Displaying publications 61 - 80 of 112 in total

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  1. Subcutaneous Infection Associated with Trichosporon ovoides: A Case Report and Review of Literature
    Mohd Tap R, Sabaratnam P, Ramli NY, Hashim R, Mohd Fuat AR, Ng PP, et al.
    Mycopathologia, 2016 Apr;181(3-4):285-90.
    PMID: 26493614 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-015-9958-2
    Trichosporon species are opportunistic yeasts which can cause infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. This is a report of Trichosporon ovoides that caused subcutaneous infection in a patient with underlying ischemic heart disease. The identification of fungal isolate was confirmed by PCR sequencing of ITS and large subunit regions in rRNA gene. In vitro susceptibility study showed that the isolate was susceptible to amphotericin B, fluconazole and voriconazole, and resistant to caspofungin, anidulafungin and itraconazole. The lesion improved after treatment with oral fluconazole and topical miconazole.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunocompromised Host*
  2. First isolation of Candida wangnamkhiaoensis from the blood of immunocompromised paediatric patient
    Tap RM, Ho Betty LS, Ramli NY, Suppiah J, Hashim R, Sabaratnam P, et al.
    Mycoses, 2016 Nov;59(11):734-741.
    PMID: 27427490 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12509
    Candida wangnamkhiaoensis is a species clustered under the Hyphopichia clade has not ever been isolated from any clinical specimens. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C. wangnamkhiaoensis associated with fungaemia in immunocompromised paediatric patient. The isolate was assigned a strain name as UZ1679/14, in which the identification was confirmed by a polymerase chain reaction-sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) regions of the rRNA gene. Antifungal susceptibility pattern showed that the isolate was sensitive to anidulafungin, caspofungin, fluconazole and voriconazole. The patient clinically improved after the antifungal treatment with caspofungin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunocompromised Host*
  3. Fulltext Acanthamoeba encephalitis in an immunocompetent child and review of the imaging features of intracranial acanthamoebic infections in immunocompetent patients
    Mohammad Hanafiah, Mohd Farhan Hamdan, Azura Mohamed Mukhari Shahizon, Wong, Sau Wei, Yoganathan Kanaheswari
    Neurology Asia, 2018;23(2):179-184.
    MyJurnal
    Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba is a rare entity mainly affecting
    immunocompromised patients. We reported a case of Acanthamoeba encephalitis of a 1-year-old
    immunocompetent child and described the CT and MRI findings of the brain, while reviewing the
    relevant literatures. The imaging findings of Acanthamoeba meningoencepalitis in immunocompetent
    patients are non-specific and pose a diagnostic challenge.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunocompromised Host
  4. Safety of probiotics: translocation and infection
    Liong MT
    Nutr Rev, 2008 Apr;66(4):192-202.
    PMID: 18366533 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00024.x
    The long history of safety has contributed to the acceptance of probiotics as a safe food adjunct. Consequently, many probiotic products and their applications have been granted GRAS (generally regarded as safe) status. However, this classification has been frequently generalized for all probiotic strains regardless of their application. Cases of probiotics from the genera Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Enterococcus, and Bifidobacterium have been isolated from infection sites, leading to the postulation that these probiotics can translocate. Probiotic translocation is difficult to induce in healthy humans, and even if it does occur, detrimental effects are rare. Despite this, various reports have documented health-damaging effects of probiotic translocation in immunocompromised patients. Due to probiotics' high degree of safety and their morphological confusion with other pathogenic bacteria, they are often overlooked as contaminants and are least suspected as pathogens. However, the antibiotic resistance of some strains has increased the complexity of their eradication. Probiotic translocation and infection deserve further investigation and should become a facet of safety assessment so the negative effects of probiotics do not outweigh the benefits.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunocompromised Host
  5. Optic Nerve Infiltration in Systemic Metastatic Retinal Lymphoma (SMRL): Multimodal Imaging and Challenges in Diagnosis
    Mohd Fauzi Yap MFB, Mohd Zain A, Tumain NR, Palaniappan S, Nasaruddin RA, Md Din N
    Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2020 Sep 24.
    PMID: 32967510 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1800050
    A 45-year-old man was diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma stage IV which was confirmed by celiac lymph node biopsy. He subsequently completed six cycles of R-CHOP chemotherapy. Six months later, he presented with panuveitis OU with positive relative afferent pupillary defect OD. OCT revealed hyper-reflective lesions and irregularity of the retinal pigment epithelium OU. Fundus fluorescein angiogram shows hyper-auto fluorescence and granular changes on the retina. A month later, he developed swollen optic disc OD and hemorrhagic retinitis OU and treated as presumed CMV retinitis. Anti-TB was started after a positive Mantoux test. He finally consented for a vitreous biopsy which showed atypical lymphoid cells highly suggestive for vitreoretinal lymphoma and subsequently received intravitreal methotrexate OU.

