Displaying publications 61 - 80 of 110 in total

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  1. Nanoencapsulation, an efficient and promising approach to maximize wound healing efficacy of curcumin: A review of new trends and state-of-the-art
    Hussain Z, Thu HE, Ng SF, Khan S, Katas H
    Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2017 Feb 01;150:223-241.
    PMID: 27918967 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.11.036
    Wound healing is a multifarious and vibrant process of replacing devitalized and damaged cellular structures, leading to restoration of the skin's barrier function, re-establishment of tissue integrity, and maintenance of the internal homeostasis. Curcumin (CUR) and its analogs have gained widespread recognition due to their remarkable anti-inflammatory, anti-infective, anticancer, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and wound healing activities. However, their pharmaceutical significance is limited due to inherent hydrophobic nature, poor water solubility, low bioavailability, chemical instability, rapid metabolism and short half-life. Owing to their pharmaceutical limitations, newer strategies have been attempted in recent years aiming to mitigate problems related to the effective delivery of curcumanoids and to improve their wound healing potential. These advanced strategies include nanovesicles, polymeric micelles, conventional liposomes and hyalurosomes, nanocomposite hydrogels, electrospun nanofibers, nanohybrid scaffolds, nanoconjugates, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), nanoemulsion, nanodispersion, and polymeric nanoparticles (NPs). The superior wound healing activities achieved after nanoencapsulation of the CUR are attributed to its target-specific delivery, longer retention at the target site, avoiding premature degradation of the encapsulated cargo and the therapeutic superiority of the advanced delivery systems over the conventional delivery. We have critically reviewed the literature and summarize the convincing evidence which explore the pharmaceutical significance and therapeutic feasibility of the advanced delivery systems in improving wound healing activities of the CUR and its analogs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanomedicine/methods*; Nanomedicine/trends*
  2. Fulltext Nanoscale drug delivery systems and the blood-brain barrier
    Alyautdin R, Khalin I, Nafeeza MI, Haron MH, Kuznetsov D
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2014;9:795-811.
    PMID: 24550672 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S52236
    The protective properties of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are conferred by the intricate architecture of its endothelium coupled with multiple specific transport systems expressed on the surface of endothelial cells (ECs) in the brain's vasculature. When the stringent control of the BBB is disrupted, such as following EC damage, substances that are safe for peripheral tissues but toxic to neurons have easier access to the central nervous system (CNS). As a consequence, CNS disorders, including degenerative diseases, can occur independently of an individual's age. Although the BBB is crucial in regulating the biochemical environment that is essential for maintaining neuronal integrity, it limits drug delivery to the CNS. This makes it difficult to deliver beneficial drugs across the BBB while preventing the passage of potential neurotoxins. Available options include transport of drugs across the ECs through traversing occludins and claudins in the tight junctions or by attaching drugs to one of the existing transport systems. Either way, access must specifically allow only the passage of a particular drug. In general, the BBB allows small molecules to enter the CNS; however, most drugs with the potential to treat neurological disorders other than infections have large structures. Several mechanisms, such as modifications of the built-in pumping-out system of drugs and utilization of nanocarriers and liposomes, are among the drug-delivery systems that have been tested; however, each has its limitations and constraints. This review comprehensively discusses the functional morphology of the BBB and the challenges that must be overcome by drug-delivery systems and elaborates on the potential targets, mechanisms, and formulations to improve drug delivery to the CNS.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanomedicine
  3. Fulltext A Perspective Review on the Role of Nanomedicine in the Modulation of TNF-TNFR2 Axis in Breast Cancer Immunotherapy
    Al-Hatamleh MAI, Ahmad S, Boer JC, Lim J, Chen X, Plebanski M, et al.
    J Oncol, 2019;2019:6313242.
    PMID: 31239840 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6313242
    In the past decade, nanomedicine research has provided us with highly useful agents (nanoparticles) delivering therapeutic drugs to target cancer cells. The present review highlights nanomedicine applications for breast cancer immunotherapy. Recent studies have suggested that tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and its receptor 2 (TNFR2) expressed on breast cancer cells have important functional consequences. This cytokine/receptor interaction is also critical for promoting highly immune-suppressive phenotypes by regulatory T cells (Tregs). This review generally provides a background for nanoparticles as potential drug delivery agents for immunomodulators and further discusses in depth the potential of TNF antagonists delivery to modulate TNF-TNFR2 interactions and inhibit breast cancer progression.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanomedicine
  4. Function-driven engineering of 1D carbon nanotubes and 0D carbon dots: mechanism, properties and applications
    Xu Q, Li W, Ding L, Yang W, Xiao H, Ong WJ
    Nanoscale, 2019 Jan 23;11(4):1475-1504.
