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Incidence of tumours suitable for radiosurgery in a developing country like Malaysia: retrospective study done before the decision to start a radiosurgery programme

Abdullah J, Ridzuan MY

Stereotact Funct Neurosurg, 1997;69(1-4 Pt 2):152-5.
PMID: 9711749

This is a descriptive epidemiologic study that was done retrospectively for the years 1990-1996. The objective was to determine whether tumours less than 4 cm in diameter are common and thereafter suitable for radiosurgical treatment. The results showed that the incidence of brain tumours less than 4 cm in diameter was 73.3% and about 20% were situated in the eloquent area.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain/pathology
Fulltext Association of Whole-Genome and NETRIN1 Signaling Pathway-Derived Polygenic Risk Scores for Major Depressive Disorder and White Matter Microstructure in the UK Biobank

Barbu MC, Zeng Y, Shen X, Cox SR, Clarke TK, Gibson J, et al.

Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging, 2019 01;4(1):91-100.
PMID: 30197049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.07.006

BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder is a clinically heterogeneous psychiatric disorder with a polygenic architecture. Genome-wide association studies have identified a number of risk-associated variants across the genome and have reported growing evidence of NETRIN1 pathway involvement. Stratifying disease risk by genetic variation within the NETRIN1 pathway may provide important routes for identification of disease mechanisms by focusing on a specific process, excluding heterogeneous risk-associated variation in other pathways. Here, we sought to investigate whether major depressive disorder polygenic risk scores derived from the NETRIN1 signaling pathway (NETRIN1-PRSs) and the whole genome, excluding NETRIN1 pathway genes (genomic-PRSs), were associated with white matter microstructure.
METHODS: We used two diffusion tensor imaging measures, fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD), in the most up-to-date UK Biobank neuroimaging data release (FA: n = 6401; MD: n = 6390).
RESULTS: We found significantly lower FA in the superior longitudinal fasciculus (β = -.035, pcorrected = .029) and significantly higher MD in a global measure of thalamic radiations (β = .029, pcorrected = .021), as well as higher MD in the superior (β = .034, pcorrected = .039) and inferior (β = .029, pcorrected = .043) longitudinal fasciculus and in the anterior (β = .025, pcorrected = .046) and superior (β = .027, pcorrected = .043) thalamic radiation associated with NETRIN1-PRS. Genomic-PRS was also associated with lower FA and higher MD in several tracts.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that variation in the NETRIN1 signaling pathway may confer risk for major depressive disorder through effects on a number of white matter tracts.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain/pathology*
Nystagmus and diplopia in a patient with positive aquaporin-4 antibody

Koh KL, Sonny Teo KS, Halim SA, Wan Hitam WH

Can J Ophthalmol, 2019 04;54(2):e66-e69.
PMID: 30975364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2018.06.022
Matched MeSH terms: Brain/pathology*
Fulltext Fluorine-19 Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Detection of Amyloid β Oligomers Using a Keto Form of Curcumin Derivative in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease

Yanagisawa D, Ibrahim NF, Taguchi H, Morikawa S, Tomiyama T, Tooyama I

Molecules, 2021 Mar 04;26(5).
PMID: 33806326 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051362

Recent evidence suggests that the formation of soluble amyloid β (Aβ) aggregates with high toxicity, such as oligomers and protofibrils, is a key event that causes Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, understanding the pathophysiological role of such soluble Aβ aggregates in the brain in vivo could be difficult due to the lack of a clinically available method to detect, visualize, and quantify soluble Aβ aggregates in the brain. We had synthesized a novel fluorinated curcumin derivative with a fixed keto form, named as Shiga-Y51, which exhibited high selectivity to Aβ oligomers in vitro. In this study, we investigated the in vivo detection of Aβ oligomers by fluorine-19 (19F) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using Shiga-Y51 in an APP/PS1 double transgenic mouse model of AD. Significantly high levels of 19F signals were detected in the upper forebrain region of APP/PS1 mice compared with wild-type mice. Moreover, the highest levels of Aβ oligomers were detected in the upper forebrain region of APP/PS1 mice in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These findings suggested that 19F-MRI using Shiga-Y51 detected Aβ oligomers in the in vivo brain. Therefore, 19F-MRI using Shiga-Y51 with a 7 T MR scanner could be a powerful tool for imaging Aβ oligomers in the brain.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain/pathology*
First case of schistosomiasis in Malaysia

