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  1. Pyrolysis of oil palm mesocarp fiber catalyzed with steel slag-derived zeolite for bio-oil production
    Kabir G, Mohd Din AT, Hameed BH
    Bioresour Technol, 2018 Feb;249:42-48.
    PMID: 29040858 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.190
    The pyrolysis of oil palm mesocarp fiber (OPMF) was catalyzed with a steel slag-derived zeolite (FAU-SL) in a slow-heating fixed-bed reactor at 450 °C, 550 °C, and 600 °C. The catalytic pyrolysis of OPMF produced a maximum yield of 47 wt% bio-oil at 550 °C, and the crude pyrolysis vapor (CPV) of this process yielded crude pyrolysis oil with broad distribution of bulky oxygenated organic compounds. The bio-oil composition produced at 550 °C contained mainly light and stable acid-rich carbonyls at a relative abundance of 48.02% peak area and phenolic compounds at 12.03% peak area. The FAU-SL high mesoporosity and strong surface acidity caused the conversion of the bulky CPV molecules into mostly light acid-rich carbonyls and aromatics through secondary reactions. The secondary reactions mechanisms facilitated by FAU-SL reduced the distribution of the organic compounds in the bio-oil to mostly acid-rich carbonyls and aromatic in contrast to other common zeolite.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hot Temperature
  2. Investigation of optimal conditions for production of highly crystalline nanocellulose with increased yield via novel Cr(III)-catalyzed hydrolysis: Response surface methodology
    Chen YW, Lee HV, Abd Hamid SB
    Carbohydr Polym, 2017 Dec 15;178:57-68.
    PMID: 29050615 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.029
    For the first time, a highly efficient Cr(NO3)3 catalysis system was proposed for optimization the yield and crystallinity of nanocellulose end product. A five-level three-factor central composite design coupled with response surface methodology was employed to elucidate parameters interactions between three design factors, namely reaction temperature (x1), reaction time (x2) and concentration of Cr(NO3)3 (x3) over a broad range of process conditions and determine the effect on crystallinity index and product yield. The developed models predicted the maximum nanocellulose yield of 87% at optimum process conditions of 70.6°C, 1.48h, and 0.48M Cr(NO3)3. At these conditions, the obtained nanocellulose presented high crystallinity index (75.3%), spider-web-like interconnected network morphology with the average width of 31.2±14.3nm. In addition, the yielded nanocellulose rendered a higher thermal stability than that of original cellulosic source and expected to be widely used as reinforcement agent in bio-nanocomposites materials.
    Matched MeSH terms: Temperature
  3. Fulltext Novel Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in HCl
    Al-Amiery AA, Kadhum AAH, Alobaidy AHM, Mohamad AB, Hoon PS
    Materials (Basel), 2014 Jan 27;7(2):662-672.
    PMID: 28788482 DOI: 10.3390/ma7020662
    Corrosion inhibitory effects of new synthesized compound namely 5,5'- ((1Z,1'Z)-(1,4-phenylenebis(methanylylidene))bis(azanylylidene))bis(1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol) (PBB) on mild steel in 1.0 M HCl was investigated at different temperatures using open circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results showed that PBB inhibited mild steel corrosion in acid solution and indicated that the inhibition efficiencies increased with the concentration of inhibitor, but decreased proportionally with temperature. Changes in impedance parameters suggested the adsorption of PBB on the mild steel surface, leading to the formation of protective films.
    Matched MeSH terms: Temperature
  4. Fulltext Ambient factors influencing Photovoltaic module temperature in Klang valley
    Hedzlin Zainuddin, Maisarah Ismail, Nurul Hidayah Bostamam, Muhamad Mukhzani Muhamad Hanifah, Mohamad Fariz Mohamad Taib, Mohamad Zhafran Hussin
    Science Letter, 2016;10(2):23-25.
