. The breadth of the melting endotherm and the area under the melting peak also increased with increasing heating rate. Although the number of endothermic peaks was dependent on heating rate, the melting curves of the oil samples were not straightforward in that there was no correlation between the number of endothermic peaks and heating rates. Multiple melting behaviour in DSC experiments with different heating rates could be explained by: (1) the melting of TAG populations with different melting points; and (2) TAG crystal reorganisation effects. On the basis of the corollary results obtained, vegetable oils and fats may be distinguished from their offset-temperature (Toff) values in the DSC melting curves. The results showed that Toff values of all oil samples were significantly (p < 0.01) different in the melting curves scanned at four different scanning rates. These calorimetric results indicate that DSC is a valuable technique for studying vegetable oils.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils/chemistry*
[Comparative studies on the essential oil of Myistica fragrans Houtt. seeds and leaves) cultivated on Hainan Island and imported from Malaysia]

Chen DH, Chang Q, Feng JD

Zhong Yao Tong Bao, 1987 Oct;12(10):11-4, 62.
PMID: 3449237
Matched MeSH terms: Oils, Volatile/analysis*
Fulltext Enhancement of Particle Alignment Using Silicone Oil Plasticizer and Its Effects on the Field-Dependent Properties of Magnetorheological Elastomers

Khairi MHA, Fatah AYA, Mazlan SA, Ubaidillah U, Nordin NA, Ismail NIN, et al.

Int J Mol Sci, 2019 Aug 21;20(17).
PMID: 31438576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174085

The existing mold concept of fabricating magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) tends to encounter several flux issues due to magnetic flux losses inside the chamber. Therefore, this paper presents a new approach for enhancing particle alignment through MRE fabrication as a means to provide better rheological properties. A closed-loop mold, which is essentially a fully guided magnetic field inside the chamber, was designed in order to strengthen the magnetic flux during the curing process with the help of silicone oil (SO) plasticizers. The oil serves the purpose of softening the matrix. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the surface morphology of the fabricated MRE samples. The field-dependent dynamic properties of the MREs were measured several ways using a rheometer, namely, strain sweep, frequency sweep, and magnetic field sweep. The analysis implied that the effectiveness of the MRE was associated with the use of the SO, and the closed-loop mold helped enhance the absolute modulus up to 0.8 MPa. The relative magnetorheological (MR) effects exhibited high values up to 646%. The high modulus properties offered by the MRE with SO are believed to be potentially useful in industry applications, particularly as vibration absorbers, which require a high range of stiffness.

Matched MeSH terms: Silicone Oils/chemistry*
Superwetting materials for hydrophilic-oleophobic membrane in oily wastewater treatment

Wan Ikhsan SN, Yusof N, Aziz F, Ismail AF, Jaafar J, Wan Salleh WN, et al.

J Environ Manage, 2021 Jul 15;290:112565.
PMID: 33873023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112565

The vast amount of oily wastewater released to the environment through industrialization has worsened the water quality in recent years, posing adverse impacts on general human health. Oil emulsified in water is one of the most difficult mixtures to be treated, making it imperative for new technology to be explored to address this issue. The use of conventional water treatment such as flotation, coagulation, precipitation, adsorption, and chemical treatment have low separation efficiencies and high energy costs, and are not applicable to the separation of oil/water emulsions. Therefore, there is a demand for more efficient methods and materials for the separations of immiscible oil/water mixtures and emulsions. Superwetting materials that can repel oil, while letting water pass through have been widely explored to fit into this concern. These materials usually make use of simultaneous hydrophilic/oleophobic mechanisms to allow a solid surface to separate oily emulsion with little to no use of energy. Also, by integrating specific wettability concepts with appropriate pore scale, solid surfaces may achieve separation of multifarious oil/water mixtures namely immiscible oil/water blends and consolidated emulsions. In this review, materials used to impart superwetting in solid surfaces by focusing on superhydrophilic/superoleophobic wetting properties of the materials categorized into fluorinated and non-fluorinated surface modification are summarized. In each material, its background, mechanism, fabricating processes, and their effects on solid surface's wetting capability are elaborated in detail. The materials reviewed in this paper are mainly organic and green, suggesting the alternative material to replace the fluorine group that is widely used to achieve oleophobicity in oily wastewater treatment.

