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Fulltext A case control study on factors that influence depression among the elderly in Kuala Lumpur Hospital and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Hospital

Salimah O, Rahmah MA, Rosdinom R, Azhar SS

Med J Malaysia, 2008 Dec;63(5):395-400.
PMID: 19803299 MyJurnal

Depressive illness is common among the aged population. A case control study was conducted, focusing on risk factors influencing depression among the elderly. This study involved 130 elderly patients diagnosed to have depressive illness from the psychiatric clinics of Kuala Lumpur Hospital (HKL) and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Hospital (HUKM). Another group of 130 elderly patients with no history of depressive illness were recruited from the medical specialist clinics. The majority of cases were female (75.4%), aged 60-74 years (92.3%) and from Chinese ethnic group (59.2%). Non-Malay elderly has three times risk (AOR 2.537, 95% CI 1.439-4.471) of suffering the depressive illness compared to the Malay elderly, the elderly with chronic health problems are more likely to be depressed compared to those who do not suffer from any chronic illness (p trend <0.001). Other risk factors identified were family history of depression with four times risk (AOR 4.225, 95% CI 2.017-8.848) and lower social support with eight times risk (AOR 7.949, 95% CI 2.588-24.417). Social support is not only important in encouraging the elderly to practice healthy life style but proven to influence the risk of getting depression among them. Hence, it is very crucial that the elderly is given total attention, respect and love from all parties to ensure prosperity and meaningfulness in life.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression/epidemiology*
Fulltext Internet addiction among secondary school students in Klang Valley, Malaysia: what is the association with depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and selfesteem?

Abdul Aziz, M., Wan Ismail W.S., Bahar N., Mahadevan R., Azhar Shah S.

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2018;17(2):17-26.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Internet addiction is becoming a global problem and has been associated with mental health issues such as depression and anxiety. There is a strong need for local research, given the recent rise of mental health issues amongst children and adolescents in Malaysia, as well as lack of research in this field locally. Methods: This study assessed the prevalence of internet addiction, and its association with internetrelated factors, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and self-esteem, amongst selected secondary school students in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. In a cross-sectional study, 199 adolescents were conveniently chosen from six randomly selected secondary schools within Klang Valley. Subjects completed a demographic questionnaire, as well as Malay versions of the Internet Addiction Test (MVIAT), Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 anxiety subscale (DASS-21) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Multiple logistic regression analysis was carried out. Results: This study found that 49.2% of students were addicted to the internet. Significant factors associated with internet addiction were spending longer hours online during the holidays (OR 1.20, CI 1.01-1.35), easy access to a computer (OR 4.01, CI 1.50 - 10.76), confiding on the internet (OR 4.07, CI 1.49-11.13), severe level of anxiety (OR 3.63, CI 1.04-12.73) and high depression scores (OR 1.10, CI 1.01-1.20). Contrary to previous studies, self-esteem was not found to be significantly associated with internet addiction. Conclusion: This study has important implications in relation to clinical practice, research, and policy-making in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
Fulltext The prevalence of depressive symptoms and potential risk factors that may cause depression among adult women in Selangor.

Sherina, M.S., Rampal, L., Azhar, M.Z.

Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2008;17(2):1-9.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Women are exposed to stress such as working full time while still being responsible for the family and house.
Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms among adult women in Selangor, and to determine the potential risk factors associated with depression.
Method: A community based cross sectional study was conducted in all districts of Selangor state, Malaysia in July 2004. Multi stage stratified proportionate to size sampling method was used to collect data. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to determine the presence or absence of depressive symptoms among the respondents. All respondents aged 20 to 59 years old in the selected households were interviewed.
Results: Out of 1032 women, 972 agreed to participate in this study, giving a response rate of 94.2%. The mean age of the respondents was 37.91 ± 10.91. Majority were Malays (54.9%), married (83.8%) and had secondary education (54.5%). The results showed that the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 8.3% in Selangor. Race, religion, education level, history of having a miscarriage within the last 6 months and history of difficulty in getting pregnant were significantly associated with depressive symptoms (p<0.05). Women with history of a miscarriage within the last 6 months and absence of formal education were potential risk factors for depressive symptoms (OR, CI = 2.576 (1.165-5.696), p<0.01 and OR, CI = 5.766 (1.949-17.053), p < 0.01).
Conclusion: Depressive symptoms among adult women in Selangor was 8.3% and was associated with race, religion, education, history of miscarriage and difficulty in getting pregnant. The main potential risk factors were having a miscarriage within the last 6 months and absence of formal education.
Keywords: Depressive symptoms, Prevalence and Risk Factors, Selangor Women

