Displaying publications 61 - 80 of 145 in total

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  1. A Bibliometric Analysis of Scientific Production on Second-Generation Anti-Psychotic Drugs in Malaysia
    López-Muñoz F, Povedano-Montero FJ, Chee KY, Shen WW, Fernández-Martín P, García-Pacios J, et al.
    Malays J Med Sci, 2018 May;25(3):40-55.
    PMID: 30899186 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2018.25.3.5
    Objective: We carried out a bibliometric study on the scientific papers related to second-generation antipsychotic drugs (SGAs) in Malaysia.

    Methods: With the SCOPUS database, we selected those documents made in Malaysia whose title included descriptors related to SGAs. We applied bibliometric indicators of production and dispersion, as Price's law and Bradford's law, respectively. We also calculated the participation index of the different countries. The bibliometric data were also been correlated with some social and health data from Malaysia (total per capita expenditure on health and gross domestic expenditure on R&D).

    Results: We found 105 original documents published between 2004 and 2016. Our results fulfilled Price's law, with scientific production on SGAs showing exponential growth (r = 0.401, vs. r = 0.260 after linear adjustment). The drugs most studied are olanzapine (9 documents), clozapine (7), and risperidone (7). Division into Bradford zones yields a nucleus occupied by the Medical Journal of Malaysia, Singapore Medical Journal, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, and Pharmacogenomics. Totally, 63 different journals were used, but only one in the top four journals had an impact factor being greater than 3.

    Conclusion: The publications on SGAs in Malaysia have undergone exponential growth, without evidence a saturation point.

    Matched MeSH terms: Health Expenditures
  2. An analysis of the development assistance for health (DAH) allocations for STD control in Africa
    Furuoka F, Hoque MZ, Jacob RI, Ziegenhain P
    Health Econ Policy Law, 2020 Oct;15(4):458-476.
    PMID: 30968812 DOI: 10.1017/S1744133119000197
    The Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations recognize the importance of making progress in the eradication and treatment of sexually transmitted deceases (STD). STD are among the most widespread diseases in the world and have the highest prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa. The current study explored the associations between the allocation of the development assistance for health (DAH) in 54 African countries and key development indicators - STD incidence, Gross Domestic Product per capita, health expenditure, and life expectancy at birth. It employed descriptive statistical methods, the matrix scatter plot analysis and the Pearson correlation test for this purpose. The findings indicated that there was a considerable increase in the volume of the DAH given to control and prevent STD in Africa over the period of 2002-2011. A statistically significant positive association was detected between the STD incidence and the health aid allocations. At the same time, the imbalance in the distribution of the health aid between the major and minor aid recipients in the continent increased. The study concludes by discussing policy implications that can be drawn from these findings.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Expenditures
  3. Fulltext A review of the mechanism and role of wax inhibitors in the wax deposition and precipitation
    Hao, Lim Zhen, Hikmat Said Al-Salim, Norida Ridzuan
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2019;27(1):499-526.
    MyJurnal
    The continuous depletion of global oil reserves with the propensity for light distillates
    propels the oil and gas industry to explore heavier fractions of crude oils with significant
    amount of paraffin waxes. However, the precipitation and deposition of waxes during the
    transportation of these waxy crude oils in the pipelines contribute to several issues, such as
    the flowability reduction, excessive pumping cost, and wax gel formation, that adversely
    affect the supposedly steady offshore oil production. As a result, substantial resources are
    expended to resolve these flow assurance problems. The wax inhibitors and pour point
    depressants are developed and modified to meet the wax remediation criteria. Essentially,
    the wax crystals are formed through the nucleation, growth, and agglomeration processes,
    while the deposition of these waxes occurs via molecular diffusion and shear dispersion.
    The wax inhibitors are able to control the growth of wax crystals through nucleation, cocrystallization,
    adsorption, and dispersion interactions. This paper particularly assessed
    the following compounds: (1) polymeric wax inhibitors, (2) nano-hybrid pour point
    depressants, (3) organic solvents, and
    (4) surfactants. Given the significance of
    these compounds in the deposition and
    precipitation of waxes, it is imperative to
    comprehensively explore the types and
    nature of these compounds and their recent
    applications as well as to critically assess
    their strengths and drawbacks, which were
    addressed in this paper. Furthermore, the
    challenges of using these compounds and the factors that govern their efficiencies were also discussed. Accordingly, the carbon
    length and the molecular weight of both paraffin waxes and wax inhibitors are among the
    most influential factors.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Expenditures
  4. Fulltext Socioeconomic Status Affecting Inequity of Healthcare Utilisation in Malaysia
    Bakar NSA, Manual A, Hamid JA
    Malays J Med Sci, 2019 Jul;26(4):79-85.
    PMID: 31496896 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/mjms2019.26.4.9
    Background: Equity is one of the important aspects of universal health coverage. Variation in socioeconomic status (SES) has been proved to contribute discrepancies in the use of healthcare services. This study aimed to assess equity for inpatient, outpatient and dental care utilisation by household SES over time.

