Displaying publications 61 - 80 of 134 in total

Abstract:
Sort:
  1. Fulltext Fighting from the COVID-19 Frontline: A Junior Doctor's Perspective on Fear, Duty and Calling
    Rasappan K, Oh J
    Malays Orthop J, 2020 Nov;14(3):1-3.
    PMID: 33403055 DOI: 10.5704/MOJ.2011.001
    As the COVID-19 pandemic ravages the whole world, the frontline clinicians are tirelessly fighting to contain and manage the disastrous effects of the virus from their communities. Stress, despair, fear, physical and psychological burn out, decreased work out put and lowered morale are some side effects this endless battle has had on the frontline healthcare worker. Although there have been many accounts of surgeons working in the frontline, there have only been few reflections on this ongoing battle from the junior clinician's point of view. In this article, we feature the perspectives of young residents from the orthopaedic unit at the epicenter of the COVID-19 fight in Singapore. We highlight the thoughts, fears, emotions, morale, motivating factors and reflections of junior clinicians while they work at frontlines. Fear in a dangerous new environment and amidst uncertainty is natural. However, a doctor's call of duty goes far above fear.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uncertainty
  2. Fulltext Health risk assessment of pm10 exposure among Malaysian adult population based on physical activity pattern
    Norlen Mohame, Lokman Hakim, S., Thahirahtul Asma Zakaria, Anis Salwa Kamarudin, Ahmad Riadz Mazeli, Sirajuddin Hashim
    Int J Public Health Res, 2017;7(2):814-828.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Most health advisories related to outdoor physical activity during haze are general in nature. The advisories normally advise everyone to reduce or limit prolonged exertion or heavy exertion without mentioning the acceptable duration for performing outdoor physical activity causing difficulty for public to decide to stop or cancel a particular outdoor or sport event. The aim of this paper is to determine the acceptable duration for performing outdoor physical activity pattern during haze based on API level.

    Methods: Health risk assessment approach that comprises of hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose-response, and risk characterization steps was used to determine the potential inhaled dose and risk associated with performing the physical activity during haze. We have considered many factors that include time spent for physical activity patterns for Malaysian adult, age and physical intensity-specific inhalation rate (m3/min), and the indoor/outdoor ratio of PM10. A hypothetical exposure scenario of PM10 was created using the breakpoints of PM10 concentration for the calculation of respective API levels during haze.

    Results: The association between physical activity pattern, API level and risk quotient were presented in the form of risk radar diagram. Based on the 50th percentile inhalation rate, all prolonged exertion and heavy exertion should be avoided when API reach >201 (very unhealthy) and >175 (unhealthy) respectively. Below the said API, the duration for performing prolonged exertion and heavy exertion should be reduced according to the API level. When API reaches 140, high intensity physical activity should be limited to < 90 minutes. A football match which requires 90 minutes, should be postponed of cancelled if API > 140. Whereas, for the same API level, prolonged exertion (moderate intensity physical activity) should be limited to 4 hours.