    CONCLUSION: Optic nerve infiltration in systemic metastatic retinal lymphoma may have initial occult signs but with profound visual loss. Ocular infections like CMV retinitis and tuberculosis may mask and delay the diagnosis in immunocompromised patients.

    Matched MeSH terms: Immunocompromised Host
  6. Fulltext Performance of 2 Polymerization Protocols Targeting Cloned Toxoplasma Parasites
    Hanafy NA, Badr MS, Nasr GM
    Open Access Maced J Med Sci, 2018 Sep 25;6(9):1577-1580.
    PMID: 30337968 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.400
    BACKGROUND: Toxoplasma gondii is a common parasitic infection of humans. Infection is usually mild. Serious complications can occur in pregnant and immunocompromised patients.

    AIM: The present study aims to investigate the performance of 2 different PCR protocols; real-time quantitative molecular assays (qPCR) and conventional molecular assays (cPCR), using 2 different sets of primers and by using cloned purified Toxoplasma genomic substances to be evaluated as reference samples.

    METHODS: The target DNA was provided in 8 different quantities.

    RESULTS: Amplification failure was reported only with the cPCR in samples of low concentrations using both primer sets. Quantitative PCR detected the 8 different dilutions of the purified Toxoplasma gondii using the 2 sets of primers while cPCR was sensitive to detect only 6 different dilutions.

    CONCLUSION: Generally real-time quantitative molecular assays, is easy to use method compared to conventional PCR assay and produces more reliable results within only one hour time but still the possible application of qPCRs in routine diagnosis necessitates analysis of a large number of clinical samples in further studies to make the proper choice.