Matched MeSH terms: Oils*
Environmentally adapted bio-oil compounds-derived polyolesters synthesis: Optimization and properties of base fluids

Cheryl-Low YL, Kong PS, Lee HV

J Hazard Mater, 2021 04 05;407:124365.
PMID: 33162238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124365

Non-edible bio-oil derived from lignocellulosic biomass could be used as environmentally friendly lubricant-ester base stock for maritime and road-type transportations. However, the use of crude bio-oil with highly oxygenated compounds required further upgrading to yield ester that mimicked the characteristics of Group V base oil (polyolesters). In this study, bio-oil based polyolesters was produced via esterification using green biopolymer alginate acid catalyst (Al-Alg). The bio-oil compounds used were acetic acid (AcA), propionic acid (PrA) and levulinic acid (LA), while polyols such as neopentyl glycol (NPG), trimethylolpropane (TMP) and pentaerythritol (PE) were used. Optimization studies revealed that NPG-PrA ester gave the best ester purity of 100%, with 95% of diester selectivity under optimum conditions of 15 wt% Al-Alg, 8 h, 6:1 PrA:NPG and 140 °C. The produced polyolesters showed potential lube characteristics with viscosity index of 76, kinematic viscosity of 2.3 mm2 s-1 at 40 °C and oxidative induction time of 15 min at 100 °C. Furthermore, a reusability study of the Al-Alg catalyst indicated high NPG-PrA diester selectivity (above 90%) for 8 consecutive cycles. The physico-chemical properties of spent Al-Alg catalyst were also discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils*
Trend and current practices of palm oil mill effluent polishing: Application of advanced oxidation processes and their future perspectives

Bello MM, Abdul Raman AA

J Environ Manage, 2017 Aug 01;198(Pt 1):170-182.
PMID: 28460324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.04.050

Palm oil processing is a multi-stage operation which generates large amount of effluent. On average, palm oil mill effluent (POME) may contain up to 51, 000 mg/L COD, 25,000 mg/L BOD, 40,000 TS and 6000 mg/L oil and grease. Due to its potential to cause environmental pollution, palm oil mills are required to treat the effluent prior to discharge. Biological treatments using open ponding system are widely used for POME treatment. Although these processes are capable of reducing the pollutant concentrations, they require long hydraulic retention time and large space, with the effluent frequently failing to satisfy the discharge regulation. Due to more stringent environmental regulations, research interest has recently shifted to the development of polishing technologies for the biologically-treated POME. Various technologies such as advanced oxidation processes, membrane technology, adsorption and coagulation have been investigated. Among these, advanced oxidation processes have shown potentials as polishing technologies for POME. This paper offers an overview on the POME polishing technologies, with particularly emphasis on advanced oxidation processes and their prospects for large scale applications. Although there are some challenges in large scale applications of these technologies, this review offers some perspectives that could help in overcoming these challenges.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils*
Pyrolysis of oil palm mesocarp fiber catalyzed with steel slag-derived zeolite for bio-oil production

Kabir G, Mohd Din AT, Hameed BH

Bioresour Technol, 2018 Feb;249:42-48.
PMID: 29040858 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.190

The pyrolysis of oil palm mesocarp fiber (OPMF) was catalyzed with a steel slag-derived zeolite (FAU-SL) in a slow-heating fixed-bed reactor at 450 °C, 550 °C, and 600 °C. The catalytic pyrolysis of OPMF produced a maximum yield of 47 wt% bio-oil at 550 °C, and the crude pyrolysis vapor (CPV) of this process yielded crude pyrolysis oil with broad distribution of bulky oxygenated organic compounds. The bio-oil composition produced at 550 °C contained mainly light and stable acid-rich carbonyls at a relative abundance of 48.02% peak area and phenolic compounds at 12.03% peak area. The FAU-SL high mesoporosity and strong surface acidity caused the conversion of the bulky CPV molecules into mostly light acid-rich carbonyls and aromatics through secondary reactions. The secondary reactions mechanisms facilitated by FAU-SL reduced the distribution of the organic compounds in the bio-oil to mostly acid-rich carbonyls and aromatic in contrast to other common zeolite.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils*
A sparse QSRR model for predicting retention indices of essential oils based on robust screening approach

Al-Fakih AM, Algamal ZY, Lee MH, Aziz M

SAR QSAR Environ Res, 2017 Aug;28(8):691-703.
PMID: 28976224 DOI: 10.1080/1062936X.2017.1375010