Murugasu R, Por P

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1973 Dec;4(4):519-23.
PMID: 4787654
Matched MeSH terms: Brain/pathology
Fulltext Current Concepts of Neurodegenerative Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Disease

Magalingam KB, Radhakrishnan A, Ping NS, Haleagrahara N

Biomed Res Int, 2018;2018:3740461.
PMID: 29707568 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3740461

Neurodegenerative diseases are hereditary or sporadic conditions that result in the progressive loss of the structure and function of neurons as well as neuronal death. Although a range of diseases lie under this umbrella term, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative diseases that affect a large population around the globe. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles in brain regions and manifests as a type of dementia in aged individuals that results in memory loss, multiple cognitive abnormalities, and intellectual disabilities that interfere with quality of life. Since the discovery of AD, a wealth of new information has emerged that delineates the causes, mechanisms of disease, and potential therapeutic agents, but an effective remedy to cure the diseases has not been identified yet. This could be because of the complexity of the disease process, as it involves various contributing factors that include environmental factors and genetic predispositions. This review summarizes the current understanding on neurodegenerative mechanisms that lead to the emergence of the pathology of AD.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain/pathology
Study on Streptococcus agalactiae infection in Javanese medaka (Oryzias javanicus Bleeker, 1854) model

Amal MNA, Ismail A, Saad MZ, Md Yasin IS, Nasruddin NS, Mastor SS, et al.

Microb Pathog, 2019 Jun;131:47-52.
PMID: 30940607 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.03.034

This study determines the median lethal dose, and describes the clinico-pathological changes and disease development following Streptococcus agalactiae infection in Javanese medaka model. Javanese medakas were infected with S. agalactiae via intraperitoneal (IP) from 104 to 108 CFU/mL, and immersion (IM) route from 103 to 107 CFU/mL. The LD50-240h and clinico-pathological changes of the fish was determined until 240 h post infection (hpi). Next, the disease development was determined for 96 hpi in the fish following IP and IM infection at 103 CFU/mL and 104 CFU/mL, respectively. The LD50-240h of S. agalactiae in Javanese medaka was lower following IP injection (4.5 × 102 CFU/mL), compared to IM route (3.5 × 103 CFU/mL). The clinical signs included separating from the schooling group, swimming at the surface of water column, lethargy, erratic swimming pattern, corneal opacity and exophthalmia. Histopathological examinations revealed generalized congestion in almost all internal organs, particularly in liver and brain, while the kidney displayed tubular necrosis. Both IP and IM routes showed significant positive correlation (p 

Matched MeSH terms: Brain/pathology
Neuroprotection by trans-resveratrol against collagenase-induced neurological and neurobehavioural deficits in rats involves adenosine A1 receptors

Abd Aziz NAW, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal R, Abdul Kadir RF, Abd Latiff A, Ismail NM

Neurol Res, 2020 Mar;42(3):189-208.
PMID: 32013788 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2020.1716470

Objective:Trans-resveratrol has been shown to have neuroprotective effects and could be a promising therapeutic agent in the treatment of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). This study aimed to investigate the involvement of the adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) in trans-resveratrol-induced neuroprotection in rats with collagenase-induced ICH.Methods: Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 330-380 g were randomly divided into five groups (n = 12): (i) control, (ii) sham-operated rats, (iii) ICH rats pretreated with vehicle (0.1% DMSO saline, i.c.v.), (iv) ICH rats pretreated with trans-resveratrol (0.9 µg, i.c.v.) and (v) ICH rats pretreated with trans-resveratrol (0.9 µg) and the A1R antagonist, DPCPX (2.5 µg, i.c.v.). Thirty minutes after pretreatment, ICH was induced by intrastriatal injection of collagenase (0.04 U). Forty-eight hours after ICH, the rats were assessed using a variety of neurobehavioural tests. Subsequently, rats were sacrificed and brains were subjected to gross morphological examination of the haematoma area and histological examination of the damaged area.Results: Severe neurobehavioural deficits and haematoma with diffuse oedema were observed after intrastriatal collagenase injection. Pretreatment with trans-resveratrol partially restored general locomotor activity, muscle strength and coordination, which was accompanied with reduction of haematoma volume by 73.22% (P < 0.05) and damaged area by 60.77% (P < 0.05) in comparison to the vehicle-pretreated ICH group. The trans-resveratrol-induced improvement in neurobehavioural outcomes and morphological features of brain tissues was inhibited by DPCPX pretreatment.Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the A1R activation is possibly the mechanism underlying the trans-resveratrol-induced neurological and neurobehavioural protection in rats with ICH.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain/pathology
The effects of fish gender on susceptibility to acute Streptococcus agalactiae infection in Javanese medaka Oryzias javanicus

