Sentiment analysis in the public security domain involves analysing public sentiment, emotions, opinions, and attitudes toward events, phenomena, and crises. However, the complexity of sarcasm, which tends to alter the intended meaning, combined with the use of bilingual code-mixed content, hampers sentiment analysis systems. Currently, limited datasets are available that focus on these issues. This paper introduces a comprehensive dataset constructed through a systematic data acquisition and annotation process. The acquisition process includes collecting data from social media platforms, starting with keyword searching, querying, and scraping, resulting in an acquired dataset. The subsequent annotation process involves refining and labelling, starting with data merging, selection, and annotation, ending in an annotated dataset. Three expert annotators from different fields were appointed for the labelling tasks, which produced determinations of sentiment and sarcasm in the content. Additionally, an annotator specialized in literature was appointed for language identification of each content. This dataset represents a valuable contribution to the field of natural language processing and machine learning, especially within the public security domain and for multilingual countries in Southeast Asia.
Various production methods have been developed for graphene production, but each of them falls short in either the economic or quality aspect. In this paper, we present the flame deposition method, a modified chemical vapor deposition (CVD) that uses an open-flame. In this method, resulting carbon deposits were found to be graphitic in nature, thereby suggesting multilayer graphene growth in a very short reaction time of 5 min. Furthermore, the deposits were transferred onto a cyanoacrylate plastic substrate and its sheet resistance was measured to be 81 ohm/square. The results showed that open-flame deposition exhibits high potential for low-cost, low-energy and high-quality production of graphene.
Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) is a gram-positive diplococci belonging to the genus Streptococcus and it is a well-studied pathogenic bacterium. Pneumococcal diseases such as otitis media, pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis caused by pathogenic strains of S. pneumoniae still brought significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. The pathogenicity of S. pneumoniae is exerted by various virulence factors and one of it is the enzyme hyaluronate lyase. Hyaluronate lyase plays a major role in
the invasive capability of S. pneumoniae. Its mechanism of action and crystallographic
structure have been determinedbut its regulatory mechanism is still poorly understood.
Drawing connections between the nutritional behaviour and invasive property of S.
pneumoniae, CodY regulator is hypothesized as a potential hyaluronate lyase regulator.
This work was aimed to construct CodY deficient mutant of S. pneumoniae to form
foundational work for the study of CodY regulatory effect on hyaluronate lyase.
Anthropometric analysis provides the most reliable comparison of the body forms by using specific landmarks determined in respect of anatomical prominences. The knowledge of unique shape, anatomy and dimensions of the nose is very useful for surgeon undertaking its repair and reconstruction. Prosthetic rehabilitation also requires the ability to imagine the position and dimension of the nose within the facial proximity. Therefore, the access to nasal data for each
population are advantageous. The aims were to measure parameters of external nose of a Malay population and to determine the significant difference in nose value parameters between gender and age group. The direct anthropometric measurements were carried out in 86 Malay subjects within the age range of 18 to 55 years old who attended UiTM dental clinic. Nasal landmarks were
identified, and the nose parameters were measured using digital calliper. The values were expressed as mean, standard deviation and range. Nasal height, width and length of the nasal bridge were higher in male. The intercanthal width and philtrum length were statistically not significant for both genders. There were significant differences in nasal width, philtrum length, intercanthal width and outer intercommisural mouth width between the three age groups. However, the height of the nose, length of the nasal bridge and nasal index between age group were statistically not significant. The male population and the 41-55 years age group have higher nose value parameters. The most common type of nose was platyrrhine: broad. This study also suggested that Malay population have medium broad nose as the nasal index for both genders was ≤ 84.90.
Amblyopia is one of the most common causes of visual defi cit in children. Presently, in the Ministry of Health Malaysia hospitals, there is no documented data on the characteristic and profi le of amblyopia cases. This study was conducted to scribe the profile of new amblyopia cases seen by optometrists at the Ministry of Health (MOH) Hospitals. This study was a retrospective and multicenter study including all MOH hospitals with optometry clinics. Clinical record data of amblyopic patients aged 3 to 17 years old who were newly diagnosed between 1st August 2010 to 31st January 2011 and who fulfi lled the inclusion criteria were obtained. Data collected included demography, systemic history, ocular history and optometric findings and diagnosis. Thirty eight MOH hospitals participated and a total of 301 patients were diagnosed with functional amblyopia within the study period. Mean age for these amblyopic patients was 7.70 + 0.16 years old. Boys were the predominant gender (57.1%) and Malay preceded the other races with a 65.4% occurrence. Mild amblyopia was found in 51.5% of the patients, 31.6% were with moderate amblyopia and only 16.9% of patients were severe amblyopia. The underlying amblyogenic causes assessed were ametropia (61.5%), anisometropia (25.2%), strabismus (9.3%) and stimulus deprivation (4.0%). Refractive error was discovered as the most common cause of amblyopia in this study. It is crucial for optometrists to detect this type of visual impairment and undertake an early optometric intervention.