A robust screening approach and a sparse quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) model for predicting retention indices (RIs) of 169 constituents of essential oils is proposed. The proposed approach is represented in two steps. First, dimension reduction was performed using the proposed modified robust sure independence screening (MR-SIS) method. Second, prediction of RIs was made using the proposed robust sparse QSRR with smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD) penalty (RSQSRR). The RSQSRR model was internally and externally validated based on [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], Y-randomization test, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and the applicability domain. The validation results indicate that the model is robust and not due to chance correlation. The descriptor selection and prediction performance of the RSQSRR for training dataset outperform the other two used modelling methods. The RSQSRR shows the highest [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text], and the lowest [Formula: see text]. For the test dataset, the RSQSRR shows a high external validation value ([Formula: see text]), and a low value of [Formula: see text] compared with the other methods, indicating its higher predictive ability. In conclusion, the results reveal that the proposed RSQSRR is an efficient approach for modelling high dimensional QSRRs and the method is useful for the estimation of RIs of essential oils that have not been experimentally tested.

Matched MeSH terms: Oils, Volatile/chemistry*
Determination of optimum polymeric coagulant in palm oil mill effluent coagulation using multiple-objective optimisation on the basis of ratio analysis (MOORA)

Tamrin KF, Zahrim AY

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2017 Jul;24(19):15863-15869.
PMID: 28013466 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8235-3

The main limitation of a conventional palm oil mill effluent (POME) ponding system lies in its inability to completely decolourise effluent. Decolourisation of effluent is aesthetically and environmentally crucial. However, determination of the optimum process parameters is becoming more complex with the increase of the number of coagulants and responses. The primary objective of this study is to determine the optimum polymeric coagulant in the coagulation-flocculation process of palm oil mill effluent by considering all output responses, namely lignin-tannin, low molecular mass coloured compounds (LMMCC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), pH and conductivity. Here, multiple-objective optimisation on the basis of ratio analysis (MOORA) is employed to discretely measure multiple response characteristics of five different types of coagulants as a function of assessment value. The optimum coagulant is determined based on the highest assessment value and was identified as QF25610 (cationic polyacrylamide). On the other hand, the lowest assessment value was represented by AN1800 (anionic polyacrylamide). This study highlights the simplicity of MOORA approach in handling various input and output parameters, and it may be useful in other wastewater treatment processes as well.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils*
Fulltext Effect of Licorice Essential Oil (Glycyrrhizaglabraglabra) on Performance and Some Biochemical Parameters of Broiler Chickens

Dheyauldeen Salahdin O, Othman H, Hafsan H, Mohammed F, Ahmed Hamza T, Kadhim MM, et al.

Arch Razi Inst, 2023 Feb;78(1):95-105.
PMID: 37312740 DOI: 10.22092/ARI.2022.359522.2442

Due to its beneficial components, such as glycyrrhizin, licorice is regarded a medicinal and fragrant plant. This research was designed to investigate the efficacy of licorice essential oil as an alternative to chemical antibiotics on broiler production, carcass features, cellular and humoral safety, and numerous biochemical variables in broiler blood serum. A total of 160 day-old broiler chicks were assigned to four treatment groups using a totally randomized approach. Each treatment consisted of 4 replicates, with 10 chicks in each replication. The experimental treatments included a control group, a group receiving an elemental diet containing 0.1% licorice essential oil, a group receiving an elemental diet containing 0.2% licorice essential oil, and a group receiving an elemental diet containing 0.3% licorice essential oil. Broilers had ad libitum access to feed and water in accordance with a three-phase feeding schedule consisting of a starter, grower, and finisher diet. There was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) in body weight, feed intake, or feed conversion ratio between birds given the control or essential oil licorice at various stages of the experiment. However, birds receiving 0.1% licorice essential oil had a lower gallbladder relative weight and 0.3% licorice essential oil had less abdominal fat than the control group (P<0.05). Blood glucose, cholesterol, and LDL concentrations all fell considerably in licorice essential oil-treated birds relative to controls (P<0.05). The cellular immune response of birds fed licorice-containing diets did not differ from that of control birds (P>0.05), however there was a significant difference in the humoral immune response at 0.1% licorice essential oil compared to the control group (P<0.05). In overall, the results of this experiment demonstrated that incorporating licorice essential oil into a bird's diet improves its health and safety.