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
Fulltext Manic switch on mirtazapine: a case report

Khairani Yahya, Azizah Saie

Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2018;27(1):0-0.
MyJurnal

In recent years, more cases of manic switches on Mirtazapine have been reported. In this report, we discuss a case of manic switch in a gentleman who was treated as unipolar depression. A 66-year-old man presented to psychiatry 8 months following a nephrectomy for symptoms of depression. Treatment with Sertraline 50mg daily was initiated and titrated to 150mg, along with Zolpidem and Clonazepam to aid his sleep. Despite these medications he never achieved remission and continued to have persistent anxiety and insomnia. Due to suboptimal control, treatment was changed to Mirtazapine 15mg daily. At day 20 he showed symptoms of mania which included talkativeness, increased goal directed activities, reduced need for sleep and socially disinhibited behavior. Mirtazapine was discontinued, and treatment was changed to Sodium Valproate, optimized to 1000mg daily, augmented with Quetiapine 150mg daily. Remission was achieved after 4 months and he has remained asymptomatic for 2 months. This was his first episode of mania, and a diagnosis of Bipolar I disorder was made. In conclusion, antidepressant induced manic switches are common, they are relatively under-appreciated and under-reported, especially with the use of sleep-promoting antidepressants. All antidepressants should be considered to be a potential mediator of a switch in view of its pharmacological properties.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
Fulltext The prevalence of cognitive impairment and depression and their associated factors in an elderly population in two villages in Kedah.

A Rashid, K., Narayan, K.A., Azizah, A.M.

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2006;6(1):29-37.
MyJurnal

The population of the world is ageing and Malaysia is no exception. The proportion of those above 60 will be 9.5% by the year 2020. Cognitive impairment and depression are two common problems in this age group. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of cognitive impairment and depression and their associated factors in the elderly population in a rural community in Kedah. The study design was descriptive cross sectional study. A standardized questionnaire was used in two villages in Mukim Kota Kuala Muda. Barthels index, geriatric depression scale and elderly cognitive assessment questionnaire were also used. The prevalence rate of cognitive impairment was 18.5%. Cognitive impairment was higher among females (22.6%) than males (12.8%). 34.8% of the widowed were cognitively impaired and it increases with age 15.1% within age groups 60 to 69 years, 42.9% in age groups 80 to 89 years and the one and only participant above 90 years was cognitively impaired. Among those with disability, the only one with very severe disability had cognitive impairment, 40% among the severely disabled and 33. 3% among the moderately disabled (p<0.05). Those with cognitive impairment were living with some functional disabilities involving feeding (p<0.05), bathing (p<0.05), grooming (p<0.05), dressing (p<0.05), bladder control (p<0.05), toilet use (p<0.05), transfer from bed to chair (p<0.05), mobility on level surfaces (p<0.05) and climbing stairs (p<0.05). The prevalence of depression was found to be 46.4%. Higher among males (48.4%) as compared to females (44.7%). Depression was 50.0% among the age groups 80 to 89 and 52.4% among the age groups 70 to 79. 63.6% of those living alone were depressed as were 54.8% of the unemployed. 43.8% of those depressed had functional disability. The only one with severe disability was depressed and 66. 7% of those with severe disability were depressed. 47.5% of those with hypertension were depressed. It is a matter of concern that even in a small population the rate of cognitive impairment and mental depression is very high. Health screening is an important aspect of health promotion and disease prevention in people over 60 years. Although screening for many conditions cannot conclusively prove benefit, special attention to these factors can decrease morbidity and improve quality of life in aging population.
Key words: elderly, cognitive impairment, depression, rural community, Malaysia
Study site: Two villages in Mukim Kota Kuala Muda, Kuala Muda District, Kedah, Malaysia
Device, Questionnaire & Scale: Barthels index; Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-30); Elderly Cognitive Assessment Questionnaire

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
Fulltext Indonesian version of the fear of COVID-19 scale: validity and reliability

Mohd Amiruddin Mohd Kassim, Friska Ayu, Assis Kamu, Pang,Nicholas Tze Ping, Ho,Chong Mun, Hafid Algristian, et al.