    Conclusions: Reducing the physical activity is an effective strategy to lower the dose of inhaled pollutants and reduce the health risk during poor air quality. Based on the assessment, taking into account the uncertainty of risk assessment methodology, we proposed all prolonged exertion should be avoided when API reach very unhealthy status (>201). Below the said API level, outdoor physical activity should be reduced according to the level of API respectively. The recommendation is not applicable for the sensitive groups. The computed risk radar provide a valuable guide for the public to organize or considering postponing an outdoor event during haze.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uncertainty
  3. Fulltext Urban tinkering
    Elmqvist T, Siri J, Andersson E, Anderson P, Bai X, Das PK, et al.
    Sustain Sci, 2018;13(6):1549-1564.
    PMID: 30546487 DOI: 10.1007/s11625-018-0611-0
    Cities are currently experiencing serious, multifaceted impacts from global environmental change, especially climate change, and the degree to which they will need to cope with and adapt to such challenges will continue to increase. A complex systems approach inspired by evolutionary theory can inform strategies for policies and interventions to deal with growing urban vulnerabilities. Such an approach would guide the design of new (and redesign of existing) urban structures, while promoting innovative integration of grey, green and blue infrastructure in service of environmental and health objectives. Moreover, it would contribute to more flexible, effective policies for urban management and the use of urban space. Four decades ago, in a seminal paper in Science, the French evolutionary biologist and philosopher Francois Jacob noted that evolution differs significantly in its characteristic modes of action from processes that are designed and engineered de novo (Jacob in Science 196(4295):1161-1166, 1977). He labeled the evolutionary process "tinkering", recognizing its foundation in the modification and molding of existing traits and forms, with occasional dramatic shifts in function in the context of changing conditions. This contrasts greatly with conventional engineering and design approaches that apply tailor-made materials and tools to achieve well-defined functions that are specified a priori. We here propose that urban tinkering is the application of evolutionary thinking to urban design, engineering, ecological restoration, management and governance. We define urban tinkering as:A mode of operation, encompassing policy, planning and management processes, that seeks to transform the use of existing and design of new urban systems in ways that diversify their functions, anticipate new uses and enhance adaptability, to better meet the social, economic and ecological needs of cities under conditions of deep uncertainty about the future.This approach has the potential to substantially complement and augment conventional urban development, replacing predictability, linearity and monofunctional design with anticipation of uncertainty and non-linearity and design for multiple, potentially shifting functions. Urban tinkering can function by promoting a diversity of small-scale urban experiments that, in aggregate, lead to large-scale often playful innovative solutions to the problems of sustainable development. Moreover, the tinkering approach is naturally suited to exploring multi-functional uses and approaches (e.g., bricolage) for new and existing urban structures and policies through collaborative engagement and analysis. It is thus well worth exploring as a means of delivering co-benefits for environment and human health and wellbeing. Indeed, urban tinkering has close ties to systems approaches, which often are recognized as critical to sustainable development. We believe this concept can help forge much-closer, much-needed ties among engineers, architects, evolutionary ecologists, health specialists, and numerous other urban stakeholders in developing innovative, widely beneficial solutions for society and contribute to successful implementation of SDG11 and the New Urban Agenda.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uncertainty
  4. Security and privacy issues related to the workplace-based security robot system
    Guangnan Z, Tao H, Rahman MA, Yao L, Al-Saffar A, Meng Q, et al.
    Work, 2021;68(3):871-879.
    PMID: 33612530 DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203421
    BACKGROUND: An isolated robot must take account of uncertainty in its world model and adapt its activities to take into account such as uncertainty. In the same way, a robot interaction with security and privacy issues (RISAPI) with people has to account for its confusion about the human internal state, as well as how this state will shift as humans respond to the robot.

    OBJECTIVES: This paper discusses RISAPI of our original work in the field, which shows how probabilistic planning and system theory algorithms in workplace robotic systems that work with people can allow for that reasoning using a security robot system. The problem is a general way as an incomplete knowledge 2-player game.

    RESULTS: In this general framework, the various hypotheses and these contribute to thrilling and complex robot behavior through real-time interaction, which transforms actual human subjects into a spectrum of production systems, robots, and care facilities.

    CONCLUSION: The models of the internal human situation, in which robots can be designed efficiently, are limited, and achieve optimal computational intractability in large, high-dimensional spaces. To achieve this, versatile, lightweight portrayals of the human inner state and modern algorithms offer great hope for reasoning.

    Matched MeSH terms: Uncertainty
  5. Fulltext Online Learning Approach for Predictive Real-Time Energy Trading in Cloud-RANs
    Wan Ariffin WNSF, Zhang X, Nakhai MR, Rahim HA, Ahmad RB
    Sensors (Basel), 2021 Mar 25;21(7).
    PMID: 33806215 DOI: 10.3390/s21072308
    Constantly changing electricity demand has made variability and uncertainty inherent characteristics of both electric generation and cellular communication systems. This paper develops an online learning algorithm as a prescheduling mechanism to manage the variability and uncertainty to maintain cost-aware and reliable operation in cloud radio access networks (Cloud-RANs). The proposed algorithm employs a combinatorial multi-armed bandit model and minimizes the long-term energy cost at remote radio heads. The algorithm preschedules a set of cost-efficient energy packages to be purchased from an ancillary energy market for the future time slots by learning both from cooperative energy trading at previous time slots and by exploring new energy scheduling strategies at the current time slot. The simulation results confirm a significant performance gain of the proposed scheme in controlling the available power budgets and minimizing the overall energy cost compared with recently proposed approaches for real-time energy resources and energy trading in Cloud-RANs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uncertainty
  6. Fulltext A rule-based energy management scheme for long-term optimal capacity planning of grid-independent microgrid optimized by multi-objective grasshopper optimization algorithm
    Bukar AL, Tan CW, Yiew LK, Ayop R, Tan WS
    Energy Convers Manag, 2020 Oct 01;221:113161.
    PMID: 32834297 DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113161
    Off-grid electrification of remote communities using sustainable energy systems (SESs) is a requisite for realizing sustainable development goals. Nonetheless, the capacity planning of the SESs is challenging as it needs to fulfil the fluctuating demand from a long-term perspective, in addition to the intermittency and unpredictable nature of renewable energy sources (RESs). Owing to the nonlinear and non-convex nature of the capacity planning problem, an efficient technique must be employed to achieve a cost-effective system. Existing techniques are, subject to some constraints on the derivability and continuity of the objective function, prone to premature convergence, computationally demanding, follows rigorous procedures to fine-tune the algorithm parameters in different applications, and often do not offer a fair balance during the exploitation and exploration phase of the optimization process. Furthermore, the literature review indicates that researchers often do not implement and examine the energy management scheme (EMS) of a microgrid while computing for the capacity planning problem of microgrids. This paper proposes a rule-based EMS (REMS) optimized by a nature-inspired grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) for long-term capacity planning of a grid-independent microgrid incorporating a wind turbine, a photovoltaic, a battery (BT) bank and a diesel generator (

