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Review of the complications in peritoneal dialysis

Mukherjee AP

Med J Malaya, 1969 Sep;24(1):21-3.
PMID: 4243838
Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis/etiology
Vancomycin administration in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: the risk of ototoxicity

Gendeh BS, Gibb AG, Aziz NS, Kong N, Zahir ZM

Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 1998 Apr;118(4):551-8.
PMID: 9560111

A prospective study was undertaken in 16 patients with chronic renal failure on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, with 22 episodes of peritonitis treated with vancomycin, a known ototoxic agent. Twelve patients had one episode each, and four had recurrent peritonitis. Each treatment course consisted of two infusions of vancomycin (30 mg/kg body weight) in 2 L of peritoneal dialysate administered at 6-day intervals. Serum vancomycin analyzed by enzyme immunoassay showed a mean trough level of 11.00 microg/ml on day 6 and mean serum levels of 33.8 and 38.6 microg/ml about 12 hours after administration on days 1 and 7, respectively. Similar levels, well within the therapeutic range, were encountered with repeated vancomycin therapy for recurrent episodes of peritonitis, suggesting that no changes occurred in the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug. Pure-tone audiometry, electronystagmography, and clinical assessment performed during each course of treatment showed no evidence of ototoxicity even on repeated courses of vancomycin therapy. The results suggest that vancomycin therapy when given in appropriate concentrations as a single therapeutic agent is both effective and safe. We believe, however, that vancomycin administered in combination with an aminoglycoside may produce ototoxic effects that may be greatly aggravated, possibly because of synergism.

Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis/blood; Peritonitis/drug therapy*
1'-Acetoxychavicol acetate inhibits NLRP3-dependent inflammasome activation via mitochondrial ROS suppression

Sok SPM, Ori D, Wada A, Okude H, Kawasaki T, Momota M, et al.

Int Immunol, 2021 06 18;33(7):373-386.
PMID: 33830232 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab016

The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain containing (NLRP) 3 inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that triggers Caspase-1-mediated IL-1β production and pyroptosis, and its dysregulation is associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. 1'-Acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA) is a natural compound in the rhizome of tropical ginger Alpinia species with anti-microbial, anti-allergic and anti-cancer properties. In this study, we found that ACA suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages and human THP-1 monocytes. ACA inhibited Caspase-1 activation and IL-1β production by NLRP3 agonists such as nigericin, monosodium urate (MSU) crystals, and ATP. Moreover, it suppressed oligomerization of the adapter molecule, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), and Caspase-1-mediated cleavage of pyroptosis executor Gasdermin D. Mechanistically, ACA inhibited generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prevented release of oxidized mitochondrial DNA, which trigger NLRP3 inflammasome activation. ACA also prevented NLRP3 inflammasome activation in vivo, as evidenced in the MSU crystal-induced peritonitis and dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis mouse models accompanied by decreased Caspase-1 activation. Thus, ACA is a potent inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome for prevention of NLRP3-associated inflammatory diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis/drug therapy; Peritonitis/metabolism
Gentamicin ototoxicity in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Gendeh BS, Said H, Gibb AG, Aziz NS, Kong N, Zahir ZM

J Laryngol Otol, 1993 Aug;107(8):681-5.
PMID: 8409715 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215100124132

A prospective study was undertaken of 10 chronic renal failure patients on Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) complicated by repeated bouts of peritonitis treated with gentamicin. Each 10-day treatment course consisted of a 120 mg loading dose, followed by 16 mg in 21 of peritoneal dialysate, given four times a day. Serum gentamicin analysed by enzyme immunoassay showed a mean level of 5.2 micrograms/ml, (range 3.7 to 6.6 mg/ml) four hours after the loading dose. Similar levels, well within the therapeutic range, were maintained on the 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th days of intraperitoneal gentamicin therapy, suggesting no accumulation of gentamicin in the serum. Pure tone audiometry, electronystagmography and clinical assessment were performed during each course of treatment. Although no evidence of ototoxicity was found during the first two courses of gentamicin, but disequilibrium and bobbing oscillopsia were present during the third and fourth courses of gentamicin. These findings could be explained by cumulative injury to the vestibular apparatus caused by repeated therapeutic insults.

Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis/drug therapy
Fulltext Molecular investigation of feline coronavirus (FCOV) in local pet cats

Hoong, L.W., Yasmin, A.R., Mummoorthy, K., Arshad, S.S., Omar, A.R., Anand, P., et al.