Matched MeSH terms: Oils, Volatile*
Fulltext A Safe One-Pot Synthesis and Characterization of Epoxidized Moringa Oleifera Oil

Siwayanan P, Chin LZ, Parthiban A, Ayodele OB, Hong BZ

J Oleo Sci, 2024;73(4):479-487.
PMID: 38556282 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess23121

Global demand for epoxidized vegetable oil has been steadily growing. Epoxidized vegetable oils are typically produced using a two-pot synthesis process in which the oxidation and epoxidation reactions are carried out sequentially. This two-pot synthesis method, however, has a major drawback in industrialscale production, particularly when it comes to operational and process safety issues. A laboratory-scale one-pot synthesis method was attempted in this study with the aim to safely synthesize epoxidized Moringa Oleifera oil (eMOo) by avoiding the occurrence of undesired exothermic runaway reaction. The oil extracted from Moringa Oleifera oil seed kernel (MOo) was used as a starting component due to its high degree of unsaturation and also because the Moringa Oleifera plant can be freely grown in any soil conditions. Two parallel oxidation and epoxidation reactions were carried out simultaneously in this one-pot synthesis method to produce eMOo. The effect of five different mole ratios of MOo, acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide (1:1:1, 1:1:2, 1:1.5:2, 1:1.75:2 and 1:2:2, respectively) on reaction mechanism was investigated at the controlled temperature range of 43 - 55°C and reaction time of 0 - 120 min. The physicochemical properties of MOo as well as the oxirane oxygen content (OOC) of the resulting eMOo were characterized. In addition, GC-MS and FTIR analysis were performed to verify the molecular composition of MOo and also to identify the epoxy group of the resulting eMOo respectively. Among the five different mole ratios studied, the 1:1.5:2 mole ratio has the highest unsaturation conversion of 79.57% and OOC of 4.12%.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils/chemistry
Omega-6 sparing effects of parenteral lipid emulsions-an updated systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical outcomes in critically ill patients

Notz Q, Lee ZY, Menger J, Elke G, Hill A, Kranke P, et al.

Crit Care, 2022 01 19;26(1):23.
PMID: 35045885 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-022-03896-3

BACKGROUND: Parenteral lipid emulsions in critical care are traditionally based on soybean oil (SO) and rich in pro-inflammatory omega-6 fatty acids (FAs). Parenteral nutrition (PN) strategies with the aim of reducing omega-6 FAs may potentially decrease the morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients.
METHODS: A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and CENTRAL was conducted to identify all randomized controlled trials in critically ill patients published from inception to June 2021, which investigated clinical omega-6 sparing effects. Two independent reviewers extracted bias risk, treatment details, patient characteristics and clinical outcomes. Random effect meta-analysis was performed.
RESULTS: 1054 studies were identified in our electronic search, 136 trials were assessed for eligibility and 26 trials with 1733 critically ill patients were included. The median methodologic score was 9 out of 14 points (95% confidence interval [CI] 7, 10). Omega-6 FA sparing PN in comparison with traditional lipid emulsions did not decrease overall mortality (20 studies; risk ratio [RR] 0.91; 95% CI 0.76, 1.10; p = 0.34) but hospital length of stay was substantially reduced (6 studies; weighted mean difference [WMD] - 6.88; 95% CI - 11.27, - 2.49; p = 0.002). Among the different lipid emulsions, fish oil (FO) containing PN reduced the length of intensive care (8 studies; WMD - 3.53; 95% CI - 6.16, - 0.90; p = 0.009) and rate of infectious complications (4 studies; RR 0.65; 95% CI 0.44, 0.95; p = 0.03). When FO was administered as a stand-alone medication outside PN, potential mortality benefits were observed compared to standard care.
CONCLUSION: Overall, these findings highlight distinctive omega-6 sparing effects attributed to PN. Among the different lipid emulsions, FO in combination with PN or as a stand-alone treatment may have the greatest clinical impact. Trial registration PROSPERO international prospective database of systematic reviews (CRD42021259238).