    D

    g
    e
    n


    ). In which, a rule-based algorithm is used to implement an EMS to prioritize the usage of RES and coordinate the power flow of the proposed microgrid components. Subsequently, an attempt is made to explore and confirm the efficiency of the proposed REMS incorporated with GOA. The ultimate goal of the objective function is to minimize the cost of energy (COE) and the deficiency of power supply probability (DPSP). The performance of the REMS is examined via a long-term simulation study to ascertain the REMS resiliency and to ensure the operating limit of the BT storage is not violated. The result of the GOA is compared with particle swarm optimization (PSO) and a cuckoo search algorithm (CSA). The simulation results indicate that the proposed technique's superiority is confirmed in terms of convergence to the optimal solution. The simulation results confirm that the proposed REMS has contributed to better adoption of a cleaner energy production system, as the scheme significantly reduces fuel consumption,


    CO

    2

    emission and COE by 92.4%, 92.3% and 79.8%, respectively as compared to the conventional

    D

    g
    e
    n


    . The comparative evaluation of the algorithms shows that REMS-GOA yields a better result as it offers the least COE (objective function), at $0.3656/kW h, as compared to the REMS-CSA at $0.3662/kW h and REMS-PSO at $0.3674/kW h, for the desired DPSP of 0%. Finally, sensitivity analysis is performed to highlight the effect of uncertainties on the system inputs that may arise in the future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uncertainty
  7. Fulltext Economic perspective of coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Usman M, Ali Y, Riaz A, Riaz A, Zubair A
    J Public Aff, 2020 Aug 07.
    PMID: 32837324 DOI: 10.1002/pa.2252
    This study aims to present a quick overview of the novel coronavirus (afterward COVID-19) which triggers from Wuhan, spread approximately 213 countries and territories around the globe, and still currently ongoing. Particularly, we are interested to investigate the economic perspective of COVID-19. This paper uses data from online published articles and current media sources, as the COVID-19 situation is unfolding yet. To deeply explore the said matter, we divide the economic impact into six dimensions that is, Chinese economy, Central Asian economies, South Asian economies, South East and West Asian economies, European economies, Northern African, and Middle Eastern economies. The paper concludes that epidemic situations like COVID-19 severely affect economies around the globe. The basic reasons behind such severity are immobility of labor, reduction in productivity, discontinuation of the supply chain, a decline in exports, uncertainty, and so on. This study is quite important for businesses and policymakers to estimate and plan current and post-COVID-19 situations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uncertainty
  8. Fulltext Issues on trust management in wireless environment
    Sirageldin, Abubakr, Baharum Baharudin, Low, Tang Jung
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2013;21(1):183-192.
    MyJurnal
    Developing a trust management scheme in mobile computing environment is increasingly important,
    and the effective trust management model is a challenging task. Business, education, military, and
    entertainment have motivated the growth of ubiquitous and pervasive computing environments, which are always available due to the widespread of portable and embedded devices. Wireless and mobile computing are good example of ubiquitous and pervasive computing environments. Due to the uncertainty and mobility in such environments, the issue of trust has been regarded as an important security problem. Malicious nodes are a major threat to these networks; the trust system can monitor the behaviour of nodes and accordingly rewards well-behaved nodes and punishes misbehaving ones. At present, there are a lot of endeavours on the trust model of the pervasive computing environment. In this paper, a trust management framework for mobile computing is presented. The hybrid framework is based on a fusion of the support vector machine (SVM) and fuzzy logic system. From the results, it can be stated that the framework is effective, dynamic, lightweight, and applicable.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uncertainty
  9. Fulltext Performance characteristics and estimation of measurement uncertainty of two plating procedures for Listeria monocytogenes enumeration in chicken meat
    Yong, W.Z., Haresh, K.K., Wong, W.C., 1 Pui, C.F., Son, R.
    International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(2):409-416.
    MyJurnal
    The objectives highlighted in the present study were to determine the estimates of measurement uncertainty associated with PALCAM and CHROMagarTM Listeria media, to compare the efficacy between both media in relation to their measurement uncertainties. In addition, this study was carried out to assess the performance characteristics of spread and spiral plating procedures based on the comparison of Listeria monocytogenes enumeration between PALCAM and CHROMagarTM Listeria media. This work involved pure culture experiment, artificially contaminated samples experiment and naturally contaminated samples experiment. In pure culture experiment, PALCAM performance was relatively inferior to CHROMagarTM Listeria medium for both plating procedures. From the artificially contaminated samples, the results revealed that the values of repeatability, reproducibility, and measurement uncertainty at 95% confidence interval were comparable between both media under evaluation. However, at the level of naturally contaminated samples, the performance of CHROMagar
    TM Listeria medium was refutable as the presence of high number of competitive microorganisms reduced the clarity of the medium. The current emphasis in ensuring microbiological safety which requires use of accredited laboratories has led to measurable need for measurement uncertainty to ensure reliability of test results for global acceptance.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uncertainty
  10. Prevalence and type of injuries and its associated factors among small scale fishermen in Northern Kedah
    Abdul Rashid, K., Narayan, K.A., Azizah, A.M.
    Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2007;4(1):5-9.