    MyJurnal
    The study is conducted to evaluate the significance of solar irradiance, ambient temperature and relative humidity as predictors and to quantify the relative contribution of these ambient parameters as predictors for photovoltaic module temperature model. The module temperature model was developed from experimental data of mono-crystalline and poly-crystalline PV modules retrofitted on metal roof in Klang Valley. The model was developed and analyzed using Multiple Linear Regressions (MLR) and Principle Component Analysis (PCA) Techniques. Solar irradiance, ambient temperature and relative humidity have been proven to be the significant predictors for module temperature. For poly-crystalline PV module, the relative contribution of solar irradiance, ambient temperature and relative humidity are 64.28 %, 17.45 % and 12.64 % respectively. For mono-crystalline PV module, the relative contribution of solar irradiance, ambient temperature and relative humidity are 66.12 %, 17.46 % and 12.48 % respectively. Thus, there is no significant difference in terms of relative contribution of these ambient parameters towards photovoltaic module temperature between poly-crystalline and mono-crystalline PV module technologies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Temperature
  5. Fulltext On the Role of Processing Parameters in Producing Recycled Aluminum AA6061 Based Metal Matrix Composite (MMC-AlR) Prepared Using Hot Press Forging (HPF) Process
    Ahmad A, Lajis MA, Yusuf NK
    Materials (Basel), 2017 Sep 19;10(9).
    PMID: 28925963 DOI: 10.3390/ma10091098
    Solid-state recycling, which involves the direct recycling of scrap metal into bulk material using severe plastic deformation, has emerged as a potential alternative to the conventional remelting and recycling techniques. Hot press forging has been identified as a sustainable direct recycling technique that has fewer steps and maintains excellent material performance. An experimental investigation was conducted to explore the hardness and density of a recycled aluminum-based metal matrix composite by varying operating temperature and holding time. A mixture of recycled aluminum, AA6061, and aluminum oxide were simultaneously heated to 430, 480, and 530 °C and forged for 60, 90, and 120 min. We found a positive increase in microhardness and density for all composites. The hardness increased approximately 33.85%, while density improved by about 15.25% whenever the temperature or the holding time were increased. Based on qualitative analysis, the composite endures substantial plastic deformation due to the presence of hardness properties due to the aluminum oxide embedded in the aluminum matrix. These increases were significantly affected by the operating temperature; the holding time also had a subordinate role in enhancing the metal matrix composite properties. Furthermore, in an effort to curb the shortage of primary resources, this study reviewed the promising performance of secondary resources produced by using recycled aluminum and aluminum oxide as the base matrix and reinforcement constituent, respectively. This study is an outline for machining practitioners and the manufacturing industry to help increase industry sustainability with the aim of preserving the Earth for our community in the future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Temperature
  6. Fulltext Thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of frozen wheat flour dough added with selected food gums
    Sim, S.Y., Noor Aziah, A.A., Teng, T.T., Cheng, L.H.
    International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(1):333-340.
    MyJurnal
    The effects of food gums addition on wheat dough freeze-thaw and frozen storage stability were studied. Thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of frozen wheat dough without yeast addition were
    determined by means of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA).
    DSC results revealed that food gums showed the ability to increase freeze-thaw stability in frozen-stored
    samples wherein lower difference in melting enthalpy between first and second freeze-thaw cycle was shown. Based on DMA results, in general, difference between Tg’ and storage temperature (- 18°C) of dough became smaller upon addition of food gums. This may have a practical implication whereby the unfrozen phase could be better protected against physical degradation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Temperature
  7. Fulltext Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by- product using response surface methodology
    Roslan, J., Mustapa Kamal, S.M., Md. Yunos, K.F., Abdullah, N.
    International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(3):1117-1123.
    MyJurnal
    Fish protein hydrolysate was recovered from tilapia by-product (TB) through enzymatic hydrolysis using alcalase enzyme. Hydrolysis reaction of TB was monitored according to the degree of hydrolysis (DH) by employing O-phtaldialdehyde (OPA) method. Optimization process for obtaining high yield of TB protein hydrolysate was performed using response surface methodology (RSM) by optimizing a combination of four independent variables namely, pH (6.5-8.5), temperature (55-70oC), substrate concentration (10-17.5% w/v), and enzyme concentration (1.5-3.5% w/w) with (DH) as a response. The optimum enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were obtained at pH 7.5, temperature of 60oC, substrate concentration of 15% (w/v) and 2.5% (w/w) of enzyme concentration and yielded about 20.20% of DH after hydrolyzing for 120 min. RSM generated model predicted that 20.42% of DH could be achieved at these conditions and this model was valid based on the DH value obtained from the experimental study (20.31%) which was quite similar with the predicted value. High yield of DH obtained from the optimization process could produce fish protein hydrolysate with good nutritional and functional properties.