Study site: multicenter study including all MOH hospital
The mirror self-recognition (MSR) is a behavioral technique to determine whether an animal has the ability to
identify themselves in front of a mirror. A Malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) was selected from Zoo Negara
Malaysia and an acrylic mirror is placed outside of the cage to observe interaction of the animal to the mirror. This
study showed that the bear’s behaviour was inconsistent due to the inability of the animal to recognize its own
reflection after exposure to the close and open mirror tests. These results suggest that when keeping Malayan sun bears
in captivity, putting a mirror as enrichment may promote communication and familiarity between conspecific.
Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) leucospilota (Brandt 1835), white threads fish or locally known as bat puntil is currently considered as the most abundant sea cucumber species in Malaysia. This study aimed to generate the genetic profile of H. leucospilota from Malaysia and then to determine the phylogenetic relationship between H. leucospilota and other members of genus Holothuria using partial sequences of cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene. In this study, specimens of H. leucospilota were collected from Intan Besar Island, Langkawi, Kedah Darul Aman in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Three main methods namely neighbour joining, maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood were used for the phylogenetic tree reconstruction. Tree topologies showed that H. leucospilota has its own monophyletic clade clearly distinct from the other species. The pairwise genetic distance calculated further supported these findings. In addition, the results also should that the COI mtDNA gene is capable to unravel the phylogenetic relationship of H. leucospilota.
Kertas ini membincangkan kaedah untuk mengurangkan kesan interaksi gelombang elektromagnet dengan kepala manusia menggunakan bahan ferit dan metabahan. Pengukuran pengurangan bagi Kadar Penyerapan Spesifik (SAR) menggunakan bahan ferit dan metabahan telah dilaksana dengan kaedah domain-masa perbezaan-terhingga (FDTD) model Lossy-Drude melalui perisian CST Microwave Studio. Metabahan dibentuk dengan menyusun penyalun cincin terpisah (SRRs) secara berkala. Nilai SAR diukur pada beberapa nilai jarak antara model kepala dengan telefon, kelebaran, ketebalan dan ketinggian bahan ferit dan metabahan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa nilai SAR1g telah berkurang kepada 1.043 W/kg dengan menggunakan bahan ferit dan 1.161 W/kg dengan menggunakan metabahan. Bagi SAR10g, nilai SAR menurun kepada 0.676 W/kg menggunakan bahan ferit dan 0.737 W/kg dengan menggunakan metabahan. Keputusan bagi nilai SAR dalam kepala manusia dengan kehadiran SRR yang membentuk metabahan telah dianalisis untuk menentusahkan kesan bagi pengurangan SAR ini. Keputusan analisis ini boleh memberikan maklumat yang dapat membantu dalam reka bentuk peralatan komunikasi tanpa wayar bagi mematuhi peraturan keselamatan.
Silicon (Si) plays an important role in reducing plant susceptibility against a variety of different biotic and abiotic stresses; and also has an important regulatory role in soil to avoid heavy metal toxicity and providing suitable growing conditions for plants. A full-length cDNAs of 696bp of serine-rich protein was cloned from mangrove plant (Rhizophora apiculata) by amplification of cDNA ends from an expressed sequence tag homologous to groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), submitted to NCBI (KF211374). This serine-rich protein gene encodes a deduced protein of 223 amino acids. The transcript titre of the serine-rich protein was found to be strongly enriched in roots compared with the leaves of two month old mangrove plants and expression level of this serine-rich protein was found to be strongly induced when the mangrove seedlings were exposed to SiO2. Expression of the serine-rich protein transgenic was detected in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana, where the amount of serine increased from 1.02 to 37.8mg/g. The same trend was also seen in Si content in the roots (14.3%) and leaves (7.4%) of the transgenic A. thaliana compared to the wild-type plants under Si treatment. The biological results demonstrated that the accumulation of the serine amino acid in the vegetative tissues of the transgenic plants enhanced their ability to absorb and accumulate more Si in the roots and leaves and suggests that the serine-rich protein gene has potential for use in genetic engineering of different stress tolerance characteristics.