    MyJurnal
    Fishing industry in Malaysia is dominated by small scale fishing, scattered along the coast of the country. The risk associated with fishing industry is well known but few studies have been done among those in the small scale fishing community. Fishermen not only have to cope with the uncertainty of nature but also the physical demands of the occupation. The objective of the study was to determine the injuries and its associated factors related to the small scale fishing industry. The study was conducted in a fishing village in northern Malaysia, which was hit by tsunami. Most of the boats and fishing gear were donated by many relief agencies. A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted using a standardized questionnaire. 50 (83.3%) of the 60 fishermen had consented for the study. All the fishermen were Malays males. 46% (n=23) of the fishermen reported to having sustained injuries. Most of the injuries occurred offshore (p
    Matched MeSH terms: Uncertainty
  11. Fulltext Bayesian network classification of gastrointestinal bleeding
    Nazziwa Aisha, Mohd Bakri Adam, Shamarina Shohaimi, Aida Mustapha
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2014;22(2):567-575.
    MyJurnal
    The source of gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) remains uncertain in patients presenting without hematemesis. This paper aims at studying the accuracy, specificity and sensitivity of the Naive Bayesian Classifier (NBC) in identifying the source of GIB in the absence of hematemesis. Data of 325 patients admitted via the emergency department (ED) for GIB without hematemesis and who underwent confirmatory testing were analysed. Six attributes related to demography and their presenting signs were chosen. NBC was used to calculate the conditional probability of an individual being assigned to Upper Gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) or Lower Gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB). High classification accuracy (87.3 %), specificity (0.85) and sensitivity (0.88) were achieved. NBC is a useful tool to support the identification of the source of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients without hematemesis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uncertainty
  12. Fulltext A review on criteria and decision-making techniques in solving landfill site selection problems
    Nur Azriati Mat, Aida Mauziah Benjamin, Syariza Abdul-Rahman
    Journal of Advanced Review on Scientific Research, 2017;37(1):14-32.
    MyJurnal
    The selection of landfill, which happens to be an environmental issue, has attracted
    the attention of many researchers from the fields of waste management and
    environmental sciences worldwide. Hence, in the attempt to overcome this problem,
    some decision-making techniques, including Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
    and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), have been widely utilized in prior studies,
    where multiple criteria, particularly in site selection process, have been employed.
    With that, this article identifies the selection criteria for landfill selection and presents
    a review concerning decision-making techniques that have been used in past studies
    for two important phases involved during the process of site selection, namely, (1)
    preliminary site screening, and (2) assessment of site suitability. As such, some 82
    articles chosen from 34 peer-reviewed journals had been investigated in detail. The
    results showed that 42.68% of the selected articles integrated GIS and MCDA
    techniques to solve the problem of landfill site selection, and this is followed by
    integrating GIS and fuzzy MCDA technique (18.29%). Both these techniques are indeed
    powerful tools that can guide decision-makers to solve problems in making decisions
    on the basis of various criteria under certainty and uncertainty results, mainly involving
    environmental issues.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uncertainty
  13. Fulltext The Toxic Truth About Carbon Nanotubes in Water Purification: a Perspective View
    Das R, Leo BF, Murphy F
    Nanoscale Res Lett, 2018 Jun 18;13(1):183.
    PMID: 29915874 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2589-z
    Without nanosafety guidelines, the long-term sustainability of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for water purifications is questionable. Current risk measurements of CNTs are overshadowed by uncertainties. New risks associated with CNTs are evolving through different waste water purification routes, and there are knowledge gaps in the risk assessment of CNTs based on their physical properties. Although scientific efforts to design risk estimates are evolving, there remains a paucity of knowledge on the unknown health risks of CNTs. The absence of universal CNT safety guidelines is a specific hindrance. In this paper, we close these gaps and suggested several new risk analysis roots and framework extrapolations from CNT-based water purification technologies. We propose a CNT safety clock that will help assess risk appraisal and management. We suggest that this could form the basis of an acceptable CNT safety guideline. We pay particular emphasis on measuring risks based on CNT physico-chemical properties such as diameter, length, aspect ratio, type, charge, hydrophobicity, functionalities and so on which determine CNT behaviour in waste water treatment plants and subsequent release into the environment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uncertainty
  14. Assessing clinical reasoning skills of final year medical students using the script concordance test
    Velayudhan Menon, Rifdy Mohideen
    International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2016;10(1):36-40.
    MyJurnal
    Background: Clinical reasoning is the name given to
    the cognitive processes by which doctors evaluate and
    analyse information from patients. It is a skill developed
    by experiential learning and is difficult to assess
    objectively. The script concordance test, an assessment
    tool introduced into the health sciences about 15 years
    ago, is a way of assessing clinical reasoning ability in
    an objective manner and allows comparisons of the
    decisions made by medical students and experts in
    situations of uncertainty.