    Matched MeSH terms: Temperature
  8. Refined energy-conserving dissipative particle dynamics model with temperature-dependent properties and its application in solidification problem
    Ng KC, Sheu TWH
    Phys Rev E, 2017 Oct;96(4-1):043302.
    PMID: 29347538 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.96.043302
    It has been observed previously that the physical behaviors of Schmidt number (Sc) and Prandtl number (Pr) of an energy-conserving dissipative particle dynamics (eDPD) fluid can be reproduced by the temperature-dependent weight function appearing in the dissipative force term. In this paper, we proposed a simple and systematic method to develop the temperature-dependent weight function in order to better reproduce the physical fluid properties. The method was then used to study a variety of phase-change problems involving solidification. The concept of the "mushy" eDPD particle was introduced in order to better capture the temperature profile in the vicinity of the solid-liquid interface, particularly for the case involving high thermal conductivity ratio. Meanwhile, a way to implement the constant temperature boundary condition at the wall was presented. The numerical solutions of one- and two-dimensional solidification problems were then compared with the analytical solutions and/or experimental results and the agreements were promising.
    Matched MeSH terms: Temperature
  9. Synthesis optimization of oil palm empty fruit bunch and rice husk biochars for removal of imazapic and imazapyr herbicides
    Yavari S, Malakahmad A, Sapari NB, Yavari S
    J Environ Manage, 2017 Feb 18;193:201-210.
    PMID: 28226259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.035
    Imidazolinones are a family of herbicides that are used to control a broad range of weeds. Their high persistence and leaching potential make them probable risk to the ecosystems. In this study, biochar, the biomass-derived solid material, was produced from oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) and rice husk (RH) through pyrolysis process. Feedstock and pyrolysis variables can control biochar sorption capacity. Therefore, the present study attempts to evaluate effects of three pyrolysis variables (temperature, heating rate and retention time) on abilities of biochars for removal of imazapic and imazapyr herbicides from soil. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for optimizing the variables to achieve maximum sorption performance of the biochars. Experimental data were interpreted accurately by quadratic models. Based on the results, sorption capacities of both biochars raised when temperature decreased to 300 °C, mainly because of increased biochars effective functionality in sorption of polar molecules. Heating rate of 3°C/min provided optimum conditions to maximize the sorption capacities of both biochars. Retention time of about 1 h and 3 h were found to be the best for EFB and RH biochars, respectively. EFB biochar was more efficient in removal of the herbicides, especially imazapyr due to its chemical composition and higher polarity index (0.42) rather than RH biochar (0.39). Besides, higher cation exchange capacity (CEC) values of EFB biochar (83.90 cmolc/kg) in comparison with RH biochar (70.73 cmolc/kg) represented its higher surface polarity effective in sorption of the polar herbicides.
    Matched MeSH terms: Temperature
  10. Fulltext GreenVMAS: Virtual Organization Based Platform for Heating Greenhouses Using Waste Energy from Power Plants
    González-Briones A, Chamoso P, Yoe H, Corchado JM
    Sensors (Basel), 2018 Mar 14;18(3).
    PMID: 29538351 DOI: 10.3390/s18030861
    The gradual depletion of energy resources makes it necessary to optimize their use and to reuse them. Although great advances have already been made in optimizing energy generation processes, many of these processes generate energy that inevitably gets wasted. A clear example of this are nuclear, thermal and carbon power plants, which lose a large amount of energy that could otherwise be used for different purposes, such as heating greenhouses. The role of GreenVMAS is to maintain the required temperature level in greenhouses by using the waste energy generated by power plants. It incorporates a case-based reasoning system, virtual organizations and algorithms for data analysis and for efficient interaction with sensors and actuators. The system is context aware and scalable as it incorporates an artificial neural network, this means that it can operate correctly even if the number and characteristics of the greenhouses participating in the case study change. The architecture was evaluated empirically and the results show that the user's energy bill is greatly reduced with the implemented system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Temperature
  11. Recent Progress on Advanced Materials for Solid-Oxide Fuel Cells Operating Below 500 °C
    Zhang Y, Knibbe R, Sunarso J, Zhong Y, Zhou W, Shao Z, et al.
