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Fulltext Tobacco smoking and its association with illicit drug use among young men aged 15-24 years living in urban slums of Bangladesh

Kabir MA, Goh KL, Kamal SM, Khan MM

PLoS One, 2013;8(7):e68728.
PMID: 23935885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068728

Tobacco smoking (TS) and illicit drug use (IDU) are of public health concerns especially in developing countries, including Bangladesh. This paper aims to (i) identify the determinants of TS and IDU, and (ii) examine the association of TS with IDU among young slum dwellers in Bangladesh.

Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
Does substance abuse contribute to further risk of falls in dementia

Eshkoor SA, Hamid TA, Nudin SS, Mun CY

Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn, 2014;21(3):317-24.
PMID: 23883099 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2013.819067

This study aimed to predict the risk of falls by focusing on substance abuse in the elderly with dementia. Our national cross-sectional survey included 1210 elderly Malaysian demented subjects. The study identified the effects of age, ethnicity, sex differences, marital status, educational level, and substance abuse on the likelihood of falls in the elderly with dementia. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze data collected from samples. The prevalence of falls was about 17% among subjects and significantly increased with age (p = .006). Furthermore, the results showed that age (OR = 1.03), ethnicity (OR = 1.69), substance abuse (OR = 1.68), and female sex (OR = 1.45) significantly enhanced the risk of falls in respondents (p < .05). Educational level and marital status had no significant effects on the likelihood of falls (p > .05). However, the findings provided evidence of an additional effect of substance abuse on further risk of falls in older adults with dementia.

Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
Pattern of suicides in 2009: data from the National Suicide Registry Malaysia

Ali NH, Zainun KA, Bahar N, Haniff J, Hamid AM, Bujang MA, et al.

Asia Pac Psychiatry, 2014 Jun;6(2):217-25.
PMID: 23857761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-5872.2012.00227.x

The National Suicide Registry Malaysia (NSRM) is a nationwide system that captures data on completed suicides in Malaysia from all forensic departments under the purview of the Ministry of Health Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
Consensus of official position of IOF/ISCD FRAX initiatives in Asia-Pacific region

Wu CH, McCloskey EV, Lee JK, Itabashi A, Prince R, Yu W, et al.

J Clin Densitom, 2014 Jan-Mar;17(1):150-5.
PMID: 23916756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2013.06.002

The fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX(®)) has been developed for the identification of individuals with high risk of fracture in whom treatment to prevent fractures would be appropriate. FRAX models are not yet available for all countries or ethnicities, but surrogate models can be used within regions with similar fracture risk. The International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) and International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) are nonprofit multidisciplinary international professional organizations. Their visions are to advance the awareness, education, prevention, and treatment of osteoporosis. In November 2010, the IOF/ISCD FRAX initiative was held in Bucharest, bringing together international experts to review and create evidence-based official positions guiding clinicians for the practical use of FRAX. A consensus meeting of the Asia-Pacific (AP) Panel of the ISCD recently reviewed the most current Official Positions of the Joint Official Positions of ISCD and IOF on FRAX in view of the different population characteristics and health standards in the AP regions. The reviewed position statements included not only the key spectrum of positions but also unique concerns in AP regions.

Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
Fulltext New insights of Microsporidial infection among asymptomatic aboriginal population in Malaysia

Shahrul Anuar T, M Al-Mekhlafi H, Md Salleh F, Moktar N

PLoS One, 2013;8(8):e71870.
PMID: 24014078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071870

Studies on microsporidial infection mostly focus on immunodeficiency or immunosuppressive individuals. Therefore, this cross-sectional study describes the prevalence and risk factors of microsporidiosis among asymptomatic individuals in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
Risk and associated factors of female sexual orgasmic disorder in women with hypertension in Malaysia

Abdul Latif R, Muhamad R, Kanagasundram S, Sidi H, Nik Jaafar NR, Midin M, et al.