    Methods: Twenty-six final year medical students from
    the International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur,
    were tested on their decision making skills regarding a
    young febrile patient. The students evaluated different
    pieces of information in five different scenarios and
    made decisions on a five-point Likert scale in the
    standard format of the script concordance test. Their
    decisions were compared to the decisions of a panel of
    experienced clinicians in Internal Medicine.

    Results: The script concordance test scores for the
    different scenarios were calculated with higher scores
    being indicative of greater concordance between the
    reasoning of students and doctors. The students showed
    poor concordance with doctors in evaluating clinical
    information. Overall, only 20 percent of the choices
    made by students were the same as the choices made by
    the majority of doctors.

    Conclusion: Medical students vary in their ability to
    interpret the significance of clinical information. Using
    the script concordance test, this preliminary study looked
    at the ability of final year medical students to interpret
    information about a patient with a febrile illness. The
    results showed poor concordance between students and
    doctors in the way they interpreted clinical information.
    The script concordance test has the potential to be a
    tool for teaching and assessing clinical reasoning.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uncertainty
  15. Suitability estimation for urban development using multi-hazard assessment map
    Bathrellos GD, Skilodimou HD, Chousianitis K, Youssef AM, Pradhan B
    Sci Total Environ, 2017 Jan 01;575:119-134.
    PMID: 27736696 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.025
    Preparation of natural hazards maps are vital and essential for urban development. The main scope of this study is to synthesize natural hazard maps in a single multi-hazard map and thus to identify suitable areas for the urban development. The study area is the drainage basin of Xerias stream (Northeastern Peloponnesus, Greece) that has frequently suffered damages from landslides, floods and earthquakes. Landslide, flood and seismic hazard assessment maps were separately generated and further combined by applying the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and utilizing a Geographical Information System (GIS) to produce a multi-hazard map. This map represents the potential suitability map for urban development in the study area and was evaluated by means of uncertainty analysis. The outcome revealed that the most suitable areas are distributed in the southern part of the study area, where the landslide, flood and seismic hazards are at low and very low level. The uncertainty analysis shows small differences on the spatial distribution of the suitability zones. The produced suitability map for urban development proves a satisfactory agreement between the suitability zones and the landslide and flood phenomena that have affected the study area. Finally, 40% of the existing urban pattern boundaries and 60% of the current road network are located within the limits of low and very low suitability zones.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uncertainty
  16. Vulnerability of Vietnam to typhoons: A spatial assessment based on hazards, exposure and adaptive capacity
    Nguyen KA, Liou YA, Terry JP
    Sci Total Environ, 2019 Sep 10;682:31-46.
    PMID: 31121354 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.069
    Typhoons have devastating impacts across many Asian countries. Vietnam is presently one of the most disaster-prone nations. Typhoons regularly disrupt human lives and livelihoods in various ways and cause significant damage. Making efficient policy decisions to minimize the vulnerability of affected communities is crucial. This requires a deep understanding of the factors that make a society vulnerable to extreme events and natural disasters. An appropriate approach is integrating the three dimensions of hazard, exposure and sensitivity, and community adaptive capacity. However, the vulnerability and adaptive capacity response to typhoons within Vietnam is poorly investigated. Here, we develop a conceptual framework that incorporates 21 indicators to identify vulnerability and adaptive capacity (VAC) using geospatial techniques at regional scales, applied over Vietnam. We find large spatial differences in VAC and are able to identify the top-priority regions that need to enhance their adaptation to typhoons. The Southern Coastal area, South East and Red River Delta demonstrate high and very high vulnerability because of their physical features and the intensity of typhoons that frequently cross these parts of Vietnam. The lower Mekong Delta and Northern Coastal areas are vulnerable to typhoon-driven flood threats, in particular where compounded by sea-level rise. Our framework successfully identified the spatial distribution and different levels of VAC within acceptable limits of uncertainty. It can therefore serve as a template to tackle national issues in disaster risk reduction in Vietnam and assist in the development of suitable mitigation strategies to achieve sustainable outcomes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uncertainty
  17. Spatio-temporal simulation and prediction of land-use change using conventional and machine learning models: a review
    Aburas MM, Ahamad MSS, Omar NQ
    Environ Monit Assess, 2019 Mar 05;191(4):205.
    PMID: 30834982 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7330-6