Jurnal Veterinar Malaysia, 2019;31(2):13-18.
MyJurnal

Feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection is a very common in cat population. FCoV is further classified into two biotypes namely feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and mutated feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), in which FIPV causes a fatal immune complex disease by changing the tropism from enterocytes to monocytes. Previous studies on molecular detection of FCoV in cats were carried out in catteries but limited study investigate the presence of FCoV antigen in local pet cats. By considering this fact, this study aims to detect FCoV antigen via RT-PCR assay in local pet cats and to compare the similarity of the identified FCoV strain with previous related virus by phylogenetic analysis. By using convenience sampling, rectal swabs and buffy coat were collected from 16 clinically ill pet cats and 5 healthy pet cats. Viral RNA was extracted and subjected to one-step RT-PCR, targeting polymerase gene. Only one out of 21 fecal samples was positive for FCoV and none from buffy coat samples. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the identified positive sample was highly homologous, up to 95%, to FCoV strain from Netherlands and South Korea on partial sequence of polymerase gene. In conclusion, this study detected FCoV antigen in local pet cats from fecal samples while negative detection from fecal and buffy coat samples could not completely rule out the possibilities of FCoV infection due to the complexity of the virus diagnosis that require multiple series of analysis.

Matched MeSH terms: Feline Infectious Peritonitis
Fulltext Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis associated with Burkholderia pseudomallei peritonitis

Aulia Z, Wan Ali WASR, Shahar MA

Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl, 2018 12 28;29(6):1484-1487.
PMID: 30588983 DOI: 10.4103/1319-2442.248318

Burkholderia pseudomallei is a known motile organism in soil. Its infection is usually described in immunocompromised patients. It inflicts serious infection with high mortality and morbidity rate. We report a rare case of an end-stage renal disease patient on regular continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (PD) who developed melioidosis PD peritonitis. Within a short period of time, she developed encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis evidenced by the intraoperative findings of intraabdominal cocooning. Choice and duration of antibiotic are important for proper eradication of the organism. Early diagnosis and treatment of both conditions also may improve the prognoses.

Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis
Fulltext Intraperitoneal Antibiotic Utilization among Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) Patients with Peritonitis at a Tertiary Hospital Setting in Malaysia

Ahmad M, Zin CS, Ab Rahman AF

J Pharm Bioallied Sci, 2020 Nov;12(Suppl 2):S737-S742.
PMID: 33828370 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_298_19

Introduction: Patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) are commonly associated with peritonitis. However, little is known about the utilization of antibiotics for the treatment of peritonitis in these patients.
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the patterns of intraperitoneal (IP) antibiotic utilization for the treatment of peritonitis in CAPD patients.
Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted at a tertiary hospital setting in Malaysia. Medical records of CAPD patients who were diagnosed with peritonitis and registered with National Kidney Registry from 2013 to 2018 were reviewed. Types of antibiotics used and its dose and duration were recorded and reported using the anatomical therapeutic chemical/defined daily dose (ATC/DDD) system.
Results: A total of 105 peritonitis episodes were recorded from 72 patients. The most common first-line empirical antibiotic combinations used were ceftazidime/cefazolin (40%, n = 42), followed by cefepime/cefazolin (30.5%, n = 32) and ceftazidime/cloxacillin (25.7%, n = 27). The definitive therapy for culture-proven CAPD-related peritonitis (CAPD-P) showed that vancomycin was the most frequently prescribed antibiotic (31.7%, n = 26/82), followed by amikacin (14.6%, n = 12/82), meropenem (11%, n = 9/82) and ampicillin (11%, n = 9/82). Ciprofloxacin was among the least prescribed definitive antibiotics for CAPD-P (2.4%, n = 2/82) but the DDD/100 patient-days estimates showed that it had the highest therapeutic intensity.
Conclusion: There are various IP antibiotics used for CAPD-P and the most common empirical therapy was the combination of ceftazidime and cefazolin while vancomycin is predominantly used for definitive therapy. Future studies to evaluate the clinical outcomes of the antibiotic use should be conducted to have a better insight on the efficacy of the peritonitis treatment.

Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis
Fulltext Atypical Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) with Empyema and Ascites in A Single Unmarried Lady

Roszaman Ramli, Mokhtar Awang, Ghazali Ismail

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2006;5(2):1-7.
MyJurnal

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a common cause of morbidity and accounts for 1 in 60 GP consultations by women under the age of 45 in the UK. Pelvic inflammatory disease encompases a broad category of disease including endometritis, salphingitis, salphingo-oopheritis, tuboovarian abscess and pelvic peritonitis. It most commonly occurs as a result of Chlamydia trachomatis or Nesseria gonorrhea 1,2 infection of the endocervix that eventually spread into the upper genital tract. Direct spread from a nearby infection such as appendicitis and diverticulitis is not that common. Hematogenous spread is rare except in cases of tuberculous pelvic inflammatory disease. This case illustrates atypical presentation of pelvic inflammatory disease in a previously healthy single unmarried lady. The presence of ascites, bilateral ovarian mass and constitutional symptoms closely mimics that of malignant ovarian tumour. This was preceded by empyema which grew E coli.

Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis
Fulltext Urinary bladder rupture secondary to obstructive urolithiasis in a Jamnapari goat

Tan, Y.K., Hiew, M.W.H., Radzi, R., Khairuddin, N.H.