Matched MeSH terms: Fish Oils/therapeutic use
PORIM International Palm Oil Development Conference. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, September 5-8, 1989

Am J Clin Nutr, 1991 04;53(4 Suppl):989S-1086S.
PMID: 1672786 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/53.4.989S
Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils*
Quantitative structure-property relationship modelling for predicting retention indices of essential oils based on an improved horse herd optimization algorithm

Alharthi AM, Kadir DH, Al-Fakih AM, Algamal ZY, Al-Thanoon NA, Qasim MK

SAR QSAR Environ Res, 2023;34(10):831-846.
PMID: 37885432 DOI: 10.1080/1062936X.2023.2261855

The horse herd optimization algorithm (HOA), one of the more contemporary metaheuristic algorithms, has demonstrated superior performance in a number of challenging optimization tasks. In the present work, the descriptor selection issue is resolved by classifying different essential oil retention indices using the binary form, BHOA. Based on internal and external prediction criteria, Z-shape transfer functions (ZTF) were tested to verify their efficiency in improving BHOA performance in QSPR modelling for predicting retention indices of essential oils. The evaluation criteria involved the mean-squared error of the training and testing datasets (MSE), and leave-one-out internal and external validation (Q2). The degree of convergence of the proposed Z-shaped transfer functions was compared. In addition, K-fold cross validation with k = 5 was applied. The results show that ZTF, especially ZTF1, greatly improves the performance of the original BHOA. Comparatively speaking, ZTF, especially ZTF1, exhibits the fastest convergence behaviour of the binary algorithms. It chooses the fewest descriptors and requires the fewest iterations to achieve excellent prediction performance.

Matched MeSH terms: Oils, Volatile*
One-pot polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production from Cerbera odollam (sea mango) oil using Pseudomonas resinovorans: Optimal fermentation design and mechanism

Lim SW, Kansedo J, Tan IS, Nandong J, Tan YH, Lam MK, et al.

J Environ Manage, 2025 Mar;376:124394.
PMID: 39921954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124394

With growing environmental concerns over plastic pollution, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have recently gained significant attention as promising biodegradable polymers to substitute petroleum-based plastics. In this work, non-edible Cerbera odollam oil was employed as a renewable carbon source for PHA production to improve the economic competitiveness and environmental sustainability of the process. The optimization and mechanism of PHA production from C. odollam oil using Pseudomonas resinovorans DSM 21078 were presented. Through response surface methodology, the optimal condition for PHA production was 0.3 g/L urea concentration, 17.52 g/L oil concentration, and 10.46% (v/v) inoculum size. Results showed that a maximum PHA concentration of 0.50 g/L (with a polymer content of 26.0%) was attained at this optimal condition. The product was composed of 1.3% 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB), 9.2% 3-hydroxyhexanoate (3HHx), 43.3% 3-hydroxyoctanoate (3HO), 32.0% 3-hydroxydecanoate (3HD), 11.9% 3-hydroxydodecanoate (3HDD), and 2.2% 3-hydroxytetradecanoate (3HTD). The PHA polymers exhibited adhesive, soft, and amorphous properties at room temperature, with high thermal stability, making them desirable for polymer processing. From the mechanism proposed, it was inferred that P. resinovorans DSM 21078 produces longer-chain PHA monomers mainly through the direct β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids and shorter-chain monomers via the de novo fatty acid synthesis pathway when oil-based substrates are utilized. The findings from this work could pave the way for new paradigms that significantly enhance future research in the development of highly efficient oil resource valorization technologies to produce PHAs with intriguing properties, thereby contributing to the commercial success of sustainable bioplastics as an effective environmental management solution.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils/metabolism
Potential of palm oil utilisation in aquaculture feeds

Ng WK

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2002;11 Suppl 7:S473-6.
PMID: 12492637

One key ingredient used in the formulation of aquafeed is fish oil, which is produced from small marine pelagic fish and represents a finite fishery resource. At the present time, global fish oil production has reached a plateau and is not expected to increase beyond current levels. Recent estimates suggest that fish oils may be unable to meet demands from the rapidly growing aquaculture industry by as early as 2005. Therefore, there is currently great interest within the aquafeed industry in evaluating alternatives to fish oils. The ever-expanding oil palm cultivation in Malaysia and other tropical countries offers the possibility of an increased and constant availability of palm oil products for aquafeed formulation. Research into the use of palm oil in aquafeed begun around the mid-1990s and this review examines some of the findings from these studies. The use of palm oil in fish diets has generally shown encouraging results. Improved growth, feed efficiency, protein utilisation, reproductive performance and higher concentrations of alpha-tocopherol in fish fillets have been reported. Recent evidence for the ability of palm oil to substitute for fish oil in catfish diets is reviewed. The potential of palm oil use in aquafeed and future experimental directions are suggested. The aquaculture feed industry offers a great avenue to increase and diversify the use of palm oil-based products.