    Matched MeSH terms: Immunocompromised Host
  7. Early-Stage Multifocal Candida chorioretinitis in an Immunocompromised Woman
    Chen KJ, Chou HD, Teh WM
    Ophthalmol Retina, 2019 10;3(10):887.
    PMID: 31585711 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2019.05.023
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunocompromised Host*
  8. Fulltext A rare case of Ralstonia mannitolilytica infection in an end stage renal patient on maintenance dialysis during municipal water contamination
    Lim CTS, Lee SE
    Pak J Med Sci, 2017 10 27;33(4):1047-1049.
    PMID: 29067090 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.334.13112
    Ralstonia mannitolilytica is a gram negative soil bacterium. Ralstonia infection though rare, has become the emerging nosocomial pathogens in hospital settings. Various clinical manifestations had been described as well as the mode of transmission. Despite its low virulence factor, it is able to survive under harsh condition and this may potentially cause significant morbidity and mortality especially in immunocompromised patients. Outbreak of Ralstonia mannitolilytica infections in the hospital are typically associated with contaminated medical supplies or instruments. We described here a case of Ralstonia mannitolilytica infection in a dialysis patient that occurred during the municipal reservoir water contamination crisis. In this report, we will also describe the behaviour of Ralstonia genus and its 4 main species, namely R. pickettii, R. solanacearum, R. insidiosa, and R. mannitolilytica and the choices of antibiotic therapy based on literature review.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunocompromised Host
  9. Effects of Shape and Size of Cobalt Phosphate Nanoparticles against Acanthamoeba castellanii
    Anwar A, Chi Fung L, Anwar A, Jagadish P, Numan A, Khalid M, et al.
    Pathogens, 2019 Nov 22;8(4).
    PMID: 31766722 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040260
    T4 genotype Acanthamoeba are opportunistic pathogens that cause two types of infections, including vision-threatening Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) and a fatal brain infection known as granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). Due to the existence of ineffective treatments against Acanthamoeba, it has become a potential threat to all contact lens users and immunocompromised patients. Metal nanoparticles have been proven to have various antimicrobial properties against bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Previously, different types of cobalt nanoparticles showed some promise as anti-acanthamoebic agents. In this study, the objectives were to synthesize and characterize the size, morphology, and crystalline structure of cobalt phosphate nanoparticles, as well as to determine the effects of different sizes of cobalt metal-based nanoparticles against A. castellanii. Cobalt phosphate octahydrate (CHP), Co3(PO4)2•8H2O, was synthesized by ultrasonication using a horn sonicator, then three different sizes of cobalt phosphates Co3(PO4)2 were produced through calcination of Co3(PO4)2•8H2O at 200 °C, 400 °C and 600 °C (CP2, CP4, CP6). These three types of cobalt phosphate nanoparticles were characterized using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Next, the synthesized nanoparticles were subjected to biological assays to investigate their amoebicidal, amoebistatic, anti-encystation, and anti-excystation effects against A. castellanii, as well as cell cytotoxicity. The overall results showed that 1.30 ± 0.70 µm of CHP microflakes demonstrated the best anti-acanthemoebic effects at 100 µg/mL, followed by 612.50 ± 165.94 nm large CP6 nanograins. However, amongst the three tested cobalt phosphates, Co3(PO4)2, the smaller nanoparticles had stronger antiamoebic effects against A. castellanii. During cell cytotoxicity analysis, CHP exhibited only 15% cytotoxicity against HeLa cells, whereas CP6 caused 46% (the highest) cell cytotoxicity at the highest concentration, respectively. Moreover, the composition and morphology of nanoparticles is suggested to be important in determining their anti-acathamoebic effects. However, the molecular mechanisms of cobalt phosphate nanoparticles are still unidentified. Nevertheless, the results suggested that cobalt phosphate nanoparticles hold potential for development of nanodrugs against Acanthamoeba.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunocompromised Host
  10. Fulltext The Molecular Approaches and Challenges of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotyping for Epidemiological Surveillance in the Vaccine Era
    Abdul Rahman NA, Mohd Desa MN, Masri SN, Taib NM, Sulaiman N, Hazman H, et al.
    Pol J Microbiol, 2023 Jun 01;72(2):103-115.
    PMID: 37314355 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2023-023
    Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) belongs to the Gram-positive cocci. This bacterium typically colonizes the nasopharyngeal region of healthy individuals. It has a distinct polysaccharide capsule - a virulence factor allowing the bacteria to elude the immune defense mechanisms. Consequently, it might trigger aggressive conditions like septicemia and meningitis in immunocompromised or older individuals. Moreover, children below five years of age are at risk of morbidity and mortality. Studies have found 101 S. pneumoniae capsular serotypes, of which several correlate with clinical and carriage isolates with distinct disease aggressiveness. Introducing pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) targets the most common disease-associated serotypes. Nevertheless, vaccine selection pressure leads to replacing the formerly dominant vaccine serotypes (VTs) by non-vaccine types (NVTs). Therefore, serotyping must be conducted for epidemiological surveillance and vaccine assessment. Serotyping can be performed using numerous techniques, either by the conventional antisera-based (Quellung and latex agglutination) or molecular-based approaches (sequetyping, multiplex PCR, real-time PCR, and PCR-RFLP). A cost-effective and practical approach must be used to enhance serotyping accuracy to monitor the prevalence of VTs and NVTs. Therefore, dependable pneumococcal serotyping techniques are essential to precisely monitor virulent lineages, NVT emergence, and genetic associations of isolates. This review discusses the principles, associated benefits, and drawbacks of the respective available conventional and molecular approaches, and potentially the whole genome sequencing (WGS) to be directed for future exploration.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunocompromised Host