    Adv Mater, 2017 Dec;29(48).
    PMID: 28628239 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700132
    Solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are electricity generators that can convert the chemical energy in various fuels directly to the electric power with high efficiency. Recent advances in materials and related key components for SOFCs operating at ≈500 °C are summarized here, with a focus on the materials, structures, and techniques development for low-temperature SOFCs, including the analysis of most of the critical parameters affecting the electrochemical performance of the electrolyte, anode, and cathode. New strategies, such as thin-film deposition, exsolution of nanoparticles from perovskites, microwave plasma heating, and finger-like channeled electrodes, are discussed. These recent developments highlight the need for electrodes with higher activity and electrolytes with greater conductivity to generate a high electrochemical performance at lower temperatures.
    Matched MeSH terms: Temperature
  12. Fulltext Evidence of adult male scarcity associated with female-skewed offspring sex ratios in sea turtles
    Hays GC, Laloë JO, Lee PLM, Schofield G
    Curr Biol, 2023 Jan 09;33(1):R14-R15.
    PMID: 36626854 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.035
    Climate change is a clear and present threat to species survival. For species with temperature-dependent sex determination, including all sea turtles, it has been hypothesised that climate change may drive the creation of sex-ratio biases leading to population extinctions1. Through a global analysis across multiple species, we present the first direct empirical evidence for a demographic consequence of male scarcity in sea turtle populations, with a lower incidence of multiple paternity being found in populations with more extreme female-biased hatchling sex-ratio skews. For green turtles, when the female bias in hatchling sex ratio was >90%, the incidence of multiple paternity was low compared to other nesting sites, being 24.5% in the eastern Mediterranean (Cyprus), 36.4% on Redang Island (Malaysia) and 15.4% on the southern Great Barrier Reef (Heron Island, Australia) compared to higher values (range 61.1-91.7%) at other sites globally. These results suggest that a low incidence of multiple paternity may serve as a harbinger of future problems with egg fertility if males become even scarcer. Assessments of the incidence of multiple paternity at sites where adult males are expected to become scarce, such as Raine Island on the northern Great Barrier Reef in Australia, may help to identify when a lack of males raises the threat of local extinctions. In such cases, intervention to increase the production of male hatchlings may be needed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Temperature
  13. Solar photocatalytic degradation of 2-chlorophenol with ZnO nanoparticles: optimisation with D-optimal design and study of intermediate mechanisms
    Ba-Abbad MM, Takriff MS, Kadhum AA, Mohamad AB, Benamor A, Mohammad AW
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2017 Jan;24(3):2804-2819.
    PMID: 27837474 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8033-y
    In this study, the photocatalytic degradation of toxic pollutant (2-chlorophenol) in the presence of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was investigated under solar radiation. The three main factors, namely pH of solution, solar intensity and calcination temperature, were selected in order to examine their effects on the efficiency of the degradation process. The response surface methodology (RSM) technique based on D-optimal design was applied to optimise the process. ANOVA analysis showed that solar intensity and calcination temperature were the two significant factors for degradation efficiency. The optimum conditions in the model were solar intensity at 19.8 W/m(2), calcination temperature at 404 °C and pH of 6.0. The maximum degradation efficiency was predicted to be 90.5% which was in good agreement with the actual experimental value of 93.5%. The fit of the D-optimal design correlated very well with the experimental results with higher values of R (2) and R (2)adj correlation coefficients of 0.9847 and 0.9676, respectively. The intermediate mechanism behaviour of the 2-chlorophenol degradation process was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results confirmed that 2-chlorophenol was converted to acetic acid, a non-toxic compound.