Amal MNA, Zarif ST, Suhaiba MS, Aidil MRM, Shaqinah NN, Zamri-Saad M, et al.

Microb Pathog, 2018 01;114:251-254.
PMID: 29217326 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.11.069

This study describes the susceptibility of different fish gender following acute Streptococcus agalactiae infection by using Javanese medaka Oryzias javanicus as test fish. The fish were grouped into four groups, which were: (1) all-male; (2) all-female; (3) mixed-gender (1 male: 1 female ratio); and (4) control non-infected (1 male: 1 female ratio). The fish in group 1, 2 and 3 were intraperitoneally exposed to 5.4 × 108 CFU/mL of S. agalactiae, while for group 4, the fish were exposed using sterile broth. The main clinical signs and histopathological changes of infected Javanese medaka were commonly observed in S. agalactiae infected fishes. However, no difference on clinical signs and histopathological changes of fish in group 1, 2 and 3 were noticed. The Javanese medaka mortality in group 1, 2 and 3 were observed from 4 h post infection (hpi) to 6 hpi, with the cumulative mortality from 3% to 30%. Then, the mortality increased at 12 hpi, with the range from 53% to 80%. However, 100% of the infected fish dead at 24 hpi. No clinical sign, histopathological change and fish mortality recorded in group 4. Generally, the clinical signs, mortality patterns, cumulative mortality and histopathological changes of Javanese medaka infected by S. agalactiae did not show any difference between the all-male, all-female and mixed-gender groups. This indicates that the susceptibility of fish to S. agalactiae infection is not influenced by their gender.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain/pathology
Fulltext Zingiber zerumbet L. (Smith) extract alleviates the ethanol-induced brain damage via its antioxidant activity

Hamid A, Ibrahim FW, Ming TH, Nasrom MN, Eusoff N, Husain K, et al.

BMC Complement Altern Med, 2018 Mar 20;18(1):101.
PMID: 29558939 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2161-5

BACKGROUND: Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith belongs to the Zingiberaceae family that is widely distributed throughout the tropics, particularly in Southeast Asia. It is locally known as 'Lempoyang' and traditionally used to treat fever, constipation and to relieve pain. It is also known to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Based on these antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of ethyl-acetate extract of Z. zerumbet rhizomes against ethanol-induced brain damage in male Wistar rats.
METHOD: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into four groups which consist of normal, 1.8 g/kg ethanol (40% v/v), 200 mg/kg Z. zerumbet extract plus ethanol and 400 mg/kg Z. zerumbet plus ethanol. The extract of Z. zerumbet was given once daily by oral gavage, 30 min prior to ethanol exposure via intraperitoneal route for 14 consecutive days. The rats were then sacrificed. Blood and brain homogenate were subjected to biochemical tests and part of the brain tissue was sectioned for histological analysis.
RESULT: Treatment with ethyl-acetate Z. zerumbet extract at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg significantly reduced the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (p brain homogenate. Both doses of extracts also significantly increased the level of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities as well as glutathione (GSH) level (p brain damage as shown with higher levels of SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH in the brain homogenate as compared to 200 mg/kg dose. Histological observation of the cerebellum and cerebral cortex showed that the extract prevented the loss of Purkinje cells and retained the number and the shape of the cells.
CONCLUSION: Ethyl-acetate extract of Z. zerumbet has protective effects against ethanol-induced brain damage and this is mediated through its antioxidant properties. Z. zerumbet extract protects against ethanol-induced brain damage via its antioxidant properties.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain/pathology
Fulltext Subdural collections due to non-typhi Salmonella infections in two Malaysian children