    Methods: This study used five series of National Health and Morbidity Survey data from 1986 to 2015. Healthcare utilisation for inpatient, outpatient and dental care were analysed. SES was grouped based on household expenditure variables accounting for total number of adults and children in the household using consumption per adult equivalents approach. The determination of healthcare utilisation across the SES segments was measured using concentration index.

    Results: The overall distribution of inpatient utilisation tended towards the pro-poor, although only data from 1996 (P-value = 0.017) and 2006 (P-value = 0.021) were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Out-patient care showed changing trends from initially being pro-rich in 1986 (P < 0.05), then gradually switching to pro-poor in 2015 (P < 0.05). Dental care utilisation was significantly pro-rich throughout the survey period (P < 0.05). Public providers mostly showed significantly pro-poor trends for both in- and out-patient care (P < 0.05). Private providers, meanwhile, constantly showed a significantly pro-rich (P < 0.05) trend of utilisation.

    Conclusion: Total health utilisation was close to being equal across SES throughout the years. However, this overall effect exhibited inequities as the effect of pro-rich utilisation in the private sector negated the pro-poor utilisation in the public sector. Strategies to improve equity should be consistent by increasing accessibility to the private sectors, which has been primarily dominated by the richest population.

    Matched MeSH terms: Health Expenditures
  5. Fulltext A review on hindering factors to maximize healthcare potential in poverty and Islamic way of promoting health
    Farrah Farzana Abdullah, Mohd Rahman Omar
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(104):106-106.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Malaysia has been nominated among the top four well-established healthcare system in the world. However, with the status of a developing country, there are still lacking in offering healthcare services and aware-ness among poverty. The objective of this review is to look into the factors hindering healthcare coverage in poverty. Methods: These literature reviews were carried out by using the electronic databases included, Google Scholars, Medline, PUBMED and EBSCOhost. Results: In current economic status, poverty status needs to be revised as the cost of living has markedly increased especially in the urban. Many factors affect the health status, which include the issues in term of rising health expenditure, demography-geography and imbalance workload distribution. Less expo-sure to health and wellness and geographical-demographic profile are the main reasons for the lack of self-awareness in assessing health services. Various actions had been taken by the stakeholders to improve health statuses such as telehealth, referral system and integration between agencies. Suggestion to improve the existing plan with the atten-tion given especially in the rural area which composed of multi-ethnicity and demography-geographical distribution. In Islam, Prophet Muhammad PBUH promotes health through his eating habits, physical activities include prayer and sports, proper sleep habit and through fasting. Conclusion: Poor and lack of awareness of healthcare services and health ownership have been the main reason for low health-seeking in poverty. Factors such as rising health expenditure, demography-geography factors and lack of facilities provided and unbalance workload distribution in the public-private sector contribute to the issue of concern.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Expenditures
  6. Fulltext Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Spending on Research and Development to Address the Needs for Innovative Therapeutic Products in Indonesia
    Suwantika AA, Kautsar AP, Zakiyah N, Abdulah R, Boersma C, Postma MJ
    Ther Clin Risk Manag, 2020;16:969-977.
    PMID: 33116546 DOI: 10.2147/TCRM.S260377
    Background: The annual gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) per capita of Indonesia ($24) remains relatively lower than the annual GERD per capita of neighboring countries, such as Vietnam ($36), Singapore ($1804), Malaysia ($361), and Thailand ($111).

    Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis of spending on healthcare R&D to address the needs of developing innovative therapeutic products in Indonesia.

    Methods: A decision tree model was developed by taking into account four stages of R&D: stage 1 from raw concept to feasibility, stage 2 from feasibility to development, stage 3 from development to early commercialization, and stage 4 from early to full commercialization. Considering a 3-year time horizon, a stage-dependent success rate was applied and analyses were conducted from a business perspective. Two scenarios were compared by assuming the government of Indonesia would increase GERD in health and medical sciences up to 2- and 3-times higher than the baseline (current situation) for the first and second scenario, respectively. Cost per number of innovative products in health and medical sciences was considered as the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Univariate sensitivity analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of different input parameters on the ICER.

    Results: There was a statistically significant association (P-value<0.05) between countries' GERD in medical and health sciences with the number of innovative products. We estimated the ICER would be $8.50 million and $2.04 million per innovative product for the first and second scenario, respectively. The sensitivity analysis showed that the success rates in all stages and total GERD were the most influential parameters impacting the ICER.

    Conclusion: The result showed that there was an association between GERD in medical and health sciences with the number of innovative products. In addition, the second scenario would be more cost-effective than the first scenario.

    Matched MeSH terms: Health Expenditures
  7. Fulltext Effects of Slug Size, Soaking, and Injection Schemes on the Performance of Controlled Ions Water Flooding in Carbonates
    Moradpour N, Karimova M, Pourafshary P, Zivar D
    ACS Omega, 2020 Jul 28;5(29):18155-18167.
    PMID: 32743190 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01766
    The results of many previous studies on low salinity/controlled ions water (CIW) flooding suggest that future laboratory and modeling investigations are required to comprehensively understand and interpret the achieved observations. In this work, the aim is co-optimization of the length of the injected slug and soaking time in the CIW flooding process. Furthermore, the possibility of the occurrence of several governing mechanisms is studied. Therefore, the experimental results were utilized to develop a compositional model, using CMG GEM software, in order to obtain the relative permeability curves by history matching. It was concluded that CIW slug injection, concentrated in the potential-determining ion, can increase oil recovery under a multi ion exchange (MIE) mechanism. The wettability of the carbonate rocks was changed from a mixed or oil wet state toward more water wetness. However, there is a CIW slug length, beyond which extending the length does not significantly improve the rock wettability, and consequently, the oil production, which is known as the optimum slug size. This implies that the optimization of the injection process, by minimizing the slug size, can decrease the need for the CIW supply, therefore lowering the process expenditure. Moreover, if the exposure time of the rock and CIW is increased (soaking), a higher level of ion substitution is probable, leading to more oil detachment and production. Rock dissolution/precipitation (leading to a pH change) was found to have a negligible contribution.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Expenditures
  8. Systemic Solutions for Addressing Non-Communicable Diseases in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
    Ganju A, Goulart AC, Ray A, Majumdar A, Jeffers BW, Llamosa G, et al.
    J Multidiscip Healthc, 2020;13:693-707.
    PMID: 32801732 DOI: 10.2147/JMDH.S252300
    Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have been on the rise in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) over the last few decades and represent a significant healthcare concern. Over 85% of "premature" deaths worldwide due to NCDs occur in the LMICs. NCDs are an economic burden on these countries, increasing their healthcare expenditure. However, targeting NCDs in LMICs is challenging due to evolving health systems and an emphasis on acute illness. The major issues include limitations with universal health coverage, regulations, funding, distribution and availability of the healthcare workforce, and availability of health data. Experts from across the health sector in LMICs formed a Think Tank to understand and examine the issues, and to offer potential opportunities that may address the rising burden of NCDs in these countries. This review presents the evidence and posits pragmatic solutions to combat NCDs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Expenditures
  9. Fulltext Production of spray-dried Sarawak pineapple (Ananas comosus) powder from enzyme liquefied puree
    Pui, L. P., Ng. J. M. L., Wong, C. W.
    International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(4):1631-1636.
    MyJurnal
    Spray drying is used widely for converting liquid food products into powder form as the dried powder is known to have a longer shelf life at ambient temperature, convenience to use and low transportation expenditure. In this study, the Sarawak pineapple puree was spray-dried and the characterization of the resulting powder was performed. The process of enzyme liquefaction was optimized with Pectinex® Ultra SP-L and Celluclast® 1.5 L (single and combined treatment) at different concentrations (0–2.5 %) and incubation time (0-2.5 hours). The combined treatment with both enzymes (1.5% v/w Pectinex® Ultra SP-L + 0.5% v/w Celluclast® 1.5 L, 1.5 hour) was found to be the best parameter, which produced purees with the lowest viscosity of 67.98 ± 4.27 cp. Optimization of spray drying process was carried out using different inlet temperatures (150-180°C) and maltodextrin concentrations (15-30 % w/w). Results indicated that the spraydried powder produced at 160°C with 15% w/w of maltodextrin has the highest yield (31.63 %). The spray-dried powder was further characterized for the moisture content (6.00 ± 0.63%), water activity (0.36 ± 0.01 Aw), hygroscopicity (17.35 ± 0.64%), bulk density (0.46 ± 0.04 g/ cm3 ) and solubility (87.33 ± 2.08 seconds). The fruit powder of this study can be incorporated into different fruit added –value products, such as fruit juice, yogurt, jelly and other beverages.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Expenditures
  10. The Economic Impact of Managing Late Presentation of Developmental Dysplasia of Hip (DDH)
    Anuar R, Mohd-Hisyamudin HP, Ahmad MH, Zulkiflee O
    Malays Orthop J, 2015 Nov;9(3):40-43.
    PMID: 28611908 MyJurnal DOI: 10.5704/MOJ.1511.006
    Delayed presentation of Developmental Dysplasia of Hip (DDH) comes with challenges in treatment as well as high surgical cost. Therefore the objective of this study is to quantify the economic impact of management of late presentation of DDH during a last 3-year period. We conducted a retrospective study with analysis of DDH cases managed between years 2012 to 2014. Early and late presentations of DDH were identified and cost management for both was estimated. Out of twenty-four DDH cases, thirteen cases fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All were female with majority of them presenting with unilateral DDH predominantly of the left hip. Most patients presented after age of six months and the principal complaint was abnormal or limping gait. The grand total cost for managing DDH during the three years period was USD 12,385.51, with 86% of the amount having been used to manage late presentation of DDH that was mostly contributed by the cost of surgery. We concluded that delayed presentation of DDH contributes heavily to high national expenditure. Early detection of DDH cases with systematic neonatal screening may help to minimize the incidence of the late presenting DDH and subsequently reduce the economic burden to the government.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Expenditures
  11. Fulltext The empirical evaluation of productivity growth and efficiency of LSEs in the Malaysian food processing industry
    Yodfiatfinda, Mad Nasir, S., Zainalabidin, M., Md Ariff, H., Zulkornain, Y., Alias, R.
    International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(1):287-295.
    MyJurnal
    This study investigates productivity growth and efficiency of Large Scale Enterprises (LSEs) in the