Borneo Epidemiology Journal, 2020;1(2):124-135.
MyJurnal

Background and Objective: The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) is a seven-item uni-dimensional scale assessing the severity of COVID-19 concerns. A translation and validation of the FCV-19S in Bahasa Indonesia language was expedited in view of the worrying trends of COVID-19 in Indonesia as well as its psychological squeal.
Methods:Formal WHO forward and backward translation sequences were applied in translating the English FCV-19S into Bahasa Indonesia. Indonesian university participants were recruited viaconvenience sampling online using snowball methods. The reliability and validity of the Indonesian FCV-19S was psychometrically evaluated by applying confirmatory factor analysis and Rasch analysis in relation to sociodemographic variables and response to the depression, anxiety, and stress components of the Indonesian version of DASS-21. The sample consisted of 434 Indonesian participants.
Results:The Cronbach α value for the Indonesia FCV-19-I was 0.819 indicated very good internal reliability. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the uni-dimensional factor structure of the FCV19S fitted well with the data. The FCV-19-I was significantly correlated with anxiety (r=0.705, p

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
Fulltext Prevalence of Psychological Impacts on Healthcare Providers during COVID-19 Pandemic in Asia

Norhayati MN, Che Yusof R, Azman MY

Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021 Aug 30;18(17).
PMID: 34501747 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179157

COVID-19 has impacted people psychologically globally, including healthcare providers. Anxiety, depression, and stress are the most common impacts that have affected these people. Thus, this study was aimed to ascertain the estimated prevalence of psychological impacts among healthcare providers in the Asian region. A systematic search was performed in the MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Scopus databases for original research articles published between 2020 and April 2021. Only studies published in English were included. The quality of data was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis, and the analysis was performed using generic inverse variance with a random-effects model by Review Manager software. A total of 80 studies across 18 countries in Asia region were pooled to assess the data prevalence on anxiety (34.81% (95% CI: 30.80%, 38.83%)), depression (34.61% (95% CI: 30.87%, 38.36%)), stress (31.72% (95% CI: 21.25%, 42.18%)), insomnia (37.89% (95% CI: 25.43%, 50.35%)), and post-traumatic stress disorder (15.29% (95% CI: 11.43%, 19.15%)). Subgroup analyses were conducted across regions, type of healthcare providers, sex, and occupation. This review has identified a high prevalence of anxiety, depression, stress, and insomnia but a low prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among healthcare providers in Asia regions. Effective intervention support programs are urgently needed to improve psychological health of healthcare providers and maintaining the health system.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression/epidemiology
Fulltext Illness perception among hypertensive patients in primary care centre UKMMC

Norfazilah A, Samuel A, Law PT, Ainaa AA, Nurul Ain Z, Syahnaz MH, et al.

Malays Fam Physician, 2013;8(3):19-25.
PMID: 25893053 MyJurnal

Hypertension is one of the chronic diseases with a rising trend globally, including Malaysia. Patients' own perception of their illness is a strong factor that determines their health-seeking behaviour. The objective of this study was to evaluate the illness perception of hypertensive patients and the associated factors.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
Fulltext The dimensions of auditory hallucination in schizophrenia: association with depressive symptoms and quality of life

Janaki, V., Suzaily, W., Abdul Hamid, A.R., Hazli, Z., Azmawati, M.N.

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2017;16(2):55-64.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Auditory hallucination (AH) is often unexplored in depth in clinical practice. This study sought
to ascertain the relationship between AH, depressive symptoms and quality of life (QOL) and its association
with socio-demographic and clinical variables.

Methods: This was a cross sectional study done in a
psychiatry unit involving 60 schizophrenic patients between 18 to 60 years old. Psychotic Symptom Rating
Scale – Auditory Hallucination subscale (PSYRATS-AH), Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS)
and World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief scale (WHOQOL-BREF) were used as instruments.

Results: Alcohol intake was found to be significantly associated with the severity of AH. A significant
moderate positive correlation was found between AH total score and CDSS (r=0.53, p

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
Depression among older adults in Malaysian daycare centres

Leong OS, Ghazali S, Hussin EOD, Lam SK, Japar S, Geok SK, et al.