Intan HI, Zubaidah CD, Norazah A, Norlijah O

Singapore Med J, 2008 Jul;49(7):e186-9.
PMID: 18695854

Subdural collections caused by Salmonella infection are rarely encountered in children. We present two cases caused by non-typhi Salmonella, one a four-and-a-half-month-old boy presenting with subdural effusion, and the other, a 16-month-old boy with empyema. The diagnosis was confirmed on blood and subdural pus cultures. One patient had status epilepticus following focal fit, and the other had prolonged fever without any localising signs of infection on admission. They responded well to prompt surgical drainage and prolonged systemic antibiotic therapy. Contrary to previous reports, both patients showed favourable outcome in terms of neurological sequelae.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain/pathology
Fulltext A multi-resolution textural approach to diagnostic neuropathology reporting

Fauzi MF, Gokozan HN, Elder B, Puduvalli VK, Pierson CR, Otero JJ, et al.

J Neurooncol, 2015 Sep;124(3):393-402.
PMID: 26255070 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-1872-4

We present a computer aided diagnostic workflow focusing on two diagnostic branch points in neuropathology (intraoperative consultation and p53 status in tumor biopsy specimens) by means of texture analysis via discrete wavelet frames decomposition. For intraoperative consultation, our methodology is capable of classifying glioblastoma versus metastatic cancer by extracting textural features from the non-nuclei region of cytologic preparations based on the imaging characteristics of glial processes, which appear as anisotropic thin linear structures. For metastasis, these are homogeneous in appearance, thus suitable and extractable texture features distinguish the two tissue types. Experiments on 53 images (29 glioblastomas and 24 metastases) resulted in average accuracy as high as 89.7 % for glioblastoma, 87.5 % for metastasis and 88.7 % overall. For p53 interpretation, we detect and classify p53 status by classifying staining intensity into strong, moderate, weak and negative sub-classes. We achieved this by developing a novel adaptive thresholding for detection, a two-step rule based on weighted color and intensity for the classification of positively and negatively stained nuclei, followed by texture classification to classify the positively stained nuclei into the strong, moderate and weak intensity sub-classes. Our detection method is able to correctly locate and distinguish the four types of cells, at 85 % average precision and 88 % average sensitivity rate. These classification methods on the other hand recorded 81 % accuracy in classifying the positive and negative cells, and 60 % accuracy in further classifying the positive cells into the three intensity groups, which is comparable with neuropathologists' markings.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain/pathology*
siRNA Blocking of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Attenuates Pathology in Annonacin-Induced Tauopathy in Mice

Salama M, El-Desouky S, Alsayed A, El-Hussiny M, Magdy K, Fekry E, et al.

Neurotox Res, 2019 May;35(4):987-992.
PMID: 30362086 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9974-3

Tauopathy is a pathological hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases. It is characterized by abnormal aggregates of pathological phosphotau and somatodendritic redistribution. One suggested strategy for treating tauopathy is to stimulate autophagy, hence, getting rid of these pathological protein aggregates. One key controller of autophagy is mTOR. Since stimulation of mTOR leads to inhibition of autophagy, inhibitors of mTOR will cause stimulation of autophagy process. In this report, tauopathy was induced in mice using annonacin. Blocking of mTOR was achieved through stereotaxic injection of siRNA against mTOR. The behavioral and immunohistochemical evaluation revealed the development of tauopathy model as proven by deterioration of behavioral performance in open field test and significant tau aggregates in annonacin-treated mice. Blocking of mTOR revealed significant clearance of tau aggregates in the injected side; however, tau expression was not affected by mTOR blockage.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain/pathology*
Fulltext Henipavirus Encephalitis: Recent Developments and Advances

Ong KC, Wong KT

Brain Pathol, 2015 Sep;25(5):605-13.
PMID: 26276024 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12278