    PMID: 30620019 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr08738e
    Metal-free carbonaceous nanomaterials have witnessed a renaissance of interest due to the surge in the realm of nanotechnology. Among myriads of carbon-based nanostructures with versatile dimensionality, one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and zero-dimensional (0D) carbon dots (CDs) have grown into a research frontier in the past few decades. With extraordinary mechanical, thermal, electrical and optical properties, CNTs are utilized in transparent displays, quantum wires, field emission transistors, aerospace materials, etc. Although CNTs possess diverse characteristics, their most attractive property is their unique photoluminescence. On the other hand, another growing family of carbonaceous nanomaterials, which is CDs, has drawn much research attention due to its cost-effectiveness, low toxicity, environmental friendliness, fluorescence, luminescence and simplicity to be synthesized and functionalized with surface passivation. Benefiting from these unprecedented properties, CDs have been widely employed in biosensing, bioimaging, nanomedicine, and catalysis. Herein, we have systematically presented the fascinating properties, preparation methods and multitudinous applications of CNTs and CDs (including graphene quantum dots). We will discuss how CNTs and CDs have emerged as auspicious nanomaterials for potential applications, especially in electronics, sensors, bioimaging, wearable devices, batteries, supercapacitors, catalysis and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Last but not least, this review is concluded with a summary, outlook and invigorating perspectives for future research horizons in this emerging platform of carbonaceous nanomaterials.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanomedicine
  5. Fulltext Metronidazole conjugated magnetic nanoparticles loaded with amphotericin B exhibited potent effects against pathogenic Acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the T4 genotype
    Abdelnasir S, Anwar A, Kawish M, Anwar A, Shah MR, Siddiqui R, et al.
    AMB Express, 2020 Jul 17;10(1):127.
    PMID: 32681358 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01061-z
    Acanthamoeba castellanii can cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and Acanthamoeba keratitis. Currently, no single drug has been developed to effectively treat infections caused by Acanthamoeba. Recent studies have shown that drugs conjugated with nanoparticles exhibit potent in vitro antiamoebic activity against pathogenic free-living amoebae. In this study, we have developed a nano drug delivery system based on iron oxide nanoparticles conjugated with metronidazole which were further loaded with amphotericin B to produce enhanced antiamoebic effects against Acanthamoeba castellanii. The results showed that metronidazole-nanoparticles-amphotericin B (Met-MNPs-Amp) significantly inhibited the viability of these amoebae as compared to the respective controls including drugs and nanoparticles alone. Met-MNPs-Amp exhibited IC50 at 50 μg/mL against both A. castellanii trophozoites and cysts. Furthermore, these nanoparticles did not affect the viability of rat and human cells and showed safe hemolytic activity. Hence, the results obtained in this study have potential utility in drug development against infections caused by Acanthamoeba castellanii. A combination of drugs can lead to successful prognosis against these largely neglected infections. Future studies will determine the value of conjugating molecules with diagnostic and therapeutic potential to provide theranostic approaches against these serious infections.
    Matched MeSH terms: Theranostic Nanomedicine
  6. Nanomedicines for improved targetability to inflamed synovium for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: Multi-functionalization as an emerging strategy to optimize therapeutic efficacy
    Fang G, Zhang Q, Pang Y, Thu HE, Hussain Z
    J Control Release, 2019 06 10;303:181-208.
