Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study used prescription databases of tertiary hospital settings in Malaysia from 2010 to 2016. Prescriptions for nine NSAIDs (diclofenac, ketoprofen, etoricoxib, celecoxib, ibuprofen, indomethacin, mefenamic acid, meloxicam, and naproxen), tramadol, and five other opioids (morphine, oxycodone, fentanyl, buprenorphine, and dihydrocodeine) prescribed for children aged <18 years were included. Number of annual patients and prescriptions were measured and analyzed using Stata v15.
Results: During a 7-year study period, a total of 5040 analgesic prescriptions of the nine NSAIDs, tramadol, and five other opioids were prescribed for 2460 pediatric patients (81.8% NSAIDs patients, 17.9% tramadol patients, and 0.3% opioid patients). Ibuprofen was the primary analgesic in young children less than 12 years old (≤2 years old [y.o.] [75%], 3-5 y.o. [85%], and 6-12 y.o. [56.3%]). However, there was a wide range of analgesics used in older children (>12 y.o.) with the majority for naproxen (13-15 y.o. (28.2%) and 16-17 y.o. (28.2%). Other frequently prescribed analgesics for older children included ibuprofen (20.6%) and diclofenac (18.2%) for 12-15 y.o. and diclofenac (26.7%) and tramadol (17.6%) for 16-17 y.o.
Conclusion: Ibuprofen was the primary analgesic for children less than 12 y.o., whereas there was a wide range of analgesics prescribed for children age >12 y.o. including naproxen, diclofenac, and tramadol.
Objectives: This study aimed to predict the actions of 10 compounds in I. batatas leaves, which are YGM-0a [cyanidin 3-0-sophoroside-5-0-glucosede], YGM-0f [cyanidin 3-O-(2-0-(6-0-(E)-p-coumaroyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside)-5-0-β-D-glucopyranoside], YGM-1a [cyanidin 3-(6,6'-caffeylp-hydroxybenzoylsophoroside) -5-glucoside], YGM-1b [cyanidin 3-(6,6'-dicaffeylsophor-oside)-5-glucoside], YGM-2 [cyanidin 3-(6-caffeylsophoroside)-5-glucoside], YGM-3 [cyanidin 3-(6,6'-caffeyl-ferulylsophoroside)-5-glucoside], YGM-4b [peonidin 3-(6,6'-dicaffeylsophoroside)-5- glucoside], YGM-5a [peonidin 3-(6,6'-caffeylphydroxybenzo-ylsophoroside)-5-gluco-side], YGM-5b [cyanidin 3-6-caffeylsophoroside)-5-glucosede], and YGM-6 [peonidin 3-(6,6'-caffeylferulylsophoroside)-5-glucoside] as LOX inhibitors, and also predict the stability of ligand-LOX complex.
Materials and Methods: The compounds were screened through docking studies using PLANTS. Also, the molecular dynamics simulation was conducted using GROMACS at 310K.
Results: The results showed that the most significant binding affinity toward LOX was shown by YGM-0a and YGM-0a, and the LOX complex in molecular dynamics simulation showed stability for 20 ns.
Conclusion: Based on Docking Studies and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of I. Batatas Leaves compounds, YGM-0a was shown to be the most probable LOX inhibitor.
Objective: This study examined research productivity of NSAIDs in Malaysia.
Materials and Methods: This bibliometric study included all published research articles on NSAIDs from 1979 to 2018, which were conducted in Malaysia. The search databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus were used. Search terms included NSAIDs and specific drug names such as ibuprofen, celecoxib, and naproxen. Growth of publication, authorship pattern, citation analysis, journal index, type of studies, and geographical distribution of institutions publishing articles on NSAIDs were measured.
Results: Overall, 111 articles were retrieved from 1979 to 2018. The annual productivity of articles throughout the study fluctuated in which the highest productivity was in 2018, 12.61% (n = 14). Majority of articles were multiple authored, 99.10% (n = 109), and University of Science Malaysia (USM) produced the highest number of articles (30 articles). Most of the articles were International Scientific Indexing-indexed, 52.25% (n = 58), and the main issue studied in most of the articles was the drug formulation of NSAIDs.