    Malaysian food processing industry. Malmquist productivity index of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was employed to five-digit panel data for the period of 2000-2006. The findings suggest that average Technical Efficiency (TE) of the LSEs was 0.683 during the period of observation, which indicates that the industries are able to expand their output as much as 31.7 percent by using the same level of inputs. Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth was positive at 7.3 percent, which is contributed by a Technical Efficiency Change (EFCH) of 4.3 percent and Technological Change (TECH) of 3.0 percent. Sub industries of manufacturing alcohol and wine as well as the processing and preserving of meat and meat products shows the highest productivity growth at 84.8 percent and 47.5 percent respectively. On the other hand, the sub industries of processing and preserving poultry and poultry products together with the manufacturing of chocolate are those which have the lowest TFP growth at -30.5percent and -14.8 percent respectively. The significant determinants of the productivity growth, with a positive relationship are public infrastructure, IT expenditure and foreign ownership, while energy price is the determinant with a negative relationship. The main contributor to the TFP growth of the LSEs in the Malaysian food processing industry is EFCH, however, the LSEs can also improve the TFP growth by moving forward the production frontier as well.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Expenditures
  12. Fulltext Pilot evaluation of two childhood obesity prevention programmes in Malaysia
    Lim, Chin Choon, Asrul Akmal Shafie, Mohamed Azmi Ahmad Hassali
    Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 2015;13(1):1-2.
    MyJurnal
    Programmes that increase awareness of childhood obesity are vital to reducing the
    number of obese adults and adults with cardiovascular diseases. However, the
    effectiveness of these programmes must be evaluated to optimise resources for childhood
    obesity awareness programmes. The present study was conducted to assess the
    intermediate cost-effectiveness and provide a cost analysis of childhood obesity health
    promotion programmes. This quasi-experimental study compared the intermediate
    outcomes of the Sahabat Sihat and Be Best programmes over a six-month period. Data
    regarding health-related quality of life (EQ-5D and EQ-VAS), the Knowledge, Attitude and
    Practice questionnaire, and biomedical data were obtained from booklets prepared by
    MySihat for childhood obesity-related health promotion programmes. Data regarding cost
    was obtained from the expenditure records of the respective health promotion
    programmes. The intergroup and intragroup comparisons between the EQ-5D and
    EQ-VAS results, the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice scores, and the biomedical data
    were explored using the Mann-Whitney and Friedman tests. Descriptive statistics were
    utilised in the analysis of the cost results. Be Best and Sahabat Sihat were successful in
    helping to prevent overweight respondents from becoming obese. The Attitude score was
    higher among the Sahabat Sihat cohort, but the Practice score was higher among the Be
    Best cohort. Be Best had a lower mean cost per participant and was more cost-effective
    than Sahabat Sihat.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Expenditures
  13. Fulltext Ability and willingness to pay for health care and contribute to national healthcare financing scheme among farmers in Selangor
    Aizuddin, A.N., Hoda, R., Rizal, A.M., Yon, R., Al Junid, S.M.
    Malaysian Journal of Community Health, 2011;17(1):56-63.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: In view of high healthcare expenditure, Malaysia also faces problems in healthcare financing. The policy option is to establish a national health financing scheme. However, it is a problem to develop mechanisms to cover social insurance package to more than one third of the population working in informal sector such as farmers. Therefore, there is an urgent need to assess the ability and willingness of the farming community. The main objective was to study the ability and willingness in the farming community to contribute to national healthcare financing scheme.