    PMID: 31015032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.04.027
    Owing to its intricate autoimmune pathophysiology and significant risks of progression to other rheumatic co-morbidities (i.e., osteoporosis and osteoarthritis), a plausible therapeutic regimen is mandatory for early-stage management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Nevertheless, the conventional therapeutic agents particularly the corticosteroids and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) have shown grander success in the treatment of RA; however, long-term use of these agents is also associated with serious adverse events. To combat these issues and optimize therapeutic efficacy, nanotechnology-based interventions have been emerged as viable option. While, nanomedicines signposted superiority over the conventional pharmacological moieties; there are still many pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic challenges to nanomedicines following their intravenous or intra-articular administration. To circumvent these challenges, significant adaptations such as PEGylation, surface conjugation of targeting ligand(s), and site- responsive behavior (i.e., pH-, biochemical-, or thermal-responsiveness) have been implemented. Besides, multi-functionalization of nanomedicines has been emerging as an exceptional strategy to overcome pharmacokinetic challenges, improve targetability to inflamed synovium, maximise internalisation into the activated macrophages, and improved therapeutic outcomes for treatment of RA. Therefore, this review aims to conceptualize and recapitulate the substantial evidences regarding the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic superiority of multi-functionalized nanomedicines over the naked nanomedicines for site-selective targeting to inflamed synovium and rational treatment of RA and other rheumatic co-morbidities. Pharmaceutical sustainability of the multi-functionalized nanomedicines for improved biocompatibility, profound interaction with the targeting tissue/cells/sub-cellular domain, and diminished systemic toxicity has also been pondered.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanomedicine
  7. Cardiovascular therapies utilizing targeted delivery of nanomedicines and aptamers
    Tan KX, Pan S, Jeevanandam J, Danquah MK
    Int J Pharm, 2019 Mar 10;558:413-425.
    PMID: 30660748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.01.023
    Cardiovascular ailments are the foremost trigger of death in the world today, including myocardial infarction and ischemic heart diseases. To date, extraordinary measures have been prescribed, from the perspectives of both conventional medical therapies and surgeries, to enforce cardiac cell regeneration post cardiac traumas, albeit with limited long-term success. The prospects of successful heart transplants are also grim, considering exorbitant costs and unavailability of suitable donors in most cases. From the perspective of cardiac revascularization, use of nanoparticles and nanoparticle mediated targeted drug delivery have garnered substantial attention, attributing to both active and passive heart targeting, with enhanced target specificity and sensitivity. This review focuses on this aspect, while outlining the progress in targeted delivery of nanomedicines in the prognosis and subsequent therapy of cardiovascular disorders, and recapitulating the benefits and intrinsic challenges associated with the incorporation of nanoparticles. This article categorically provides an overview of nanoparticle-mediated targeted delivery systems and their implications in handling cardiovascular diseases, including their intrinsic benefits and encountered procedural trials and challenges. Additionally, the solicitations of aptamers in targeted drug delivery with identical objectives, are presented. This includes a detailed appraisal on various aptamer-navigated nanoparticle targeted delivery platforms in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular maladies. Despite a few impending challenges, subject to additional investigations, both nanoparticles as well as aptamers show a high degree of promise, and pose as the next generation of drug delivery vehicles, in targeted cardiovascular therapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanomedicine
  8. Emerging innovations in nano-enabled therapy against age-related macular degeneration: A paradigm shift
    Kumar Dubey S, Pradhan R, Hejmady S, Singhvi G, Choudhury H, Gorain B, et al.
    Int J Pharm, 2021 May 01;600:120499.
    PMID: 33753164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120499
    Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a degenerative eye disease, is the major cause of irreversible loss of vision among individuals aged 50 and older. Both genetic and environmental factors are responsible for the progressive damage to central vision. It is a multifactorial retinal disease with features such as drusen, hypopigmentation and/or hyperpigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium, and even choroidal neovascularization in certain patients. AMD is of two major forms: exudative (wet) and atrophic (dry) with changes affecting the macula leading to impaired vision. Although the retina remains an accessible portion for delivering drugs, there are no current options to cure or treat AMD. The existing expensive therapeutics are unable to treat the underlying pathology but display several side effects. However, recent innovations in nanotherapeutics provide an optimal alternative of drug delivery to treat the neovascular condition. These new-age technologies in the nanometer scale would enhance bioactivity and improve the bioavailability of drugs at the site of action to treat AMD. The nanomedicine also provides sustained release of the drug with prolonged retention after penetrating across the ocular tissues. In this review, the insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with the pathophysiology of AMD are provided. It also serves to review the current progress in nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems that offer feasible treatments in AMD.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanomedicine
  9. Fulltext Radiation dose enhancement effects of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles to the t24 bladder cancer cell lines irradiated with megavoltage photon beam radiotherapy
    Rosmazihana Mat Lazim, Raizulnasuha Ab Rashid, Wan Nordiana Rahman, Binh. T.T. Pham, Brian S. Hawkett, Moshi Geso
    Jurnal Sains Nuklear Malaysia, 2018;30(2):30-38.