Br J Community Nurs, 2020 Feb 02;25(2):84-90.
PMID: 32040358 DOI: 10.12968/bjcn.2020.25.2.84

With the older population increasing worldwide, depressive disorder in this cohort is a serious public health problem that contributes to increased healthcare costs and mortality. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression among older adults in Malaysia who attended a daycare centre and to identify the relationship between depression and demographic factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 159 older adults recruited following screening for mental capacity. The Malay Geriatric Depression Scale questionnaire was distributed among the participants to obtain descriptive data on the symptoms of depression. Some 59.1% of the participants experienced depression. The most common factors associated with depression were being divorced, low education levels and low income. The findings indicate the need to revise and re-evaluate the activities and programmes in daycare centres for older adults in order to objectively cater to their physical and emotional needs.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression/epidemiology*; Depression/psychology
Fulltext Prospective study of functional recovery of stroke patients at three months post admission: outcomes and implications for post stroke care provision

Ali, M.F., Aziz, N.A., Aznida, F.A.A., Rizal, A.M., Azmin, S.

Medicine & Health, 2013;8(1):19-27.
MyJurnal

Functional recovery in the immediate post stroke period predicts the long-term prognosis of post stroke patients. Despite the advancement in stroke rehabilitation in improving the physical function of survivors, there are other factors that may influence functional recovery. We aimed to assess the functional recovery of ischaemic stroke patients attending a tertiary hospital and its associated factors in order to make recommendations for post stroke care after hospital admission. A three months prospective observational study looking at functional recovery using the Modified Barthel’s Index (MBI) and depression (Patient Heath Questionnaire-9) score of post stroke patients. There were 46 ischaemic stroke patients who were recruited for the study. At three months, only 37 patients were eligible for analysis. The mean age was 67.2 (SD 11) years with the Malays (50%) making up the majority of the patients, followed by Chinese (41.3%) and Indians (8.7%). There was a total of seven (15.2%) deaths. Hypertension was the most common risk factor (89.1%) followed by dyslipidaemia (65.2%) and diabetes mellitus (63.0%). The mean MBI difference was 45.2 (SD 27.0) with a median MBI of 17.0(IQR 33.0) at baseline compared to 85.0(IQR 42.0) at three months (p < 0.001, CI 35.98,55.45). The prevalence of depression (PHQ-9≥10) was 21.6%. Lower functional recovery was found among depressed patients (p

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
Fulltext Psychosocial problem and its associated factors among adolescents in the secondary schools in Pasir Gudang, Johor

Latiffah Abdul Latiff, Esra Tajik, Shirin Shameema Albar Ali Shirin, Normala Ibrahim, Azrin Shah Abu Bakar

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2017;13(1):35-44.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Adolescence is a crucial period with impressive emotional changes. Emotional disorders such as
depression, anxiety and stress are high among adolescents worldwide; however the psychosocial changes are often
neglected. The aim of the current study was to determine the depression, anxiety and stress symptoms and their
associated factors among adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study using cluster sampling was carried out
among school-going adolescents in 10 secondary schools in Pasir Gudang, Johor, Malaysia. Respondents answered
a self-administered questionnaire including socio-demographic, Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA),
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) and Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Using SPSS-21,
chi-square test and binomial logistic regression were conducted to examine the associations between dependent and
independent variables. Results: Respondents (52.6% female and 53.9% Malay) had 46.0% prevalence of depression
symptoms, 59.1% anxiety, 38.1% stress and 45.6% psychosocial status (internalizing and externalizing problems).
Age, father occupation and parental bonding were significantly predicted having moderate to extremely severe
depression symptom (p

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
Fulltext Assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life, Medication Adherence, and Prevalence of Depression in Kidney Failure Patients

Butt MD, Ong SC, Butt FZ, Sajjad A, Rasool MF, Imran I, et al.

Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2022 Nov 18;19(22).
PMID: 36429988 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215266

BACKGROUND: Kidney failure is a global health problem with a worldwide mean prevalence rate of 13.4%. Kidney failure remains symptomless during most of the early stages until symptoms appear in the advanced stages. Kidney failure is associated with a decrease in health-related quality of life (HRQOL), deterioration in physical and mental health, and an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with decreased HRQOL and other factors affecting the overall health of patients. Another objective was to measure how medication adherence and depression could affect the overall HRQOL in patients with kidney failure.
METHODOLOGY: The study used a prospective follow-up mix methodology approach with six-month follow-ups of patients. The participants included in the study population were those with chronic kidney disease grade 4 and kidney failure. Pre-validated and translated questionnaires (Kidney Disease Quality of Life-Short Form, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale Urdu Version, and Morisky Lewis Greens Adherence Scale) and assessment tools were used to collect data.
RESULTS: This study recruited 314 patients after an initial assessment based on inclusion criteria. The mean age of the study population was 54.64 ± 15.33 years. There was a 47.6% male and a 52.4% female population. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus remained the most predominant comorbid condition, affecting 64.2% and 74.6% of the population, respectively. The study suggested a significant (p < 0.05) deterioration in the mental health composite score with worsening laboratory variables, particularly hematological and iron studies. Demographic variables significantly impact medication adherence. HRQOL was found to be deteriorating with a significant impact on mental health compared to physical health.
CONCLUSIONS: Patients on maintenance dialysis for kidney failure have a significant burden of physical and mental symptoms, depression, and low HRQOL. Given the substantial and well-known declines in physical and psychological well-being among kidney failure patients receiving hemodialysis, the findings of this research imply that these areas related to health should receive special attention in the growing and expanding population of kidney failure patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression/epidemiology
Fulltext The psychological impact of diabetic limb problems

Bahari R

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2015;14(2):3-8.
MyJurnal

Limb problem is a common complication for patients with diabetes. While the impact of diabetic limb problems
on physical health is well known, the psychological impact of the condition is still largely unknown. People with
diabetes with or without foot ulcers frequently suffer from major depressive disorder, and this is made worse
by the presence of limb complications. Furthermore, depression itself can have negative consequences on the
person’s diabetes. Hence, in caring for people with diabetic foot problem, the psychological sequelae must not
be overlooked but managed accordingly

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
Fulltext Depression and quality of life among patients with hematological cancer in a Malaysian hospital

Priscilla, D., Hamidin, A., Azhar, M. Z., Noorjan, K. O. N., Salmiah, M. S., Bahariah, K.

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2011;7(1):65-74.
MyJurnal

Objective: To determine the prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) in hematological cancer patients and to investigate MDD with quality of life. Methods: The research, which uses a cross sectional design, has been carried out at Ampang Hospital, Kuala Lumpur. The hospital is a tertiary referral center for cancer cases that include non-Hodgkin lymphoma, acute myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma and other hematological cancers. In total, 105 patients with hematological malignancies were included in the study. This study employed the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview for diagnosis of MDD, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) for symptom severity of depression and the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality Of Life questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) to assess the quality of life of the respondents. Result: The response rate was 83.3%. The prevalence of MDD was 24.8% (n=26) with the majority of cases classified as moderately severe depression (38.5%). About 92.3% (n=24) of depressed hematological cancer patients were diagnosed with a current episode of MDD. The depressed patients also had significantly reduced quality of life in physical, role, emotional, cognitive and social domains (p

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
Fulltext Psychosocial determinants of adolescent romantic relationship in Malaysia: Social media use, pornography surfing, sexual and reproductive health knowledge, and depression

Mud Shukri MI, Baharom A

PLoS One, 2023;18(12):e0295933.
PMID: 38117759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295933