The genus Henipavirus within the family Paramyxoviridae includes the Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) which were discovered in the 1990s in Australia and Malaysia, respectively, after emerging to cause severe and often fatal outbreaks in humans and animals. While HeV is confined to Australia, more recent NiV outbreaks have been reported in Bangladesh, India and the Philippines. The clinical manifestations of both henipaviruses in humans appear similar, with a predominance of an acute encephalitic syndrome. Likewise, the pathological features are similar and characterized by disseminated, multi-organ vasculopathy comprising endothelial infection/ulceration, vasculitis, vasculitis-induced thrombosis/occlusion, parenchymal ischemia/microinfarction, and parenchymal cell infection in the central nervous system (CNS), lung, kidney and other major organs. This unique dual pathogenetic mechanism of vasculitis-induced microinfarction and neuronal infection causes severe tissue damage in the CNS. Both viruses can also cause relapsing encephalitis months and years after the acute infection. Many animal models studied to date have largely confirmed the pathology of henipavirus infection, and provided the means to test new therapeutic agents and vaccines. As the bat is the natural host of henipaviruses and has worldwide distribution, spillover events into human populations are expected to occur in the future.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain/pathology
Fulltext The West Nile virus-like flavivirus Koutango is highly virulent in mice due to delayed viral clearance and the induction of a poor neutralizing antibody response

Prow NA, Setoh YX, Biron RM, Sester DP, Kim KS, Hobson-Peters J, et al.

J Virol, 2014 Sep 1;88(17):9947-62.
PMID: 24942584 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01304-14

The mosquito-borne West Nile virus (WNV) is responsible for outbreaks of viral encephalitis in humans, horses, and birds, with particularly virulent strains causing recent outbreaks of disease in eastern Europe, the Middle East, North America, and Australia. Previous studies have phylogenetically separated WNV strains into two main genetic lineages (I and II) containing virulent strains associated with neurological disease. Several WNV-like strains clustering outside these lineages have been identified and form an additional five proposed lineages. However, little is known about whether these strains have the potential to induce disease. In a comparative analysis with the highly virulent lineage I American strain (WNVNY99), the low-pathogenicity lineage II strain (B956), a benign Australian strain, Kunjin (WNVKUN), the African WNV-like Koutango virus (WNVKOU), and a WNV-like isolate from Sarawak, Malaysia (WNVSarawak), were assessed for neuroinvasive properties in a murine model and for their replication kinetics in vitro. While WNVNY99 replicated to the highest levels in vitro, in vivo mouse challenge revealed that WNVKOU was more virulent, with a shorter time to onset of neurological disease and higher morbidity. Histological analysis of WNVKOU- and WNVNY99-infected brain and spinal cords demonstrated more prominent meningoencephalitis and the presence of viral antigen in WNVKOU-infected mice. Enhanced virulence of WNVKOU also was associated with poor viral clearance in the periphery (sera and spleen), a skewed innate immune response, and poor neutralizing antibody development. These data demonstrate, for the first time, potent neuroinvasive and neurovirulent properties of a WNV-like virus outside lineages I and II.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain/pathology
A giant mastoid cholesteatoma with posterior cranial extension causing mass effect and obstructive hydrocephalus

Sabir BI, Rahmat K, Bux SI, Rajagopal NS, Looi LM, Sia SF

Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2013 Oct;115(10):2192-6.
PMID: 23791432 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.05.023
Matched MeSH terms: Brain/pathology
Fulltext Recombinant measles virus vaccine expressing the Nipah virus glycoprotein protects against lethal Nipah virus challenge

Yoneda M, Georges-Courbot MC, Ikeda F, Ishii M, Nagata N, Jacquot F, et al.

PLoS One, 2013;8(3):e58414.
PMID: 23516477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058414

Nipah virus (NiV) is a member of the genus Henipavirus, which emerged in Malaysia in 1998. In pigs, infection resulted in a predominantly non-lethal respiratory disease; however, infection in humans resulted in over 100 deaths. Nipah virus has continued to re-emerge in Bangladesh and India, and person-to-person transmission appeared in the outbreak. Although a number of NiV vaccine studies have been reported, there are currently no vaccines or treatments licensed for human use. In this study, we have developed a recombinant measles virus (rMV) vaccine expressing NiV envelope glycoproteins (rMV-HL-G and rMV-Ed-G). Vaccinated hamsters were completely protected against NiV challenge, while the mortality of unvaccinated control hamsters was 90%. We trialed our vaccine in a non-human primate model, African green monkeys. Upon intraperitoneal infection with NiV, monkeys showed several clinical signs of disease including severe depression, reduced ability to move and decreased food ingestion and died at 7 days post infection (dpi). Intranasal and oral inoculation induced similar clinical illness in monkeys, evident around 9 dpi, and resulted in a moribund stage around 14 dpi. Two monkeys immunized subcutaneously with rMV-Ed-G showed no clinical illness prior to euthanasia after challenge with NiV. Viral RNA was not detected in any organ samples collected from vaccinated monkeys, and no pathological changes were found upon histopathological examination. From our findings, we propose that rMV-NiV-G is an appropriate NiV vaccine candidate for use in humans.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain/pathology
Mass mortality of hatchery-produced larvae of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), associated with viral nervous necrosis in Sabah, Malaysia