    MyJurnal
    Therapeutic application of metallic nanoparticles such as gold nanoparticles have been extensively investigated and intriguing finding have been reported. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) could also potentially have therapeutic properties that can be exploited to enhance radiotherapy outcome. In this study, investigations on the dose enhancement effects inflicted by SPIONs under irradiation with megavoltage photon beam radiotherapy were conducted. T24 human bladder cancer cell lines were pretreated with 1 mMol/L of SPION and irradiated with 6 MV and 10 MV photon beam at different doses.The non-treated cells irradiation was used as a control. Clonogenic assay was performed to determine the cell survival. Linear quadratic (LQ) model are used as fitting curve and does enhancement factors (DEF) were extrapolated from the curves. The cytotoxicity indicated cell growth normally after 72 hours and no long term cytotoxicity effects of SPIONs towards the cells were observed. The dose enhancement effects were observed for both 6 MV and 10 MV photon beam with DEF obtained 1.71 and 2.50, respectively. This reduction of cell colonies growth could be resulted from the interaction that induced free radical and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by megavoltage photon beams. The SPIONs were therefore act as multifunction nanoparticle both in diagnostic agent and radiotherapy as radiation dose enhancer, thus clearly qualified as future theranostic agents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Theranostic Nanomedicine
  10. Fulltext Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation of Neutron-Activated, Theranostic Samarium-153-Labeled Microspheres for Transarterial Radioembolization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Liver Metastasis
    Wong YH, Tan HY, Kasbollah A, Abdullah BJJ, Yeong CH
    Pharmaceutics, 2019 Nov 12;11(11).
    PMID: 31718079 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110596
    INTRODUCTION: Transarterial radioembolization (TARE) has been proven as an effective treatment for unresectable liver tumor. In this study, neutron activated, 153Sm-labeled microspheres were developed as an alternative to 90Y-labeled microspheres for hepatic radioembolization. 153Sm has a theranostic advantage as it emits both therapeutic beta and diagnostic gamma radiations simultaneously, in comparison to the pure beta emitter, 90Y.

    METHODS: Negatively charged acrylic microspheres were labeled with 152Sm ions through electrostatic interactions. In another formulation, the Sm-labeled microsphere was treated with sodium carbonate solution to form the insoluble 152Sm carbonate (152SmC) salt within the porous structures of the microspheres. Both formulations were neutron-activated in a research reactor. Physicochemical characterization, gamma spectrometry, and radiolabel stability tests were carried out to study the performance and stability of the microspheres.

    RESULTS: The Sm- and SmC-labeled microspheres remained spherical and smooth, with a mean size of 35 µm before and after neutron activation. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated that the functional groups of the microspheres remained unaffected after neutron activation. The 153Sm- and 153SmC-labeled microspheres achieved activity of 2.53 ± 0.08 and 2.40 ± 0.13 GBq·g-1, respectively, immediate after 6 h neutron activation in the neutron flux of 2.0 × 1012 n·cm-2·s-1. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and gamma spectrometry showed that no elemental and radioactive impurities were present in the microspheres after neutron activation. The retention efficiency of 153Sm in the 153SmC-labeled microspheres was excellent (~99% in distilled water and saline; ~97% in human blood plasma), which was higher than the 153Sm-labeled microspheres (~95% and ~85%, respectively).

    CONCLUSION: 153SmC-labeled microspheres have demonstrated excellent properties for potential application as theranostic agents for hepatic radioembolization.

    Matched MeSH terms: Theranostic Nanomedicine
  11. Fulltext Gadolinium-Doped Gallic Acid-Zinc/Aluminium-Layered Double Hydroxide/Gold Theranostic Nanoparticles for a Bimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Drug Delivery System
    Sani Usman M, Hussein MZ, Fakurazi S, Masarudin MJ, Ahmad Saad FF
    Nanomaterials (Basel), 2017 Aug 31;7(9).