    Spatio-temporal land-use change modeling, simulation, and prediction have become one of the critical issues in the last three decades due to uncertainty, structure, flexibility, accuracy, the ability for improvement, and the capability for integration of available models. Therefore, many types of models such as dynamic, statistical, and machine learning (ML) models have been used in the geographic information system (GIS) environment to fulfill the high-performance requirements of land-use modeling. This paper provides a literature review on models for modeling, simulating, and predicting land-use change to determine the best approach that can realistically simulate land-use changes. Therefore, the general characteristics of conventional and ML models for land-use change are described, and the different techniques used in the design of these models are classified. The strengths and weaknesses of the various dynamic, statistical, and ML models are determined according to the analysis and discussion of the characteristics of these models. The results of the review confirm that ML models are the most powerful models for simulating land-use change because they can include all driving forces of land-use change in the simulation process and simulate linear and non-linear phenomena, which dynamic models and statistical models are unable to do. However, ML models also have limitations. For instance, some ML models are complex, the simulation rules cannot be changed, and it is difficult to understand how ML models work in a system. However, this can be solved via the use of programming languages such as Python, which in turn improve the simulation capabilities of the ML models.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uncertainty
  18. Rapid assessment of total MCPD esters in palm-based cooking oil using ATR-FTIR application and chemometric analysis
    Goh KM, Maulidiani M, Rudiyanto R, Wong YH, Ang MY, Yew WM, et al.
    Talanta, 2019 Jun 01;198:215-223.
    PMID: 30876552 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.111
    The technique of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is widely used to generate spectral data for use in the detection of food contaminants. Monochloropropanediol (MCPD) is a refining process-induced contaminant that is found in palm-based fats and oils. In this study, a chemometric approach was used to evaluate the relationship between the FTIR spectra and the total MCPD content of a palm-based cooking oil. A total of 156 samples were used to develop partial least squares regression (PLSR), artificial neural network (nnet), average artificial neural network (avNNET), random forest (RF) and cubist models. In addition, a consensus approach was used to generate fusion result consisted from all the model mentioned above. All the models were evaluated based on validation performed using training and testing datasets. In addition, the box plot of coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), slopes and intercepts by 100 times randomization was also compared. Evaluation of performance based on the testing R2 and RMSE suggested that the cubist model predicted total MCPD content with the highest accuracy, followed by the RF, avNNET, nnet and PLSR models. The overfitting tendency was assessed based on differences in R2 and RMSE in the training and testing calibrations. The observations showed that the cubist and avNNET models possessed a certain degree of overfitting. However, the accuracy of these models in predicting the total MCPD content was high. Results of the consensus model showed that it slightly improved the accuracy of prediction as well as significantly reduced its uncertainty. The important variables derived from the cubist and RF models suggested that the wavenumbers corresponding to the MCPDs originated from the -CH=CH2 or CH=CH (990-900 cm-1) and C-Cl stretch (800-700 cm-1) regions of the FTIR spectrum data. In short, chemometrics in combination with FTIR analysis especially for the consensus model represent a potential and flexible technique for estimating the total MCPD content of refined vegetable oils.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uncertainty
  19. Nonsynaptic plasticity model of long-term memory engrams
    Cacha LA, Ali J, Rizvi ZH, Yupapin PP, Poznanski RR
    J Integr Neurosci, 2017;16(4):493-509.
    PMID: 28891529 DOI: 10.3233/JIN-170038
    Using steady-state electrical properties of non-ohmic dendrite based on cable theory, we derive electrotonic potentials that do not change over time and are localized in space. We hypothesize that clusters of such stationary, local and permanent pulses are the electrical signatures of enduring memories which are imprinted through nonsynaptic plasticity, encoded through epigenetic mechanisms, and decoded through electrotonic processing. We further hypothesize how retrieval of an engram is made possible by integration of these permanently imprinted standing pulses in a neural circuit through neurotransmission in the extracellular space as part of conscious recall that acts as a guiding template in the reconsolidation of long-term memories through novelty characterized by uncertainty that arises when new fragments of memories reinstate an engram by way of nonsynaptic plasticity that permits its destabilization. Collectively, these findings seem to reinforce this hypothesis that electrotonic processing in non-ohmic dendrites yield insights into permanent electrical signatures that could reflect upon enduring memories as fragments of long-term memory engrams.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uncertainty
  20. Fulltext Health risk assessment of PM10 exposure among school children and the proposed API level for closing the school during haze in Malaysia
    Norlen Mohamed, Lokman Hakim Sulaiman, Thahirahtul Asma Zakaria, Anis Salwa Kamarudin, Daud Abdul Rahim
    Int J Public Health Res, 2016;6(1):685-694.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction During haze, at what level should Air Pollutant Index (API) showed, public
    or private school be closed is not without controversy and is very much
    debated. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to objectively quantify the
    potential inhaled dose of PM10 associated with exposure at school and home
    microenvironments during haze. The result of the health risk assessment will
    be used to propose the API level for closing the school during haze episode.