    Methodology: This a cross sectional study involved 400 farmers in Selangor. A total of 92.3% farmers were able to pay for the healthcare.

    Results: Willingness to contribute to The national healthcare financing scheme were RM2.00 per month.

    Conclusion: The education level influenced the ability to pay while the educational level and per capita income influenced willingness to pay.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Expenditures
  14. Fulltext Island health review, progress and the way forward in the Western Pacific region
    Zin, Thant, Myint, Than, Htay, Kyaw, Shamsul, B. S.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2014;14(3):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    Island health differs from other health care systems, particularly in that there are limited resources and referral faculties available. With globalisation and climate change, island populations have become increasingly vulnerable to natural disasters and global pandemics. This study will identify, explore, compare and report on island health issues facing in the western Pacific, before making appropriate recommendations. A review of selected health indicators in Pacific islands was collected from the World Health Organization (WHO) and other publicly available resources. In the Pacific region, 15 islands saw lower health expenditure (
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Expenditures
  15. Fulltext Evaluation of anti-hypertensive drug utilisation and cost in Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Kuantan.
    Azarisman S.M.S., Aszrin A., Sahimi M.S., Ngow, Harris, Marzuki A.O., Jamalludin A.R., et al.
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2009;8(2):29-36.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Malaysia. The prevalence of hypertension nearly doubled over a ten-year period (1986 – 1996). This has resulted in a significant rise in its attendant cost. We aim to review the institutional anti-hypertensive use, the cost incurred and the implications on management in our local setting. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of the annual cost (2006) of anti-hypertensive medications was undertaken at the Department of Pharmacy, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, a 600-bed major regional hospital on the east-coast of Malaysia. The total number of prescriptions given out and the total cost per drug is then factored to give the annual cost per drug per person in a percentage of the total annual expenditure.Results: The majority of patients were on either 2 (46.5%) or 3 (25.9%) anti-hypertensives. The most frequently prescribed medications were ACE Inhibitors (33.45%), Calcium channel blockers (29.63%), diuretics (16.67%) and β-blockers (13.64%). In terms of cost however, the Calcium channel blockers constituted the greatest percentage of the annual anti-hypertensive budget (63.67%) compared to ACE Inhibitors at just 20.04% of the annual expenditure. The least costly group of drugs is the diuretic making up 16.67% of the total annual prescriptions but only constituting 1.23% of the annual cost. Conclusion: The majority of patients were on ACE Inhibitors and/or Calcium channel blockers. This has huge monetary implications as they represent a large proportion of the annual antihypertensive allocation. There may be a need to reverse the trend in the developing world due to cost restrictions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Expenditures
  16. Fulltext Comparing cost for elective lower segment caesarean section costing using top-down and activity based costing methods
    Aniza I., Putri, N., Azimatun Noor, A., Amrizal, M.N., Saperi, S., Aljunid, S.M.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2011;11(1):36-46.
    MyJurnal
    Top-down costing and activity based costing are the most frequent costing methodologies used for analyzing cost. Top-down costing is accomplished by assigning total expenditure of hospital to patient by apportioning the expenditure of cost centers (unit of service) in hospital to give the cost per patient per visit, per day or per admission. Conversely, activity based costing is accomplished by tracking every resource used by patient individually. Since this study started in 2009, Top-down costing calculation was based on financial year in 2009 with adjusted up to 12.6% from 2008 data. This percentage was taken based on the trend of hospital expenditure during 2005 till 2008. An assumption was made that non-financial data (performance and administrative data) for 2009 was similar to 2008. Top-down costing was calculated using Clinical Cost Modeling Software developed by Unit Case-mix of UKMMC to obtain cost of elective lower segment caesarean section (LSCS) per day at ward which was RM922. Whereas activity based costing was calculated using clinical pathway of elective LSCS. Given the average length of stay in 2009 was 4 days, the cost of elective LSCS according to top-down costing was RM3, 688 and activity based costing was RM1774. As a result, cost of elective LSCS is 108% higher using top-down costing.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Expenditures
  17. Fulltext The lack of effective hand washing practice despite high level of knowledge and awareness in medical students of clinical years
    S. Sulaiha S.A., Wee, Yun Ling, Lie, Joo Chin, Eow, Wei-Liang, Muhamad Faiz, S., Chien, Noris Fook Tan
    International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2010;4(2):-.
    MyJurnal
    Background: Nosocomial infection is among the leading problem in many major hospitals resulting in soaring cost expenditure in managing its affect.Hand washing practice is a crucial preventive way to contain such mischief but many ignored its importance. This is perhaps due to lack of appropriate role modeling from senior practitioners.