    Matched MeSH terms: Temperature
  14. Upgradation of chemical, fuel, thermal, and structural properties of rice husk through microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization
    Nizamuddin S, Siddiqui MTH, Baloch HA, Mubarak NM, Griffin G, Madapusi S, et al.
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2018 Jun;25(18):17529-17539.
    PMID: 29663294 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1876-7
    The process parameters of microwave hydrothermal carbonization (MHTC) have significant effect on yield of hydrochar. This study discusses the effect of process parameters on hydrochar yield produced from MHTC of rice husk. Results revealed that, over the ranges tested, a lower temperature, lower reaction time, lower biomass to water ratio, and higher particle size produce more hydrochar. Maximum hydrochar yield of 62.8% was obtained at 1000 W, 220 °C, and 5 min. The higher heating value (HHV) was improved significantly from 6.80 MJ/kg of rice husk to 16.10 MJ/kg of hydrochar. Elemental analysis results showed that the carbon content increased and oxygen content decreased in hydrochar from 25.9 to 47.2% and 68.5 to 47.0%, respectively, improving the energy and combustion properties. SEM analysis exhibited modification in structure of rice husk and improvement in porosity after MHTC, which was further confirmed from BET surface analysis. The BET surface area increased from 25.0656 m2/g (rice husk) to 92.6832 m2/g (hydrochar). Thermal stability of hydrochar was improved from 340 °C for rice husk to 370 °C for hydrochar.
    Matched MeSH terms: Temperature
  15. Investigation on the effect of sintering temperature on kaolin hollow fibre membrane for dye filtration
    Mohtor NH, Othman MHD, Ismail AF, Rahman MA, Jaafar J, Hashim NA
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2017 Jul;24(19):15905-15917.
    PMID: 28620856 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9341-6
    Despite its extraordinary price, ceramic membrane can still be able to surpass polymeric membrane in the applications that require high temperature and pressure conditions, as well as harsh chemical environment. In order to alleviate the high cost of ceramic material that still becomes one of the major factors that contributes to the high production cost of ceramic membrane, various attempts have been made to use low cost ceramic materials as alternatives to well-known expensive ceramic materials such as alumina, silica, and zirconia in the fabrication of ceramic membrane. Thus, local Malaysian kaolin has been chosen as the ceramic material in this study for the preparation of kaolin hollow fibre membrane since it is inexpensive and naturally abundant in Malaysia. Due to the fact that the sintering process plays a prominent role in obtaining the desired morphology, properties, and performances of prepared ceramic membrane, the aim of this work was to study the effect of different sintering temperatures applied (ranging from 1200 to 1500 °C) in the preparation of kaolin hollow fibre membrane via dry/wet phase inversion-based spinning technique and sintering process. The morphology and properties of membrane were then characterised by SEM, AFM, FTIR, XRD, and three-point bending test, while the performances of membrane were investigated by conducting water permeation and Reactive Black 5 (RB5) dye rejection tests. From the experimental results obtained, the sintering temperature of 1400 °C could be selected as the optimum sintering temperature in preparing the kaolin hollow fibre membrane with the dense sponge-like structure of separation layer that resulted in the good mechanical strength of 70 MPa with the appreciable water permeation of 75 L/h m(2) bar and RB5 rejection of 68%.
    Matched MeSH terms: Temperature
  16. Selectivity of SO2 and H2S removal by ethanol-treated calcined eggshell at low temperature
    Ahmad W, Sethupathi S, Kanadasan G, Iberahim N
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2020 Jun;27(17):22065-22080.