Jurnal Veterinar Malaysia, 2017;29(2):20-24.
MyJurnal

This report describes the complications of obstructive urolithiasis in the lower urinary tract causing urinary bladder rupture in a Jamnapari buck. A 3-year-old Jamnapari buck was presented with the complaint of stranguria, subsequent anuria and a progressively distended abdomen for the past three days. Upon physical examination, body temperature, pulse rate and respiration rate were increased. Uroliths could be felt within the urethra in the ventral abdomen region. A urolith was removed via amputationof the urethral process, but the patency of the urethra could not be established. Transabdominal ultrasound revealed anechoic areas around the bladder, and the bladder was relatively small for a urinary obstructed goat. The bladder wall was thickened and shadow of sludge was observed within the bladder. Abdominocentesis was done and fluid analysis revealed that it was a haemorrhagic effusion. Blood results revealed renal disease, liver disease, muscle injury and haemoconcentration. Retrograde cystourethrogram revealed no urolithswithinthe urethra but there was leakage of the contrast agent from the bladder into the peritoneal cavity. The final diagnosis was complete blockage of the lower urinary tract leading to bladder rupture. Exploratory laparotomy was done and emergency cystorraphy was planned. Due to the poor condition of the urinary bladder with presence of septic peritonitis, the goat was euthanised.

Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis
Fulltext Enterobacter gergoviae peritonitis in a patient on chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis - first reported case

Anna Misya’il Abdul Rashid, Lim, Christopher Thiam Seong

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2017;13(2):67-69.
MyJurnal

Enterobacter gergoviae is a gram negative rod-shaped opportunistic organism reported to cause urinary and respiratory tract infections, but peritonitis caused by this organism is unknown. We report a case of 50-year-old patient on peritoneal dialysis (PD) presented with Enterobacter gergoviae peritonitis with septic shock. Despite Intraperitoneal (IP) cloxacillin 250mg qid and IP ceftazidime 1gram q24h and subsequent escalation with IP amikacin 2mg/kg q24h and IP vancomycin 15mg/kg q24h within the next 48 hours, his peritonitis remained refractory and required catheter removal. Although Enterobacter gergoviae is naturally sensitive to aminoglycosides, carbapenems and quinolones, it reacts differently to the beta lactam antibiotics. Their resistance to third-generation cephalosporins is fast emerging and treatment with third-generation cephalosporins may cause AmpC-overproducing mutants. The majority of
Enterobacteriaceae, including Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producers, remain susceptible to carbapenems. Our report provides an unfavourable course of E. gergoviae peritonitis likely due to acquired secondary drug resistance during the therapy period.

Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis
Abdominal wall necrotising fasciitis: A rare but devastating complication of the percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy procedure

Mohd Said MR, Abdul Rani R, Raja Ali RA, Ngiu CS

Med J Malaysia, 2017 02;72(1):77-79.
PMID: 28255151 MyJurnal

Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) tubes were often offered to patients requiring long term enteral feeding. Even though the procedure is relatively safe, it is associated with various complications such as peritonitis or even death.1 We presented a case of a 54-year-old gentleman with underlying ischemic stroke and pus discharges from a recently inserted PEG tube. Computed Topography (CT) scan confirmed abdominal wall necrotising fasciitis complicated with hyperosmolar hyperglycaemia state (HHS) and later succumbed after 48 hours of admission. Our case illustrated the rare complication related to the insertion of PEG tube; abdominal wall necrotising fasciitis that was associated with mortality.

Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis
Fulltext Clinical experience of medical students at University Sains Malaysia

Quah BS, Malik AS, Simpson H

Malays J Med Sci, 2000 Jan;7(1):27-32.
PMID: 22844212 MyJurnal

Experience of acute medical, surgical conditions, and clinical procedures of undergraduate students were assessed via a questionnaire survey during the final week of the 1993/1998 programme at the School of Medical Sciences, Univestiti Sains Malaysia. Individual performances were assessed by a scoring system. One hundred and twenty four students responded, (response rate 97%). More than 90% had seen myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, pneumonia, respiratory distress, gastroenteritis, coma, and snake bite. Less than 33% had witnessed acute psychosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, acute hepatic failure, status epilepticus, near drowning, hypertensive encephalopathy, acute haemolysis or child abuse.Acute surgical/obstetrics cases, seen by >90% students, included fracture of long bones, head injury, acute abdominal pain, malpresentation and foetal distress. Less than 33% had observed epistaxis, sudden loss of vision, peritonitis or burns. Among operations only herniorrhaphy, Caesarian section, internal fixation of fracture and cataract extraction were seen by >80% students. The main deficits in clinical procedures are in rectal and vaginal examinations, urine collection and microscopic examinations. The performance of individual students, assessed by a scoring system, showed 15 students had unacceptably low scores (<149/230, 50%), 37 had good scores (>181.4/230, 70%) and 5 had superior scores (197.6/230, 80%).

Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis

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