    PMID: 28858229 DOI: 10.3390/nano7090244
    We have developed gadolinium-based theranostic nanoparticles for co-delivery of drug and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent using Zn/Al-layered double hydroxide as the nanocarrier platform, a naturally occurring phenolic compound, gallic acid (GA) as therapeutic agent, and Gd(NO₃)₃ as diagnostic agent. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were grown on the system to support the contrast for MRI imaging. The nanoparticles were characterized using techniques such as Hi-TEM, XRD, ICP-ES. Kinetic release study of the GA from the nanoparticles showed about 70% of GA was released over a period of 72 h. The in vitro cell viability test for the nanoparticles showed relatively low toxicity to human cell lines (3T3) and improved toxicity on cancerous cell lines (HepG2). A preliminary contrast property test of the nanoparticles, tested on a 3 Tesla MRI machine at various concentrations of GAGZAu and water (as a reference) indicates that the nanoparticles have a promising dual diagnostic and therapeutic features to further develop a better future for clinical remedy for cancer treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Theranostic Nanomedicine
  12. Fulltext Neutron-activated biodegradable samarium-153 acetylacetonate-poly-L-lactic acid microspheres for intraarterial radioembolization of hepatic tumors
    Wong YH, Tan HY, Kasbollah A, Abdullah BJJ, Acharya RU, Yeong CH
    World J Exp Med, 2020 Mar 30;10(2):10-25.
    PMID: 32266125 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v10.i2.10
    BACKGROUND: Liver cancer is the 6th most common cancer in the world and the 4th most common death from cancer worldwide. Hepatic radioembolization is a minimally invasive treatment involving intraarterial administration of radioembolic microspheres.

    AIM: To develop a neutron-activated, biodegradable and theranostics samarium-153 acetylacetonate (153SmAcAc)-poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) microsphere for intraarterial radioembolization of hepatic tumors.

    METHODS: Microspheres with different concentrations of 152SmAcAc (i.e., 100%, 150%, 175% and 200% w/w) were prepared by solvent evaporation method. The microspheres were then activated using a nuclear reactor in a neutron flux of 2 × 1012 n/cm2/s1, converting 152Sm to Samarium-153 (153Sm) via152Sm (n, γ) 153Sm reaction. The SmAcAc-PLLA microspheres before and after neutron activation were characterized using scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, particle size analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis and gamma spectroscopy. The in-vitro radiolabeling efficiency was also tested in both 0.9% sodium chloride solution and human blood plasma over a duration of 550 h.

    RESULTS: The SmAcAc-PLLA microspheres with different SmAcAc contents remained spherical before and after neutron activation. The mean diameter of the microspheres was about 35 µm. Specific activity achieved for 153SmAcAc-PLLA microspheres with 100%, 150%, 175% and 200% (w/w) SmAcAc after 3 h neutron activation were 1.7 ± 0.05, 2.5 ± 0.05, 2.7 ± 0.07, and 2.8 ± 0.09 GBq/g, respectively. The activity of per microspheres were determined as 48.36 ± 1.33, 74.10 ± 1.65, 97.87 ± 2.48, and 109.83 ± 3.71 Bq for 153SmAcAc-PLLA microspheres with 100%, 150%, 175% and 200% (w/w) SmAcAc. The energy dispersive X-ray and gamma spectrometry showed that no elemental and radioactive impurities present in the microspheres after neutron activation. Retention efficiency of 153Sm in the SmAcAc-PLLA microspheres was excellent (approximately 99%) in both 0.9% sodium chloride solution and human blood plasma over a duration of 550 h.

    CONCLUSION: The 153SmAcAc-PLLA microsphere is potentially useful for hepatic radioembolization due to their biodegradability, favorable physicochemical characteristics and excellent radiolabeling efficiency. The synthesis of the formulation does not involve ionizing radiation and hence reducing the complication and cost of production.

    Matched MeSH terms: Theranostic Nanomedicine
  13. Fulltext 18F[AlF]-radiolabelled Peptides on the Automated Synthesis Platform: Translating the Laboratory Bench Work to Bedside
    Hassan H, Razak HRA, Saad FFA, Kumar V
    Malays J Med Sci, 2019 Jul;26(4):122-126.
    PMID: 31496901 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/mjms2019.26.4.14
    Using radiolabelled peptides that bind, with high affinity and specificity, to receptors on tumour cells is one of the most promising fields in modern molecular imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy (1). In the emergence of molecular imaging and nuclear medicine diagnosis and therapy, albeit theranostic, radiolabelled peptides have become vital tools for in vivo visualisation and monitoring physiological and biochemical processes on molecular and cellular levels (2). This approach may benefit patients in the era of personalised medicine.
    Matched MeSH terms: Theranostic Nanomedicine
  14. Oral fast-release solid dispersion-paradigm shift to nanoparticles
    Wong TW
    Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul, 2011 Sep;5(3):227-43.