    PMID: 32285395 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08671-x
    Eggshell is a food waste produced worldwide in substantial amount with very limited recycling activity. In this study, the potential of ethanol-treated calcined eggshell was tested as sorbent for SO2 and H2S. Three variables were selected in the preparation of sorbents via response surface methodology (RSM), i.e., concentration of ethanol in water (50%, 70%, 90%), reaction temperature (20 °C, 40 °C, 60 °C), and contact time (30, 60, 90 min). Central composite design (CCD) was used to develop a quadratic model to correlate the operating variables with the adsorption capacity. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to identify the significant factors of the experimental design. It was found that the reaction temperature during the sorbent preparation was the most significant factor. The optimum preparation conditions using RSM were found at 20 °C of reaction temperature with 76.37% of ethanol concentration for 67 min of reaction time. The maximum adsorption capacity for the optimized sorbent was found to be 27.75 mg/g and 9.55 mg/g for SO2 and H2S, respectively. The prepared sorbent was more selective towards SO2 compared with H2S. Moreover, the presence of 40% of relative humidity in the inlet gas further enhanced the adsorption capacity of both gases. The ethanol-treated calcined eggshell was further substantiated by FESEM, BET, FTIR, XRD, and XRF. Results showed potential usage of eggshell as a sorbent for SO2 and H2S gases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Temperature
  17. Sulfur dioxide removal: An overview of regenerative flue gas desulfurization and factors affecting desulfurization capacity and sorbent regeneration
    Hanif MA, Ibrahim N, Abdul Jalil A
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2020 Aug;27(22):27515-27540.
    PMID: 32415453 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09191-4
    Numerous mitigation techniques have been incorporated to capture or remove SO2 with flue gas desulfurization (FGD) being the most common method. Regenerative FGD method is advantageous over other methods due to high desulfurization efficiency, sorbent regenerability, and reduction in waste handling. The capital costs of regenerative methods are higher than those of commonly used once-through methods simply due to the inclusion of sorbent regeneration while operational and management costs depend on the operating hours and fuel composition. Regenerable sorbents like ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, ammonium halide solutions, alkyl-aniline solutions, amino acid solutions, activated carbons, mesoporous silica, zeolite, and metal-organic frameworks have been reported to successfully achieve high SO2 removal. The presence of other gases in flue gas, e.g., O2, CO2, NOx, and water vapor, and the reaction temperature critically affect the sorption capacity and sorbent regenerability. To obtain optimal SO2 removal performance, other parameters such as pH, inlet SO2 concentration, and additives need to be adequately governed. Due to its high removal capacity, easy preparation, non-toxicity, and low regeneration temperature, the use of deep eutectic solvents is highly feasible for upscale utilization. Metal-organic frameworks demonstrated highest reported SO2 removal capacity; however, it is not yet applicable at industrial level due to its high price, weak stability, and robust formulation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Temperature
  18. Land suitability analysis for turmeric crop for humid tropical Kerala, India, under current and future climate scenarios using advanced geospatial techniques
    Banu M, Krishnamurthy KS, Srinivasan V, Kandiannan K, Surendran U
    J Sci Food Agric, 2024 May;104(7):4176-4188.
    PMID: 38385763 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13299
    BACKGROUND: Turmeric cultivation primarily thrives in India, followed by Bangladesh, Cambodia, Thailand, China, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. India leads globally in both area and production of turmeric. Despite this, there is a recognized gap in research regarding the impact of climate change on site suitability of turmeric. The primary objective of the present study was to evaluate both the present and future suitability of turmeric cultivation within the humid tropical region of Kerala, India, by employing advanced geospatial techniques. The research utilized meteorological data from the Indian Meteorological Department for the period of 1986-2020 as historical data and projected future data from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). Four climatic scenarios of shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change AR6 model of MIROC6 for the year 2050 (SSP 1-2.6, SSP 2-4.5, SSP 3-7.0 and SSP 5-8.5) were used.

    RESULTS: The results showed that suitable area for turmeric cultivation is declining in future scenario and this decline can be primarily attributed to fluctuations in temperature and an anticipated increase in rainfall in the year 2050. Notable changes in the spatial distribution of suitable areas over time were observed through the application of geographic information system (GIS) techniques. Importantly, as per the suitability criteria provided by ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (ICAR-NBSS & LUP), all the districts in Kerala exhibited moderately suitable conditions for turmeric cultivation. With the GIS tools, the study identified highly suitable, moderately suitable, marginally suitable and not suitable areas of turmeric cultivation in Kerala. Presently 28% of area falls under highly suitable, 41% of area falls under moderately suitable and 11% falls under not suitable for turmeric cultivation. However, considering the projected scenarios for 2050 under the SSP framework, there will be a significant decrease in highly suitable area by 19% under SSP 5-8.5. This reduction in area will have an impact on the productivity of the crop as a result of changes in temperature and rainfall patterns.