Asia Pac Psychiatry, 2013 Apr;5 Suppl 1:21-6.
PMID: 23857833 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12039

The objective of this study was to examine the risk of female sexual orgasmic disorder among a group of women with hypertension in Malaysia. The associated factors were also examined.

Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
Fulltext Effects of combined physical activity and dietary intervention on obesity and metabolic parameters in adults with abdominal obesity

Soon HK, Saad HA, Taib MN, Rahman HA, Mun CY

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2013 Mar;44(2):295-308.
PMID: 23691640

A twelve-week controlled intervention trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of combined physical activity and dietary intervention on obesity and metabolic risk factors among employees of Universiti Putra Malaysia. Participants consisted of adults aged 25-55 years with no reported chronic diseases but with abdominal obesity. They were assigned to either a combined physical activity and dietary intervention group or a control group. The final sample consisted of 56 participants, with an equal number of 28 for each study group. No significant group effect was observed for any variable except for hip circumference (HC) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG). There was a significant increase in HC (p=0.007) and reduction in FPG (p=0.02) in the intervention group compared to the control group. In the intervention group, HC (p=0.002), triglycerides (TG) (p=0.0001), total cholesterol (TC) (p=0.0001), LDL cholesterol (LDLC) (p=0.0001) and FPG (p=0.005) were significantly reduced, while waist circumference (WC) (p=0.025) and the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (p=0.027) were significantly reduced in the control group. No significant change in steps/day or calorie intake'was observed in either group. Taken together, these data indicate that the combined physical activity and dietary intervention was not effective at improving diet or physical activity level. However, the intervention was effective in improving FPG among participants with abdominal obesity. The significant increase in HC in the interventions group warrants further study. These findings will be useful to further improve group-based intervention for the prevention and management of obesity.

Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
Fulltext Community-based cardiovascular Risk Factors Intervention Strategies (CORFIS) in managing hypertension: A pragmatic non-randomised controlled trial

Low WHH, Seet W, Ramli AS, Ng KK, Jamaiyah H, Dan SP, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 2013 Apr;68(2):129-35.
PMID: 23629558 MyJurnal

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is the number one cardiovascular risk factor in Malaysia. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a Community-Based Cardiovascular Risk Factors Intervention Strategies (CORFIS) in the management of hypertension in primary care.
METHODS: This is a pragmatic, non-randomized controlled trial. Seventy general practitioners (GPs) were selected to provide either CORFIS (44 GPs) or conventional care (26 GPs) for 6 months. A total of 486 hypertensive patients were recruited; 309 were in the intervention and 177 in the control groups. Primary outcome was the proportion of hypertensive patients who achieved target blood pressure (BP) of <140/90mmHg (for those without diabetes mellitus) and <130/80mmHg (with diabetes mellitus). Secondary outcomes include change in the mean/median BP at 6-month as compared to baseline.
RESULTS: The proportion of hypertensive patients who achieved target BP at 6-month was significantly higher in the CORFIS arm (69.6%) as compared to the control arm (57.6%), P=0.008. Amongst those who had uncontrolled BP at baseline, the proportion who achieved target BP at 6-month was also significantly higher in the CORFIS arm (56.6%) as compared to the control arm (34.1%), p<0.001. There was no difference in the patients who had already achieved BP control at baseline. There were significant reductions in SBP in the CORFIS arm (median -9.0mmHg; -60 to 50) versus control (median -2mmHg; -50 to 48), p=0.003; as well as in DBP (CORFIS arm: median -6.0mmHg; ranged from -53 to 30 versus control arm: median 0.0mmHg; ranged from -42 to 30), p<0.001.
CONCLUSIONS: Patients who received CORFIS care demonstrated significant improvements in achieving target BP.

Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
Prevalence and risk factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a multiracial suburban Asian population in Malaysia

Goh SC, Ho EL, Goh KL

Hepatol Int, 2013 Jun;7(2):548-54.
PMID: 26201786 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-012-9359-2

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the Malaysian population is not known. Malaysia has a multiracial Asian population with three major Asian races: Malay, Chinese, and Indian living together. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence and risk factors in a suburban Malaysian population.
METHODS: Consecutive subjects who came for a health checkup at a suburban medical facility were recruited for the study. All individuals had clinical assessments, anthropometric measurements, blood tests, and ultrasonography of the liver performed. Those with significant alcohol consumption and history of chronic liver disease were excluded.
RESULTS: Of the 1,621 "health screened" individuals analyzed, 368 (22.7 %) were found to have NAFLD. They comprised Chinese 1,269 (78.3 %), Malay 197 (12.1 %), and Indian 155 (9.6 %). Males and "older" age group ≥45 years had high prevalence rates with the highest in Indian (68.2 %) and Malay (64.7 %) males. Chinese females <45 years had the lowest prevalence of 5.2 %. A significant increase in the prevalence of fatty liver between age <45 years and ≥45 years was seen in female of all three races but in male, this increase was seen only among the Indians. NAFLD was strongly associated with diabetes mellitus, glucose intolerance, body mass index ≥23, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension.
CONCLUSION: NAFLD is common in suburban Malaysian population. Older Indian and Malay males have an inordinately high prevalence of the disease.

Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
Fulltext Prevalence of asymptomatic atrial fibrillation in Malaysian patients with hypertension

Wong JS, Bau R, Ahmad F, Ismail R, Yip AFY

Med J Malaysia, 2013 Apr;68(2):141-3.
PMID: 23629560 MyJurnal

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is usually asymptomatic and often associated with established cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension. The prevalence atrial fibrillation in patients admitted to Malaysian hospitals has been determined, but asymptomatic atrial fibrillation (AAF) in hypertensive patients in the primary care setting is not established. This study reports the prevalence of AAF in hypertensive patients in Malaysia, in a primary care setting. The overall prevalence of AAF was 0.75% with no differences between the gender. The prevalence of AAF increases with age - in the age groups of 30-39, >40-49, >50-59, >60-69, 70-79 and >80 years old were 0%, 0.17%, 0.35%, 2.32%, 2.59%, and 0% respectively. Hypertensive patients with age of ≥ 61 year old were associated with a probability of 10.6 times higher for AAF. We suggest the age threshold to screen for AAF to be age of 60. It is estimated that there are 49,029 Malaysians with AAF in 2010. A large population is at risk of AAF-related complications. There is justification for an even greater emphasis on diagnostic, primary and secondary prevention strategies.
Study site: Klinik Kesihatan Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
Fulltext Joint association of sitting time and physical activity with metabolic risk factors among middle-aged Malays in a developing country: a cross-sectional study

Chu AH, Moy FM

PLoS One, 2013;8(4):e61723.
PMID: 23613917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061723

Prolonged sitting is associated with increased weight and higher risks for abdominal obesity, dyslipidaemia, hyperglycaemia and hypertension among the adult population. This has been well documented in the West, but studies on these associations are lacking in developing countries, including Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
Rate of decline of kidney function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the associated factors: a 10-year retrospective cohort study

Tan SF, Chia YC, Chinna K

Asia Pac J Public Health, 2015 Mar;27(2):NP640-9.
PMID: 23761589 DOI: 10.1177/1010539513490193

This study examines the rate of decline of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) over a 10-year period and the associated risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Medical records of T2DM patients were randomly selected. The rate of fall in eGFR (simplified modification of diet in renal disease formula) was used as a measure of decline. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to determine the factors associated with decline of kidney function. A total of 504 patients were selected. Mean age was 57.8 ± 9 years; 65.3% were females. The mean decline rate of eGFR was 0.89 ± 2.16 mL/min/1.73 m(2)/y. Baseline proteinuria, glycosylated hemoglobin level, duration of T2DM, and Malay race were associated with faster decline in eGFR. The expected greater deterioration in kidney function in this cohort was not seen. Treatment of proteinuria and glycemia should be optimized early to retard the decline in kidney function in patients with T2DM.
Study site: Primary care clinics, University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
OPRM1 rs1799971 polymorphism and opioid dependence: evidence from a meta-analysis