Auxin and cytokinin regulate different critical processes involved in plant growth and environmental feedbacks. These plant hormones act either synergistically or antagonistically to control the organisation, formation and maintenance of meristem. Meristem cells can be divided to generate new tissues and organs at the locations of plant postembryonic development. The aboveground plant organs are created by the shoot apical meristem (SAM). It has been proposed that the phytohormone, cytokinin, plays a positive role in the shoot meristem function, promotes cell expansion and promotes an increasing size of the meristem in Arabidopsis, whereas it has the reverse effects in the root apical meristem (RAM). Over the last few decades, it has been believed that the apically derived auxin suppresses the shoot branching by inactivating the axillary buds. However, it has recently become clear that the mechanism of action of auxinis indirect and multifaceted. In higher plants, the regulatory mechanisms of the SAM formation and organ separation are mostly unknown. This study reviews the effects and functions of cytokinin and auxin at the shoot apical meristem. This study also highlights the merger of the transcription factor activity with the actions of cytokinin/auxin and their complex interactions with the shoot meristem in rice.
Six weed species (Leptochola chinensis, Echinochloa crus-galli, Echinochloa colona, Jussiaea linifolia, Oryza sativa (weedy rice) and Cyperus iria) were tested for their salt tolerant traits in terms of chlorophyll, proline and mineral nutrients accumulation against different salinity levels (0, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, and 40 dS m(-1)). Chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content, proline and mineral nutrients accumulation were determined. Salt stress showed prominent effect on all the parameters investigated and there were significant variations between the all weed species. Chlorophyll content, K+, Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) ions in both shoots and roots significantly decreased; while proline and Na+ accumulation significantly increased with increasing salinity up to 40 dS m(-1). In terms of overall performance, Cyperus iria and E. crus-galliwere relatively more tolerant; E. colona and J. linifolia were tolerant; L. chinensis and O. sativa L were salt sensitive, respectively.
The blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, causes serious disease on a wide variety of grasses including rice, wheat and barley. The recognition of pathogens is an amazing ability of plants including strategies for displacing virulence effectors through the adaption of both conserved and variable pathogen elicitors. The pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) were reported as two main innate immune responses in plants, where PTI gives basal resistance and ETI confers durable resistance. The PTI consists of extracellular surface receptors that are able to recognize PAMPs. PAMPs detect microbial features such as fungal chitin that complete a vital function during the organism's life. In contrast, ETI is mediated by intracellular receptor molecules containing nucleotide-binding (NB) and leucine rich repeat (LRR) domains that specifically recognize effector proteins produced by the pathogen. To enhance crop resistance, understanding the host resistance mechanisms against pathogen infection strategies and having a deeper knowledge of innate immunity system are essential. This review summarizes the recent advances on the molecular mechanism of innate immunity systems of rice against M. oryzae. The discussion will be centered on the latest success reported in plant-pathogen interactions and integrated defense responses in rice.
Five Malaysian rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties, MR33, MR52, MR211, MR219, and MR232, were tested in pot culture under different salinity regimes for biochemical response, physiological activity, and grain yield. Three different levels of salt stresses, namely, 4, 8, and 12 dS m(-1), were used in a randomized complete block design with four replications under glass house conditions. The results revealed that the chlorophyll content, proline, sugar content, soluble protein, free amino acid, and yield per plant of all the genotypes were influenced by different salinity levels. The chlorophyll content was observed to decrease with salinity level but the proline increased with salinity levels in all varieties. Reducing sugar and total sugar increased up to 8 dS m(-1) and decreased up to 12 dS m(-1). Nonreducing sugar decreased with increasing the salinity levels in all varieties. Soluble protein and free amino acid also decreased with increasing salinity levels. Cortical cells of MR211 and MR232 did not show cell collapse up to 8 dS m(-1) salinity levels compared to susceptible checks (IR20 and BRRI dhan29). Therefore, considering all parameters, MR211 and MR232 showed better salinity tolerance among the tested varieties. Both cluster and principal component analyses depict the similar results.
Selection of salt tolerant rice varieties has a huge impact on global food supply chain. Five Malaysian rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties, MR33, MR52, MR211, MR219 and MR232 were tested in pot experiment under different salinity levels for their response in term of vegetative growth, physiological activities, development of yield components and grain yield. Rice varieties, BRRI dhan29 and IR20 were used as a salt-sensitive control and Pokkali was used as a salt-tolerant control. Three different salinity levels viz. 4, 8, and 12 dS m(-1) were used in a randomized complete block design with four replications under glass house conditions. Two Malaysia varieties, MR211 and MR232 performed better in terms of vegetative growth (plant height, leaf area plant(-1), number of tillers plant(-1), dry matter accumulation plant(-1)), photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, yield components, grain yield and injury symptoms. While, MR33, MR52 and MR219 verities were able to withstand salinity stress over salt-sensitive control, BRRI dhan29 and IR20.
Tuberculosis (TB) in Malaysia is rising due to multiple factors and issues related to its management are addressed in the updated evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Screening for active TB should be considered in high risk groups. Light emitting diode-based fluorescence microscopy and nucleic acid amplification tests are recommended investigations. Health education and standardised 6-month daily antituberculosis (antiTB) regimen are among important elements for successful treatment. Latent TB infection screening should only be performed on high risk individuals. AntiTB regimen offered to HIV-positive adults should be the same as for HIV-negative adults and timing to initiate highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with TB is based on CD4 count. All patients on antiTB treatment should be monitored to assess their response to treatment and to identify problems associated with it.