Ransangan J, Manin BO

Vet Microbiol, 2010 Sep 28;145(1-2):153-7.
PMID: 20427132 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.03.016

Culture of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch) is a popular aquaculture activity in Malaysia. This fish is in high demand and fetches a good price in the local market. The seed for this fish is commercially produced by induced spawning in hatcheries. However, the seed supply is affected by frequent mass mortality of larvae aged between 15 and 60 dph. The clinical signs shown by the affected larvae include lethargy, loss of appetite, uncoordinated swimming, unusual spiral movement pattern and dark coloration. Histological examination of brain and eye of the affected specimens revealed extensive cell vacuolation in larvae aged 15-25 dph. Partial nucleotide sequence of the nervous necrosis virus coat protein gene of the affected larvae showed 94.0-96.1% homology to the nucleotide sequences of coat protein gene from nervous necrosis virus isolated from other countries in the Southeast Asia and Australia. This study provides scientific evidence based on molecular technique that many episodes of mass mortality in seabass larvae in Sabah is associated with the viral nervous necrosis. Because no effective treatment has been reported for this infection, stringent biosecurity measures must be adopted for exclusion of the pathogen from the culture system.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain/pathology
Diabetic artefacts in forensic practice

Murty OP

J Forensic Leg Med, 2009 May;16(4):218-23.
PMID: 19329080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2008.07.010

A case is presented where confusion arose about skin lesions and whether they were diabetic or electrical in origin. The deceased was a known diabetic and hypertensive man. A middle-aged person in early fifties was found unconscious in the cell and judicial autopsy was performed. He was facing trial for capital punishment of being allegedly involved in drug trafficking and money laundering. He had few marks over his fingers and foot which were considered to be electric marks produced in electric torture. also had fracture of skull and ischemic necrosis of right side of cerebrum; and contrecoup lesions. Findings are documented with photographs of the lesions. The article also depicts photographs of the scene where the victim had fallen and sustained skull fracture.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain/pathology
Fulltext Pathologic characterization of a murine model of human enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis

Ong KC, Badmanathan M, Devi S, Leong KL, Cardosa MJ, Wong KT

J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 2008 Jun;67(6):532-42.
PMID: 18520772 DOI: 10.1097/NEN.0b013e31817713e7

We describe a model of Enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis in 2-week-old mice that shares many features with the human central nervous system (CNS) disease. Mice were infected via oral and parenteral routes with a murine-adapted virus strain originally from a fatal human case. The mice succumbed to infection after 2 to 5 days. Vacuolated and normal-appearing CNS neurons showed viral RNA and antigens and virions by in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy; inflammation was minimal. The most numerous infected neurons were in anterior horns, motor trigeminal nuclei, and brainstem reticular formation; fewer neurons in the red nucleus, lateral cerebellar nucleus, other cranial nerve nuclei, motor cortex, hypothalamus, and thalamus were infected. Other CNS regions, dorsal root, and autonomic ganglia were spared. Intramuscular-inoculated mice killed 24 to 36 hours postinfection had viral RNA and antigens in ipsilateral lumbar anterior horn cells and adjacent axons. Upper cord motor neurons, brainstem, and contralateral motor cortex neurons were infected from 48-72 hours. Viral RNA and antigens were abundant in skeletal muscle and adjacent tissues but not in other organs. The distinct, stereotypic viral distribution in this model suggests that the virus enters the CNS via peripheral motor nerves after skeletal muscle infection, and spread within the CNS involves motor and other neural pathways. This model may be useful for further studies on pathogenesis and for testing therapies.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain/pathology

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