  11. Acute myeloid leukaemia with tell-tale computed tomography scans
    Fadilah SA, Cheong SK, Maimunah A, Toh ST, Shamin AS
    Postgrad Med J, 2001 Nov;77(913):733-4, 737-9.
    PMID: 11677287
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunocompromised Host
  12. Dual panel multiplex PCR assay for rapid detection of medically important fungi and resistant species of candida and aspergillus
    Jacinta Santhanam, Mohd Hanif Jainlabdin, Ang LC, Tzar Mohd Nizam
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:489-498.
    Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) have risen dramatically in recent years among high risk immunocompromised patients.
    Rapid detection of fungal pathogens is crucial to timely and accurate antifungal therapy. Two multiplex polymerase
    chain reaction (PCR) assays were developed to detect major fungal species that cause invasive infections and identify
    resistant species. Genus specific primers for Candida, Aspergillus, Fusarium and species specific primers for Candida
    glabrata, Candida krusei and Aspergillus terreus which are known to be clinically resistant species, were designed from
    the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene complex. Both assays were
    performed simultaneously to promote rapid detection of fungal isolates based on distinct amplicon sizes. Inclusion of the
    universal fungal primers ITS 1 and ITS 4 in the genus specific assay produced a second amplicon for each isolate which
    served to confirm the detection of a fungal target. The limit of detection for the genus specific assay was 1 nanogram
    (ng) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) for Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans, 0.1 ng DNA for Fusarium solani, while
    the species-specific assay detected 0.1 ng DNA of A. terreus and 10 picogram (pg) DNA of C. krusei and C. glabrata. The
    multiplex PCR assays, apart from universal detection of any fungal target, are able to detect clinically important fungi
    and differentiate resistant species rapidly and accurately, which can contribute to timely implementation of effective
    antifungal regime.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunocompromised Host
  13. Fulltext Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis associated with Burkholderia pseudomallei peritonitis
    Aulia Z, Wan Ali WASR, Shahar MA
    Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl, 2018 12 28;29(6):1484-1487.
    PMID: 30588983 DOI: 10.4103/1319-2442.248318
    Burkholderia pseudomallei is a known motile organism in soil. Its infection is usually described in immunocompromised patients. It inflicts serious infection with high mortality and morbidity rate. We report a rare case of an end-stage renal disease patient on regular continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (PD) who developed melioidosis PD peritonitis. Within a short period of time, she developed encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis evidenced by the intraoperative findings of intraabdominal cocooning. Choice and duration of antibiotic are important for proper eradication of the organism. Early diagnosis and treatment of both conditions also may improve the prognoses.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunocompromised Host
  14. Fulltext Efficacy and safety of posaconazole for the prevention of invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis
    Wong TY, Loo YS, Veettil SK, Wong PS, Divya G, Ching SM, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2020 09 03;10(1):14575.
    PMID: 32884060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71571-0
    Invasive fungal infections are a potentially life-threatening complication in immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of posaconazole as compared with other antifungal agents for preventing invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. Embase, CENTRAL, and MEDLINE were searched for randomized conweekmonthtrolled trials (RCTs) up to June 2020. A systematic review with meta-analysis of RCTs was performed using random-effects model. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was conducted for the primary outcome to assess random errors. A total of five RCTs with 1,617 participants were included. Posaconazole prophylaxis was associated with a significantly lower risk of IFIs (RR, 0.43 [95% CI 0.28 to 0.66, p = 0.0001]) as compared to other antifungal agents. No heterogeneity was identified between studies (I2 = 0%). No significant associations were observed for the secondary outcomes measured, including risk reduction of invasive aspergillosis and candidiasis, clinical failure, all-cause mortality, and treatment-related adverse events, except for infection-related mortality (RR, 0.31 [95% CI 0.15 to 0.64, p = 0.0001]). Subgroup analysis favoured posaconazole over fluconazole for the prevention of IFIs (RR, 0.44 [95% CI 0.28 to 0.70, p = 0.0004]). TSA confirmed the prophylactic benefit of posaconazole against IFIs. Posaconazole is effective in preventing IFIs among immunocompromised patients, particularly those with hematologic malignancies and recipients of allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunocompromised Host/drug effects*
  15. Fulltext Detection of Strongyloides stercoralis infection among cancer patients in a major hospital in Kelantan, Malaysia
    Zueter AM, Mohamed Z, Abdullah AD, Mohamad N, Arifin N, Othman N, et al.
    Singapore Med J, 2014 Jul;55(7):367-71.
    PMID: 25091885
    INTRODUCTION: Strongyloidiasis is one of the most commonly neglected but clinically important parasitic infections worldwide, especially among immunocompromised patients. Evidence of infection among immunocompromised patients in Malaysia is, however, lacking. In this study, microscopy, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to detect Strongyloides stercoralis (S. stercoralis) infection among cancer patients in a Malaysian hospital.