Haerian BS, Haerian MS

Pharmacogenomics, 2013 May;14(7):813-24.
PMID: 23651028 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.57

The OPRM1 gene encodes the µ-opioid receptor, which is the primary site of action of most opioids. Several studies and three meta-analyses have examined a possible link between the exonic OPRM1 A118G (rs1799971) polymorphism and opioid dependence; however, results have been inconclusive. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis have been carried out to examine whether this polymorphism is associated with opioid dependence. Thirteen studies (n = 9385), comprising 4601 opioid dependents and 4784 controls, which evaluated association of the OPRM1 rs1799971 polymorphism with susceptibility to opioids, were included in this study. Our meta-analysis showed significant association between this polymorphism and susceptibility to opioid dependence in overall studies under a codominant model, as well as susceptibility to opioid dependence or heroin dependence in Asians under an autosomal dominant model. The nonsynonymous OPRM1 rs1799971 might be a risk factor for addiction to opioids or heroin in an Asian population.

Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
Pancreatic cancer in Universiti Sains Malaysia Hospital: a retrospective review of years 2001-2008

Norsa' adah B, Nur-Zafira A, Knight A

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2012;13(6):2857-60.
PMID: 22938473

Pancreatic cancer is usually detected late and has a high mortality rate. Since little is known about this cancer in Malaysia, a review of all cases admitted to Universiti Sains Malaysia Hospital was conducted to identify the epidemiological distribution and assess survival. A list of pancreatic cancer patients in 2001-2008 was obtained from the Hospital Record Department. Only cases confirmed by radio-imaging or histo-pathology examination were included. We excluded those with incomplete medical records. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard approaches were used for data analysis. Only 56 cases were included with a mean (SD) age of 49.6 (16.0) years, with 60.7% males and 82.1% of Malay ethnicity. Previous history included cholelithiasis in 23.2%, diabetes mellitus in 16.1%, previous laparotomy in 10.7%, chronic pancreatitis in 7.1%, alcohol drinking in 5.4% and positive family history in 3.6%. The common presenting history included 67.9% loss of appetite, 66.1% loss of weight, 58.9% jaundice and 46.4% abdominal pain. Tumour staging was: 21.5% stage l, 17.8% stage ll, 3.6% stage lll and 57.1% stage lV. The median (95% CI) survival time was 3.4 (0.5, 6.3) months and significant prognostic factors were duration of symptoms (HR 0.97; 95% CI: 0.95, 0.99; p value 0.013), ascites (HR 2.64; 95% CI: 1.28, 5.44; p value 0.008) and Whipple surgery (HR 4.20; 95% CI: 2.27, 7.76; p value <0.001). The history of presenting complaints was short and the majority presented at late stages of the disease, thus the median survival time was very poor.

Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
Physical activity and obesity research in the Asia-Pacific: a review

Khoo S, Morris T

Asia Pac J Public Health, 2012 May;24(3):435-49.
PMID: 22593220 DOI: 10.1177/1010539512446368

Obesity is a global health concern and has a great impact on countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for obesity, but physical activity levels are declining in much of this region. Increasing physical activity is a priority in many countries. Considerable research has been conducted on physical activity related to obesity in Western countries, but populations in the Asia-Pacific region differ in physical, psychological, social, and cultural ways that warrant local and regional research. The authors reviewed research conducted in the Asia-Pacific region that examined either the impact of physical activity interventions on obesity-related outcomes or the effect of behavior-change interventions on physical activity participation. The number of studies found was limited, and their samples and methods varied too much to draw conclusions. The authors recommend further research in the Asia-Pacific region using systematic protocols to permit sound conclusions to be drawn and promote informed action at local levels.

Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
Factors associated with success or failure of quit attempts: a clinical approach for lung cancer prevention

Su TT, Sallehuddin BA, Murniati HH, Swinder J, Al Sadat N, Saimy I

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2012;13(1):175-9.
PMID: 22502663

The objective of the study is to investigate the success rate of quit attempts and identify factors associated with success or failure of quit attempts in a quit smoking clinic. A cohort study was conducted with 495 smokers who enrolled in a quit smoking clinic from 2005 to 2008. The factors leading to quit smoking successfully were "being Malay", "having high blood pressure" "type of Nicotine Replacement Therapy" and "duration of follow up". In contrast, clerical staff had negative association to quit smoking. People who started smoking in their teenage years had a high risk of relapse. Integration of active follow up and tailor-made support programmes for quitters appear necessary in order to maintain their non-smoking status and encourage them to be permanent quitters. Integration of quit smoking clinics and primary care clinics could be another potential step for the success of quit smoking programmes.

Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
Loneliness as a risk factor for hypertension in later life

Momtaz YA, Hamid TA, Yusoff S, Ibrahim R, Chai ST, Yahaya N, et al.

J Aging Health, 2012 Jun;24(4):696-710.
PMID: 22422758 DOI: 10.1177/0898264311431305

The present study aims to determine the impact of loneliness on hypertension in later life.

Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
Fulltext Risk factors for neurosurgical site infections after a neurosurgical procedure: a prospective observational study at Hospital Kuala Lumpur

Buang SS, Haspani MS

Med J Malaysia, 2012 Aug;67(4):393-8.
PMID: 23082448

Surgical site infection (SSI) after craniotomy even though rare, poses a real risk of surgery and represents a substantial burden of disease for both patients and healthcare services in terms of morbidity, mortality and economic cost. The knowledge of risk factor for surgical site infection after craniotomy will allow the authority to implement specific preventive measures to reduce the infection rate. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to determine the incidence and the risk factors of surgical site infection after craniotomy.

Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
The burden of stroke in the Lao People's Democratic Republic

Loo KW, Gan SH

Int J Stroke, 2013 Jun;8(4):273-5.
PMID: 22974070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00884.x

In the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos), stroke is ranked as the third leading cause of death, with a 9·01% mortality rate. To date, neither the prevalence nor the incidence of stroke has been recorded in Laos. This omission may be attributed to a lack of awareness among Laotians of the signs and symptoms of stroke, incomplete data, or insufficient database recording. The only risk factor for stroke that has been studied extensively is cigarette smoking; studies have found that smokers have twice the risk of stroke. Unfortunately, smoking is increasing among youths, adults, and even healthcare professionals. The Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance stated that 42% of hospitalized stroke patients are smokers. Laos is one of the least developed countries in the world, and the country has only one fully trained neurologist for the growing number of stroke cases. The Laos government should seek help from international bodies, such as the World Health Organization, to monitor and rehabilitate stroke patients and prevent stroke occurrence and recurrence.

Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
Fulltext Cognitive impairment among the elderly Malays living in rural Malaysia

Rashid AK, Azizah AM, Rohana S

Med J Malaysia, 2012 Apr;67(2):186-9.
PMID: 22822641 MyJurnal

Cognitive impairment is a common psychiatric problem among the elderly. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of cognitive impairment among the elderly Malays living in a rural community in north Malaysia. A cross sectional study was conducted among the elderly population of 22 villages in north Malaysia. Elderly cognitive assessment questionnaire was used to determine the cognition status. Analysis was done using SPSS version 13. The prevalence of cognitive impairment among the older adults in these villages was 11% (n=46). There was an increasing prevalence of cognitive impairment with increasing age (p < 0.05). Being unmarried (OR 2.31), unemployed (OR 2.74) and living alone (OR 2.32) were significantly associated with the risk of being cognitively impairment. Being unemployed (OR 2.29) was a significant predictor variable for cognitive impairment. Similar to other studies conducted in Malaysia the prevalence of cognitive impairment was high.

Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors

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