    PMID: 21834774
    Design of oral fast-release solid dispersion of poorly water-soluble drugs has been a great challenge over past decades on issues of drug recrystallization, drug polymorphism, formulation limited to low drug-to-carrier ratio and drug particle aggregation in matrix. The complexity in solid dispersion design is envisaged to be resolvable by the use of nanoparticulate system as solid dosage form. This manuscript reviews several patented processing approaches of nanoparticulate solid dispersion that have been reported recently. Through drug nanoencapsulation, a higher content of drug may be delivered with less aggregation via placing the same drug mass in a greater number of tinier carriers. Nanoencapsulation, by its own process of formation, brings about submicron particles. Keeping drug in these nanoparticles, a remarkable rise in specific surface area of drug is realized for dissolution. The augmentation of drug dissolution can be sufficiently high to the extent that the influences of polymorphism and crystallization phenomenon on drug dissolution in a solid dispersion may be negligible.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanomedicine/methods*
  15. Theranostic application of nanoemulsions in chemotherapy
    Gorain B, Choudhury H, Nair AB, Dubey SK, Kesharwani P
    Drug Discov Today, 2020 07;25(7):1174-1188.
    PMID: 32344042 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.04.013
    Theranostics has the potential to revolutionize the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cancer, where novel drug delivery systems could be used to detect the disease at an early stage with instantaneous treatment. Various preclinical approaches of nanoemulsions with entrapped contrast and chemotherapeutic agents have been documented to act specifically on the tumor microenvironment (TME) for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. However, bringing these theranostic nanoemulsions through preclinical trials to patients requires several fundamental hurdles to be overcome, including the in vivo behavior of the delivery tool, degradation, and clearance from the system, as well as long-term toxicities. Here, we discuss recent advances in the application of nanoemulsions in molecular imaging with simultaneous therapeutic efficacy in a single delivery system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Theranostic Nanomedicine/methods*
  16. Targeted drug delivery systems: synthesis and in vitro bioactivity and apoptosis studies of gemcitabine-carbon dot conjugates
    Yunus U, Zulfiqar MA, Ajmal M, Bhatti MH, Chaudhry GE, Muhammad TST, et al.
    Biomed Mater, 2020 09 26;15(6):065004.
    PMID: 32442994 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605X/ab95e1
    Gemcitabine (GEM) is used to treat various cancers such as breast, pancreatic, non-small lung, ovarian, bladder, and cervical cancers. GEM, however, has the problem of non-selectivity. Water-soluble, fluorescent, and mono-dispersed carbon dots (CDs) were fabricated by ultrasonication of sucrose. The CDs were further conjugated with GEM through amide linkage. The physical and morphological properties of these carbon dot-gemcitabine (CD-GEM) conjugates were determined using different analytical techniques. In vitro cytotoxicity and apoptosis studies of CD-GEM conjugates were evaluated by various bioactivity assays on human cell lines, MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma), and HeLa (cervical cancer) cell lines. The results of kinetic studies have shown a maximum drug loading efficacy of 17.0 mg of GEM per 50.0 mg of CDs. The CDs were found biocompatible, and the CD-GEM conjugates exhibited excellent bioactivity and exerted potent cytotoxicity against tumor cells with an IC50 value of 19.50 μg ml-1 in HeLa cells, which is lower than the IC50 value of pure GEM (∼20.10 μg ml-1). In vitro studies on CD-GEM conjugates demonstrated the potential to replace the conventional administration of GEM. CD-GEM conjugates are more stable, have a higher aqueous solubility, and are more cytotoxic as compared to GEM alone. The CD-GEM conjugates show reduced side effects in the normal cells along with excellent cellular uptake. Hence, CD-GEM conjugates are more selective toward cancerous cell lines as compared to non-cancerous cells. Also, the CD-GEM conjugates successfully induced early and late apoptosis in cancer cell lines and might be effective and safe to use for in vivo applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanomedicine/methods*
  17. Fulltext Advancements in nano drug delivery systems: a challenge for biofilms in respiratory diseases
    Dua K, de Jesus Andreoli Pinto T, Chellappan DK, Gupta G, Bebawy M, Hansbro PM
    Panminerva Med, 2018 03;60(1):35-36.