    METHODS: A total of 192 stool and serum samples were collected from cancer patients who were receiving chemotherapy with or without steroid treatment at a hospital in northeastern Malaysia. Stool samples were examined for S. stercoralis using parasitological methods and real-time PCR. Serology by ELISA was performed to detect parasite-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG4 and immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. For comparison, IgG4- and IgG-ELISAs were also performed on the sera of 150 healthy individuals from the same area.

    RESULTS: Of the 192 samples examined, 1 (0.5%) sample was positive for S. stercoralis by microscopy, 3 (1.6%) by real-time PCR, 8 (4.2%) by IgG-ELISA, 6 (3.1%) by IgG4-ELISA, and none was positive by IgE-ELISA. In comparison, healthy blood donors had significantly lower prevalence of parasite-specific IgG (2.67%, p < 0.05) and IgG4 (2.67%, p < 0.05) responses.

    CONCLUSION: This study showed that laboratory testing may be considered as a diagnostic investigation for S. stercoralis among immunocompromised cancer patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunocompromised Host
  16. Fulltext Cutaneous tuberculosis mimicking cellulitis in an immunosuppressed patient
    Chin PW, Koh CK, Wong KT
    Singapore Med J, 1999 Jan;40(1):44-5.
    PMID: 10361486
    A 28-year-old lady suffering from systemic lupus erythomatosus (SLE) with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (DPGN) and who was on oral cyclophosphamide and prednisolone presented with left lower limb 'cellulitis'. The 'cellulitis' of the left lower limb failed to respond to usual antibiotics which prompted evaluation of the clinical diagnosis. The diagnosis is made based on the presence of granulomas, multinucleated giant cells and acid fast bacilli on the skin biopsy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunocompromised Host*
  17. Fulltext The use of an in-house modified double antibody sandwich ELISA to detect Aspergillus antigens in sera of immunosuppressed patients
    Samad SA, Rahman HA
    Singapore Med J, 1999 Aug;40(8):513-8.
    PMID: 10572490
    The purpose of this study was to retrospectively detect Aspergillus antigens in sera obtained from immunocompromised host using an in-house modified double antibody sandwich ELISA.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunocompromised Host*
  18. Fulltext PET-CT as an effective imaging modality in the staging and follow-up of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder following solid organ transplantation
    Noraini AR, Gay E, Ferrara C, Ravelli E, Mancini V, Morra E, et al.
    Singapore Med J, 2009 Dec;50(12):1189-95.
    PMID: 20087557
    To establish the role of positron-emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) patients, compared to conventional imaging (ultrasonography/CT/magnetic resonance imaging) in relation to its accuracy, sensitivity and specificity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunocompromised Host*
  19. Fulltext Immune response to influenza vaccine in children with inflammatory bowel disease
    Lu Y, Jacobson DL, Ashworth LA, Grand RJ, Meyer AL, McNeal MM, et al.
    Am J Gastroenterol, 2009 Feb;104(2):444-53.
    PMID: 19174786 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2008.120
    Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) frequently receive immunosuppressive therapy. The immune response in these patients to vaccines has not been well studied. We conducted a prospective, open label study to evaluate the serologic response to influenza vaccine in children with IBD.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunocompromised Host
  20. Fulltext Molecular Diagnosis of Microsporidia among Immunocompromised Patients in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Hassan NA, Lim YAL, Mahmud R, Mohd-Shaharuddin N, Wan Sulaiman WY, Ngui R
    Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2018 Dec;99(6):1562-1566.
    PMID: 30382015 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0901
    Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasitic fungi causing chronic diarrhea, particularly among immunocompromised patients. The current method used for diagnosis is based on conventional microscopy, which does not differentiate parasites at the species level. The present study was carried out to identify microsporidian species in immunocompromised patients. From March 2016 to March 2017, a total of 289 archived stool samples were examined microscopically for microsporidian spores using Gram-chromotrope Kinyoun (GCK) stain. Positive stool samples by microscopy were subjected to polymerase chain reaction and sequencing for species identification. Based on microscopy examination, the overall prevalence of microsporidian infections was 32.2% (93/289; 95% CI = 27.1-37.8). Of these stool samples, 45 samples were successfully amplified and confirmed as Enterocytozoon bieneusi. No Encephalitozoon intestinalis was detected. Accurate identification of species might help clinicians to decide appropriate management strategies as dissemination risks and treatment response vary for different species, hence improving the management of microsporidian infections.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunocompromised Host*
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