It is socially natural that adolescents engage in romantic relationship. However, there are negative health implications when they are not properly monitored and guided. The engagement in unsafe sexual practices has been reported to cause various adverse health and social implications affecting Malaysian adolescents. To date, why adolescents engage in romantic relationship has remained understudied. Prior studies on adolescent romantic relationship mainly focused on the western context. Hence, the reported findings are deemed not applicable for the Malaysian population. There are insufficient data on the prevalence and determinants of adolescent romantic relationship within the Malaysian context. Thus, the current study aimed to identify the prevalence and determinants of romantic relationship among adolescents in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Adopting a cross-sectional research design, this study's self-administered questionnaire survey, which was conducted from 25 May 2021 to 5 June 2021 in residential areas that were part of the "Healthy Community Empowers the Nation" programme (KOSPEN), involved 396 adolescents who fulfilled the study's selection criteria. In terms of age, the respondents were of between 14 and 19 years old, with median age (IQR) of 19 (2). Adolescent romantic relationship in this study recorded prevalence of 24.1%, which was comparatively lower than that of the western countries. The results further revealed social media use (AOR: 2.162, 95% CI: 1.202-3.888, p = 0.01), pornography website surfing (AOR 2.748, 95% CI: 1.517-4.977, p = 0.001), poor SRH knowledge (AOR: 3.885, 95% CI: 2.144-7.040, p < 0.001), and depression (AOR: 2.830, 95% CI: 1.323-6.055, p = 0.007) as significant determinants of adolescent romantic relationship. Thus, this study demonstrated the significant role of social media use, pornography website surfing, SRH knowledge, and depression on adolescent romantic relationship. Further longitudinal studies to investigate the temporal relationships between depression and romantic relationship are recommended. The highly significant association between SRH knowledge and romantic relationship in this study suggests that strategies on improving the level of SRH knowledge among adolescents should be prioritised.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression/epidemiology
Fulltext Assessment of marital dissatisfaction and its association with sexual dysfunction and psychiatric morbidities among primary health attenders in Malaysia

Ahmad Faizal S, Sidi H, Wahab S, Lenny SS, Mat Zin N, Baharuddin N

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2017;16:19-26.

Introduction: Marital satisfaction is vital to the wellbeing and functioning of the individual and family. Marital dissatisfaction can lead to detrimental effects on mental, physical and family health. The study aimed to determine the proportion of marital dissatisfaction in outpatient setting and its association with sexual functioning and psychiatric morbidity in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected primary care using purposive sampling. Data collection was done using socio-demographic questionnaire and several validated Malay version of self-administered questionnaires. Marital satisfaction was measured by the Malay version of Golombok-Rust Inventory of Marital State (Mal-GRIMS).
Results: The prevalence of marriage dissatisfaction in sample population was about 37.3% with almost equal prevalence in both, 36.5% (male) and 37.8% (female). Using a regression analysis, the significant factors that affect marital dissatisfaction were respondent's age group between 31- 40 years old (Adjusted Odds Ratio, AOR. =11.4, 95% Confidence Interval, CI. =1.2-110.9), spouse's salary of RM1000-RM2000 (lower income category) (AOR=7.3, 95% CI= 1.9-28.1), anxiety case (AOR= 4.8, 95% CI=1.1- 21.5), depression case (AOR= 4.8, 95% CI=1.0-22.8), female sexual dysfunction in term of arousal function (AOR= 0.01, 95% CI=0.0-0.7), satisfaction dysfunction (AOR= 9.4, 95% CI= 1.5-58) and pain function (AOR=43.7, 95% CI=1.28 - 1489.2).
Conclusion: Marital dissatisfaction can be influenced by financial factor, sexual dysfunction and presence of psychiatric morbidity. Hence, in management of marital discord, thorough screening of these factors should be prioritized in clinical setting.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
Fulltext Assessment of marital dissatisfaction and its association with sexual dysfunction and psychiatric morbidities among primary health attenders in Malaysia

Ahmad Faizal S, Sidi H, Wahab S, Leny SS, Mat Zin N, Baharuddin N

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2017;16(2):19-26.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Marital satisfaction is vital to the wellbeing and functioning of the individual and family. Marital dissatisfaction can lead to detrimental effects on mental, physical and family health. The study aimed to determine the proportion of marital dissatisfaction in outpatient setting and its association with sexual functioning and psychiatric morbidity in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected primary care using purposive sampling. Data collection was done using socio-demographic questionnaire and several validated Malay version of self-administered questionnaires. Marital satisfaction was measured by the Malay version of Golombok–Rust Inventory of Marital State (Mal-GRIMS).
Results: The prevalence of marriage dissatisfaction in sample population was about 37.3% with almost equal prevalence in both, 36.5% (male) and 37.8% (female). Using a regression analysis, the significant factors that affect marital dissatisfaction were respondent’s age group between 31-40 years old (Adjusted Odds Ratio, AOR. =11.4, 95% Confidence Interval, CI. =1.2-110.9), spouse’s salary of RM1000-RM2000 (lower income category) (AOR=7.3, 95% CI= 1.9-28.1), anxiety case (AOR= 4.8, 95% CI=1.1-21.5), depression case (AOR= 4.8, 95% CI=1.0-22.8), female sexual dysfunction in term of arousal function (AOR= 0.01, 95% CI=0.0-0.7), satisfaction dysfunction (AOR= 9.4, 95% CI= 1.5-58) and pain function (AOR=43.7, 95% CI=1.28 - 1489.2).
Conclusion: Marital dissatisfaction can be influenced by financial factor, sexual dysfunction and presence of psychiatric morbidity. Hence, in management of marital discord, thorough screening of these factors should be prioritized in clinical setting.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
Fulltext Depression, anxiety and sexual dysfunction in patients with Diabetes Mellitus with and without Foot Ulcer