    PMID: 29370678 DOI: 10.23736/S0031-0808.18.03402-X
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanomedicine/methods*
  18. Fulltext Nanocarrier-Based Therapeutics and Theranostics Drug Delivery Systems for Next Generation of Liver Cancer Nanodrug Modalities
    Ruman U, Fakurazi S, Masarudin MJ, Hussein MZ
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2020;15:1437-1456.
    PMID: 32184597 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S236927
    The development of therapeutics and theranostic nanodrug delivery systems have posed a challenging task for the current researchers due to the requirement of having various nanocarriers and active agents for better therapy, imaging, and controlled release of drugs efficiently in one platform. The conventional liver cancer chemotherapy has many negative effects such as multiple drug resistance (MDR), high clearance rate, severe side effects, unwanted drug distribution to the specific site of liver cancer and low concentration of drug that finally reaches liver cancer cells. Therefore, it is necessary to develop novel strategies and novel nanocarriers that will carry the drug molecules specific to the affected cancerous hepatocytes in an adequate amount and duration within the therapeutic window. Therapeutics and theranostic systems have advantages over conventional chemotherapy due to the high efficacy of drug loading or drug encapsulation efficiency, high cellular uptake, high drug release, and minimum side effects. These nanocarriers possess high drug accumulation in the tumor area while minimizing toxic effects on healthy tissues. This review focuses on the current research on nanocarrier-based therapeutics and theranostic drug delivery systems excluding the negative consequences of nanotechnology in the field of drug delivery systems. However, clinical developments of theranostics nanocarriers for liver cancer are considered outside of the scope of this article. This review discusses only the recent developments of nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems for liver cancer therapy and diagnosis. The negative consequences of individual nanocarrier in the drug delivery system will also not be covered in this review.
    Matched MeSH terms: Theranostic Nanomedicine*
  19. RGD-TPGS decorated theranostic liposomes for brain targeted delivery
    Sonali, Singh RP, Sharma G, Kumari L, Koch B, Singh S, et al.
    Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2016 Nov 01;147:129-141.
    PMID: 27497076 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.07.058
    The aim of this work was to formulate RGD-TPGS decorated theranostic liposomes, which contain both docetaxel (DTX) and quantum dots (QDs) for brain cancer imaging and therapy. RGD conjugated TPGS (RGD-TPGS) was synthesized and conjugation was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and electrospray ionisation (ESI) mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS). The theranostic liposomes were prepared by the solvent injection method and characterized for their particle size, polydispersity, zeta-potential, surface morphology, drug encapsulation efficiency, and in-vitro release study. Biocompatibility and safety of theranostic liposomes were studied by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation study and histopathology of brain. In-vivo study was performed for determination of brain theranostic effects in comparison with marketed formulation (Docel™) and free QDs. The particle sizes of the non-targeted and targeted theranostic liposomes were found in between 100 and 200nm. About 70% of drug encapsulation efficiency was achieved with liposomes. The drug release from RGD-TPGS decorated liposomes was sustained for more than 72h with 80% of drug release. The in-vivo results demonstrated that RGD-TPGS decorated theranostic liposomes were 6.47- and 6.98-fold more effective than Docel™ after 2h and 4h treatments, respectively. Further, RGD-TPGS decorated theranostic liposomes has reduced ROS generation effectively, and did not show any signs of brain damage or edema in brain histopathology. The results of this study have indicated that RGD-TPGS decorated theranostic liposomes are promising carrier for brain theranostics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Theranostic Nanomedicine*
  20. Preclinical safety assessments of nano-sized constructs on cardiovascular system toxicity: A case for telemetry
    Cheah HY, Kiew LV, Lee HB, Japundžić-Žigon N, Vicent MJ, Hoe SZ, et al.
    J Appl Toxicol, 2017 Nov;37(11):1268-1285.
    PMID: 28165137 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3437
    While nano-sized construct (NSC) use in medicine has grown significantly in recent years, reported unwanted side effects have raised safety concerns. However, the toxicity of NSCs to the cardiovascular system (CVS) and the relative merits of the associated evaluation methods have not been thoroughly studied. This review discusses the toxicological profiles of selected NSCs and provides an overview of the assessment methods, including in silico, in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models and how they are related to CVS toxicity. We conclude the review by outlining the merits of telemetry coupled with spectral analysis, baroreceptor reflex sensitivity analysis and echocardiography as an appropriate integrated strategy for the assessment of the acute and chronic impact of NSCs on the CVS. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanomedicine/methods*
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