    CONCLUSION: The outcome of the present research suggests that the state of Kerala needs to implement suitable climate change adaptation and management strategies for sustaining the turmeric cultivation. Additionally, the present study includes a discussion on potential management strategies to address the challenges posed by changing climatic conditions for optimizing turmeric production in the region. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

    Matched MeSH terms: Temperature
  19. Fulltext Rain, rain, go away, come again another day: do climate variations enhance the spread of COVID-19?
    Menhat M, Ariffin EH, Dong WS, Zakaria J, Ismailluddin A, Shafril HAM, et al.
    Global Health, 2024 May 14;20(1):43.
    PMID: 38745248 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-024-01044-w
    The spread of infectious diseases was further promoted due to busy cities, increased travel, and climate change, which led to outbreaks, epidemics, and even pandemics. The world experienced the severity of the 125 nm virus called the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a pandemic declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019. Many investigations revealed a strong correlation between humidity and temperature relative to the kinetics of the virus's spread into the hosts. This study aimed to solve the riddle of the correlation between environmental factors and COVID-19 by applying RepOrting standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses (ROSES) with the designed research question. Five temperature and humidity-related themes were deduced via the review processes, namely 1) The link between solar activity and pandemic outbreaks, 2) Regional area, 3) Climate and weather, 4) Relationship between temperature and humidity, and 5) the Governmental disinfection actions and guidelines. A significant relationship between solar activities and pandemic outbreaks was reported throughout the review of past studies. The grand solar minima (1450-1830) and solar minima (1975-2020) coincided with the global pandemic. Meanwhile, the cooler, lower humidity, and low wind movement environment reported higher severity of cases. Moreover, COVID-19 confirmed cases and death cases were higher in countries located within the Northern Hemisphere. The Blackbox of COVID-19 was revealed through the work conducted in this paper that the virus thrives in cooler and low-humidity environments, with emphasis on potential treatments and government measures relative to temperature and humidity. HIGHLIGHTS: • The coronavirus disease 2019 (COIVD-19) is spreading faster in low temperatures and humid area. • Weather and climate serve as environmental drivers in propagating COVID-19. • Solar radiation influences the spreading of COVID-19. • The correlation between weather and population as the factor in spreading of COVID-19.
    Matched MeSH terms: Temperature
  20. A comparative study on the influence of equipment design on the efficiency of dynamic maceration of Azadirachta excelsa leaves
    Letchumanan K, Abdullah NH, Abdul-Aziz A
    Prep Biochem Biotechnol, 2024 Jul;54(6):749-763.
    PMID: 37990367 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2282529
    Dynamic maceration facilitates diffusion in solid-liquid extraction through controlling temperature and providing agitation. However, equipment design for dynamic maceration in previous investigations resulted in inadequate homogeneity of temperature and solid dispersion. A laboratory scale extractor was designed to aid the heat and mass transfer process while preventing solvent vaporization when performing dynamic maceration in a controlled environment. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of dynamic maceration using the laboratory scale extractor compared to a shaker incubator to extract triterpenoid saponins from Azadirachta excelsa leaves. The dynamic maceration of A. excelsa leaves was optimized using a Face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) with response surface methodology (RSM). Independent variables analyzed include ethanol-to-chloroform ratio, extraction temperature, extraction time, and sample-to-solvent ratio, while responses include yield of extract and triterpenoid saponins content (TSC). Optimum conditions were ethanol-to-chloroform ratio of 90:10, extraction temperature of 45 °C, extraction time of 60 minutes, and sample-to-solvent ratio of 1:50 g/ml. There was a significant percentage of increase in yield of extract and TSC by 41.1% and 13.3%, respectively, for the laboratory scale extractor compared to the shaker incubator. This study showed the importance of equipment design in enhancing triterpenoid saponins extraction through elevating the efficiency of the dynamic maceration process.
    Matched MeSH terms: Temperature
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