    Methods A hypothetical haze exposure scenario was created using the breakpoints of
    PM10 concentration for calculation of API and respective inhaled dose during
    haze. To determine the potential inhaled dose, we have considered many
    factors that include time spent for specific physical intensity at school and
    home microenvironments, age-specific and physical intensity-specific
    inhalation rate (m3/min), and the indoor/outdoor ratio of PM10. To calculate
    risk quotient (RQ), the inhaled dose was compared with the health reference
    dose computed based on the concentration of PM10 in the Malaysian
    Ambient Air Quality Standard.

    Results When considering the specific exposure at each microenvironment (school
    and home), the potential inhaled dose of PM10 was substantially lower when
    school is closed for both primary and secondary school. The calculated risk
    quotient (RQ) indicates that primary school children are likely to be affected
    at slightly lower PM10 concentration (equivalent to API of 197) as compared
    to secondary school children. Short duration of high physical activity
    intensity during school breaks has contributed to a large proportion of inhaled
    dose among school children indicating the important to avoid physical
    activities during haze.

    Conclusion Based on the assessment, taking into account the uncertainty of risk
    assessment methodology, we proposed school to be closed when API reach
    190 for both primary and secondary schools. These findings and
    recommendations are only valid for naturally ventilated school and applicable
    in the context of the current API calculation system and the existing
    Recommended Air Quality Guideline values in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uncertainty
Related Terms
Filters
Contact Us

Please provide feedback to Administrator (afdal@afpm.org.my)

External Links