Conclusion: The growth of NSAID research in Malaysia was slow, and the majority of research involved laboratory studies. Clinical studies evaluating the clinical outcomes of NSAIDs in patients, particularly using large healthcare databases are still lacking.
Objectives: This study examined the plasma concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 10 (IL-10), in short-, and long-term opioid users with noncancer pain.
Materials and Methods: Adult patients with opioid therapy for noncancer pain were recruited from pain clinics at two tertiary hospital settings in Malaysia between February 2016 and March 2017. They were stratified into short- or long-term users based on opioid prescriptions ≥ 90 days per year. A 10mL blood sample was taken for the analysis of plasma concentrations of IL-6 and IL-10 and were quantified using a highly sensitive multiplex assay.
Results: Of 38 patients recruited, 24% (n = 9/38) and 76% (n = 29/38) were respectively short- and long-term opioid users. Short-term use of opioid was associated with higher levels of IL-6 (mean ± SD, 173.9 ± 13.7 pg/mL) and IL-10 (50 ± 5.8 pg/mL), whereas long-term use of opioids was associated with lower levels (no significant difference) of both cytokines IL6 (125 ± 16.1 pg/mL) and IL10 (41.3 ± 6.7 pg/mL). There was strong correlation between IL-6 and IL-10 within the same group (r² = 0.72, P < 0.05) and (r² = 0.76, P < 0.05) for short- and long-term users, respectively.
Conclusion: The duration of opioid use may modulate the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in which it was higher in short-term use and lower in long-term use, but the effect of pain relief was similar as both cytokines were well correlated.
Materials and Methods: Three different seed extracts were prepared through Soxhlet extraction method by using n-hexane, chloroform and methanol solvents. Acute toxicity test performed at dose of 400 mg/ kg, 800 mg/kg, 1600 mg/kg and 3200 mg/kg. Two different strengths of seed extracts (minimum therapeutic dose of 500 mg/kg and maximum therapeutic dose of 1000 mg/kg) were given to Wistar rats to measure anti-inflammatory activity through Carrageenan induced paw edema method.
Results: The standard drug diclofenac sodium was (percentage of inhibition of paw edema 29.68%) more effective as compared to test drug. When efficacy of all extracts compared with each other, n-hexane extract showed more anti-inflammatory effect (percentage inhibition of paw edema 22.21%) at maximum effective dose 1000 mg/kg.
Conclusion: Seed extracts of T. ammi showed anti-inflammatory activity by potentiating the neurotransmission of GABA and also by repression glutamate receptor.
Methods: This study analyzed all suspected ADEs related to favipiravir reported from 2015. The reports were analyzed based on age, gender, and seriousness of ADEs at the System Organ Classification (SOC) level and the individual Preferred Term (PT) level.
Results: This study is based on 194 ADEs reported from 93 patients. Most frequent ADEs suspected to be caused by the favipiravir included increased hepatic enzymes, nausea and vomiting, tachycardia, and diarrhea. Severe and fatal ADEs occurred more frequently in men and those over the age of 64 years. Blood and lymphatic disorders, cardiac disorders, hepatobiliary disorders, injury poisoning, and procedural complications were more common manifestations of severe ADEs.
Conclusion: This study revealed that favipiravir appears to be a relatively safe drug. An undiscovered anti-inflammatory activity of favipiravir may explain the improvement in critically ill patients and reduce inflammatory markers. Currently, the data is based on very few patients. A more detailed assessment of the uncommon ADEs needs to be analyzed when more information will be available.
Results: 11 healthy subjects (LD, n = 5; HD, n = 6; mean age of 55 ± 13 years) were recruited. All subjects tolerated the CLV-100 infusion well with no adverse reaction throughout the study especially in vital parameters and routine blood tests. At 6 months, the HD group had significantly higher levels of anti-inflammatory markers IL1-RA (705 ± 160 vs. 306 ± 36 pg/mL; p = 0.02) and IL-10 (321 ± 27 vs. 251 ± 28 pg/mL; p = 0.02); and lower levels of proinflammatory marker TNF-α (74 ± 23 vs. 115 ± 15 pg/mL; p = 0.04) compared to LD group.
Conclusion: Allogeneic UCMSCs CLV-100 infusion is safe and well-tolerated in low and high doses. Anti-inflammatory effect is observed with a high-dose infusion.