Matched MeSH terms: Fish Oils/administration & dosage; Fish Oils/supply & distribution; Plant Oils/administration & dosage*; Plant Oils/supply & distribution
Aqueous enzymatic extraction of Moringa oleifera oil

Mat Yusoff M, Gordon MH, Ezeh O, Niranjan K

Food Chem, 2016 Nov 15;211:400-8.
PMID: 27283648 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.050

This paper reports on the extraction of Moringa oleifera (MO) oil by using aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) method. The effect of different process parameters on the oil recovery was discovered by using statistical optimization, besides the effect of selected parameters on the formation of its oil-in-water cream emulsions. Within the pre-determined ranges, the use of pH 4.5, moisture/kernel ratio of 8:1 (w/w), and 300stroke/min shaking speed at 40°C for 1h incubation time resulted in highest oil recovery of approximately 70% (goil/g solvent-extracted oil). These optimized parameters also result in a very thin emulsion layer, indicating minute amount of emulsion formed. Zero oil recovery with thick emulsion were observed when the used aqueous phase was re-utilized for another AEE process. The findings suggest that the critical selection of AEE parameters is key to high oil recovery with minimum emulsion formation thereby lowering the load on the de-emulsification step.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils/analysis*; Plant Oils/metabolism
Molecular defense response of oil palm to Ganoderma infection

Ho CL, Tan YC

Phytochemistry, 2015 Jun;114:168-77.
PMID: 25457484 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.10.016

Basal stem rot (BSR) of oil palm roots is due to the invasion of fungal mycelia of Ganoderma species which spreads to the bole of the stem. In addition to root contact, BSR can also spread by airborne basidiospores. These fungi are able to break down cell wall components including lignin. BSR not only decreases oil yield, it also causes the stands to collapse thus causing severe economic loss to the oil palm industry. The transmission and mode of action of Ganoderma, its interactions with oil palm as a hemibiotroph, and the molecular defence responses of oil palm to the infection of Ganoderma boninense in BSR are reviewed, based on the transcript profiles of infected oil palms. The knowledge gaps that need to be filled in oil palm-Ganoderma molecular interactions i.e. the associations of hypersensitive reaction (HR)-induced cell death and reactive oxygen species (ROS) kinetics to the susceptibility of oil palm to Ganoderma spp., the interactions of phytohormones (salicylate, jasmonate and ethylene) at early and late stages of BSR, and cell wall strengthening through increased production of guaiacyl (G)-type lignin, are also discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils/pharmacology; Plant Oils/chemistry*
Optimization of reaction conditions for enzymatic synthesis of palm fatty hydrazides using response surface methodology

Tuan Noor Maznee TI, Hazimah AH, Wan Zin WY

J Oleo Sci, 2012;61(5):297-302.
PMID: 22531058

Optimization of the enzymatic synthesis of palm fatty hydrazide by the response surface methodology (RSM) was conducted using the Design-Expert 6 software. The palm fatty hydrazide was synthesized from refined, bleached and deodorized palm olein (RBDPOo) and neutralized hydrazine monohydrate in the presence of Rhizomucor miehei lipase, Lipozyme RMIM, an immobilized lipase in n-hexane. The reaction conditions such as the percentage of enzyme, reaction temperature, stirring speed and reaction time were selected as independent variables or studied factors, while the amount of crude palm fatty hydrazide obtained was selected as a dependent variable or response. The study was conducted using a central composite design (CCD) at five coded levels and the experimental data were analyzed using a quadratic model. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicates that the model was significant at 95% confidence level with Prob>F of 0.0033, where the regression coefficient value, R² was 0.8415 and lack-of-fit of 0.0984. A percentage of enzyme of 6%, a reaction temperature of 40°C, a stirring speed of 350 rpm and a reaction time of 18 h were found to be the optimum conditions for the conversion of RBDPOo into palm fatty hydrazide.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils/metabolism*; Plant Oils/chemistry

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