The knowledge of genetic diversity of tree crop is very important for breeding and improvement program for the purpose of improving the yield and quality of its produce. Genetic diversity study and analysis of genetic relationship among 20 Moringa oleifera were carried out with the aid of twelve primers from, random amplified polymorphic DNA marker. The seeds of twenty M. oleifera genotypes from various origins were collected and germinated and raised in nursery before transplanting to the field at University Agricultural Park (TPU). Genetic diversity parameter, such as Shannon's information index and expected heterozygosity, revealed the presence of high genetic divergence with value of 1.80 and 0.13 for Malaysian population and 0.30 and 0.19 for the international population, respectively. Mean of Nei's gene diversity index for the two populations was estimated to be 0.20. In addition, a dendrogram constructed, using UPGMA cluster analysis based on Nei's genetic distance, grouped the twenty M. oleifera into five distinct clusters. The study revealed a great extent of variation which is essential for successful breeding and improvement program. From this study, M. oleifera genotypes of wide genetic origin, such as T-01, T-06, M-01, and M-02, are recommended to be used as parent in future breeding program.
A field experiment was carried out in order to evaluate genetic diversity of 41 rice genotypes using physiological traits and molecular markers. All the genotypes unveiled variations for crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), yield per hill (Yhill(-1)), total dry matter (TDM), harvest index (HI), photosynthetic rate (PR), leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b at maximum tillering stage. The CGR values varied from 0.23 to 0.76 gm cm(-2) day(-1). The Yhill(-1) ranged from 15.91 to 92.26 g, while TDM value was in the range of 7.49 to 20.45 g hill(-1). PR was found to vary from 9.40 to 22.34 µmol m(-2) s(-1). PR expressed positive relation with Yhill(-1). Significant positive relation was found between CGR and TDM (r = 0.61**), NAR and CGR (r = 0.62**) and between TDM and NAR (r = 0.31**). High heritability was found in RGR and Yhill(-1). Cluster analysis based on the traits grouped 41 rice genotypes into seven clusters. A total of 310 polymorphic loci were detected across the 20 inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. The UPGMA dendrogram grouped 41 rice genotypes into 11 clusters including several sub-clusters. The Mantel test revealed positive correlation between quantitative traits and molecular markers (r = 0.41). On the basis of quantitative traits and molecular marker analyses parental genotypes, IRBB54 with MR84, IRBB60 with MR84, Purbachi with MR263, IRBB65 with BR29, IRBB65 with Pulut Siding and MRQ74 with Purbachi could be hybridized for future breeding program.
An investigation was made to see the salt tolerance of 10 weed species of rice. Properly dried and treated seeds of weed species were placed on 9 cm diameter petridishes lined with Whatman No. 1 filter paper under 6 salinity regimes, viz. 0 (control), 4, 8, 16, 24 and 32 dS m(-1). The petri dishes were then kept in germinator at 25 +/- 1.0 degrees C and 12 hr light. The number of germinated seeds were recorded daily. The final germination percentage, germination index (GI), seedling vigour index, mean germination time and time for 50% germination were estimated. Root and shoot lengths of the weed seedlings were measured at 20 days after salt application and relative growth values were calculated. Results revealed that salinity decreased final germination percentage, seed of germination as measured by GI, and shoot and root length in all the species. Germination of most of the weed seeds was completely arrested (0) at 32 dS m(-1) salinity except in E. colona (12%) and C. iria (13.9%). The species C. iria, E. colona, J. linifolia and E. crusgalli showed better germination (above 30%) upto 24 dS m(-1) salinity level and were regarded as salt-tolerant weed species. J. linifolia, F. miliacea, L. chinensis and O. sativa L. (weedy rice) were graded as moderately tolerant and S. zeylanica, S. grosus and C. difformis were regarded as least tolerant weed species.
Malaysia has achieved reasonable health outcomes even though the country spends a modest amount of Gross Domestic Product on healthcare. However, the country is now experiencing a rising incidence of both infectious diseases and chronic lifestyle conditions that reflect growing wealth in a vibrant and successful economy. With an eye on an ageing population, reform of the health sector is a government priority. As in other many parts of the world, general practitioners are the first healthcare professional consulted by patients. The Malaysian health system is served by public and private care providers. The integration of the two sectors is a key target for reform. However, the future health of the nation will depend on leadership in the primary care sector. This leadership will need to be informed by research to integrate care providers, empower patients, bridge cultural gaps and ensure equitable access to scarce health resources.