    Subjects and methods: Our study examined the prevalence of hand washing practice among medical students from year 3 to 5 and compared it to their knowledge and level of awareness on its importance in clinical practice. 142 students were randomly observed during their clinical work in the wards on this practice and questionnaires were later distributed to 268 students from all semesters on their knowledge on the technique and awareness on its importance.
    Results: Out of 142, almost 80% washed their hands but only 41.6% performed effective hand washing. In contrary, 80 to 90% showed good level of knowledge and awareness as well as perception about its importance in clinical practice.
    Conclusions: The contradictory findings between the actual practice of hand washing and knowledge as well as awareness suggest that enforcement on the practice is necessary. This requires motivation and cooperation from all health alliances and higher authority in the health system. Remedial measures are much needed in order to contain high incidence of nosocomial infection in our local practice.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Expenditures
  18. Survey dataset on the level of sustainable consumption of Malaysian households from the perspective of income and consumption expenditure
    Rashid NKA, Sulaiman NFC, Anang Z, Possumah BT, Muhamad S, Sa'at NH, et al.
    Data Brief, 2021 Apr;35:106743.
    PMID: 33553520 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.106743
    Unsustainable consumption promotes discouraging patterns of consumption with negative impacts on society. It also contributes to inequalities and poverty. Unsustainable patterns of production and consumption undermine development goals in terms of inefficiency and overconsumption. This research explores the level of sustainable consumption of Malaysian households from the perspective of income and consumption expenditure. The analysis is based on cross-sectional data obtained from questionnaires distributed to 635 Malaysian households in eight districts in Terengganu (urban and rural areas) using stratified random sampling. The findings show that the level of sustainable consumption expenditure of Muslim households in Terengganu is still low. Achieving sustainable consumption patterns is more technically and politically complex than changing production patterns because it raises important issues such as human values, equity and lifestyle choices.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Expenditures
  19. Fulltext Economic impact of a vaccine preventable disease: a scoping review on tuberculosis
    Aidalina Mahmud, Azimatun Noor Aizuddin
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(2):254-261.
    MyJurnal
    Using pulmonary tuberculosis (pTB) as an example of a vaccine-preventable disease (VPD), we aimed to gather evidence on the economic impact of treating a case or managing an outbreak of a VPD. A scoping review was con- ducted. Online databases (MEDLINE and Google Scholar) were used to collate published studies from the year 2015 to 2019 on the management cost of one case or an outbreak of pTB. Keywords used were cost, treatment, outbreak, pulmonary tuberculosis, tuberculosis, economic, economic evaluation. A total of 29 studies were analysed. The costs of pTB treatment for individual patient were higher in high-income countries compared to middle-income and low-income countries. A case of pTB can result in household catastrophic health expenditure; while an outbreak can overwhelm the health system’s capacity, and disrupts the economy of a country. Therefore, accessibility of vaccines especially in low-income countries must be ensured. Also, vaccine-hesitant individuals must reconsider their stance on vaccination.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Expenditures
  20. Fulltext THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ON SELECTED SECTORS TOWARDS ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MALAYSIA
    NURUL FARHANA SENAWI, NOR FATIMAH CHE SULAIMAN, NOR FATIMAH CHE SULAIMAN
    UMT Journal of Undergraduate Research, 2020;2(3):83-92.
    MyJurnal
    Government expenditure plays an important role in the country’s economic growth. Budget allocations through the annual budget presented have their strategies to ensure that the allocated budget can improve the growth and development in Malaysia and also can be enjoyed by all Malaysian. The government’s expenditure has contributed to the expansion of this country’s development from various sectors. However, there are various problems involving government expenditure such as low level of health, homeless poor people, weak public transportation and illegal immigrants. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between government expenditure on health, education, housing, transportation and defence sectors towards economic growth. The data used is secondary data from 1980-2017 for 38 years from the Department of Statistics, Malaysia and World Bank Data. The method used in this study is Descriptive Analysis and Autoregressive Distributed Lagged Model (ARDL). The result showed that economic growth and government expenditure on health, education, transportation, and defence has a long-run relationship. Therefore, the government should increase more expenditure on crucial sectors such as education, transportation, defence and health that will strengthen economic growth in the long run.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Expenditures
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