Husin H, Sidi H, Baharudin A

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2017;16(1):53-66.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Anxiety and depression are both associated with increased morbidity in diabetic population, especially those afflicted with foot ulcer, whereas Erectile Dysfunction (“ED”) and Female Sexual Dysfunction (“FSD”) are amongst the common complication found in diabetes. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression as primary outcome and sexual dysfunction (“SD”) as a secondary outcome in diabetic patients with and without foot ulcer (“DFU”).
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun Ipoh, Perak, where 164 diabetic patients were recruited for the purpose of this study. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (“HADS”) were utilised to measure anxiety and depression. International Index for Erectile Function 5 (“IIEF-5”) and the Malay version of Female Sexual Function Index (“MVFSFI”) were used to detect SD. Simple and multiple logistic regressions were referred to in order to evaluate the factors associated with anxiety, depression and SD.
Results: In the group with foot ulcer, 36.8% had depressive and anxiety risk respectively compared to without the foot ulcer, 37.5% and 38.5% respectively. Male gender (AOR=6.3,p=0.002,95%CI 1.975, 20.205) and having lower education status (AOR=6.0,p=0.018,95%CI1.36,26.59,) was associated with foot ulcer. High prevalence of SD found in foot ulcer group (52.6%,p=0.006). Those with depression (OR=4.421,95% CI 1.08,18.16,p=0.039) and male gender (OR=18.42,p<0.01,95%CI5.5,-61.62) predicts present of SD.
Conclusion: Depression and anxiety prevalent were similar for both with and without diabetic foot ulcer. Several significant predictor factors were identified for DFU group, for anxiety and depression risk and for SD in a diabetes patient. Further studies are required to establish the directional nature of this relationship.
Keywords: Depression, Anxiety, Diabetic food ulcer (DFU), Erectile Dysfunction (ED), Female Sexual Dysfunction (FSD)
Study site: outpatient clinic of medical and orthopedic departments in Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun (HRPB) Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
The effect of nitrazepam on depression and curiosity in behavioral tests in mice: The role of potassium channels

Nikoui V, Ostadhadi S, Azhand P, Zolfaghari S, Amiri S, Foroohandeh M, et al.

Eur J Pharmacol, 2016 Nov 15;791:369-376.
PMID: 27615446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.09.017

Evidence show that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are involved in depression, so the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nitrazepam as agonist of GABAA receptors on depression and curiosity in male mice and the role of potassium channel in antidepressant-like response. For this purpose, we studied the antidepressant-like properties of fluoxetine, nitrazepam, glibenclamide, and cromakalim by both forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). Animals were injected by various doses of nitrazepam (0.05, 0.1, and 0.5mg/kg). Nitrazepam at dose of 0.5mg/kg significantly decreased the immobility time compared to control group in both FST and TST. Fluoxetine also showed such a response. Co-administration of nitrazepam (0.05mg/kg) with glibenclamide in TST (1mg/kg) and in FST (0.3, 1mg/kg) also showed antidepressant-like response. Beside, cromakalim (0.1mg/kg) could reverse the antidepressant-like effect of nitrazepam (0.5mg/kg) in both FST and TST, while cromakalim and glibenclamide alone could not change the immobility time compared to control group (P>0.05). The hole-board test revealed that nitrazepam at doses of 0.5 and 0.1mg/kg could increase the activity of the animal's head-dipping and boost the curiosity and exploration behavior of mice. The results of this study revealed that nitrazepam may possess antidepressant-like properties and this effect is dependent to potassium channels in both FST and TST.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression/drug therapy*; Depression/metabolism*; Depression/psychology

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