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Plasma/serum proteomics: depletion strategies for reducing high-abundance proteins for biomarker discovery

Lee PY, Osman J, Low TY, Jamal R

Bioanalysis, 2019 Oct;11(19):1799-1812.
PMID: 31617391 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0145

Plasma and serum are widely used for proteomics-based biomarker discovery. However, analysis of these biofluids is highly challenging due to the complexity and wide dynamic range of their proteomes. Notably, highly abundant proteins tend to obscure the detection of potential biomarkers that are usually of lower concentrations. Among the strategies to resolve this problem are: depletion of high-abundance proteins, enrichment of low abundant proteins of interest and prefractionation. In this review, we focus on current and emerging depletion techniques used to enhance the detection and identification of the less abundant proteins in plasma and serum. We discuss the applications and contributions of these methods to proteomics analysis of plasma and serum alongside their limitations and future perspectives.

Matched MeSH terms: Serum
Simultaneous determination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in human serum by ultra performance liquid chromatography: An economical and validated method with bovine serum albumin

Chin SF, Osman J, Jamal R

Clin Chim Acta, 2018 Oct;485:60-66.
PMID: 29935177 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.06.024

A simple and economical method has been developed for simultaneous determination of human serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 (25OHD2) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). Non-human matrix of 4% BSA was used to construct the calibration curve and in quality control samples' preparation to avoid interference of the endogenous 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) present in the human serum. 25OHD2, 25OHD3 and dodecanophenone (internal standard, IS) were separated on a CORTECS solid-core particle column and monitored by photodiode array detector at wavelength of 265 nm within five min run time. The relationship between 25OHD concentration and peak area ratio (25OHD:IS) was linear over the range of 12.5 - 200 nM with mean correlation coefficients (r2) >0.998. The limit of detection (LOD) for 25OHD2 and 25OHD3 was 3.00 nM and 3.79 nM, while the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 9.11 nM and 11.48 nM, respectively. High repeatability was obtained for both isomers with intra-day CV% <5.6% and <5.3% for inter-day assay. This method was further tested with a commercial lyophilized serum control with an accuracy of 92.87-108.31% and applied on 214 human serum samples. In summary, this validated method with BSA can be reliably applied for routine quantification of 25OHD in adults.

Matched MeSH terms: Serum Albumin, Bovine/analysis*
Albumin adjusted calcium: Study in a tertiary care hospital

Mohd Ariffin ZA, Jamaluddin FA

Malays J Pathol, 2020 Dec;42(3):395-400.
PMID: 33361720

INTRODUCTION: One commonly used equation which continues to be widely mentioned in text books and hence familiar to clinical people is total calcium + 0.02 (40 - albumin). This equation was derived using cresophthalein complexone and bromocresol green (BCG) methods for measuring serum total calcium and serum albumin respectively. However this equation maybe invalid when applied to calcium and albumin results generated by alternative assays. Hence we aim to derive an albumin-adjusted calcium equation specific to our laboratory's total calcium and albumin methodologies.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 3,175 adult University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) patients deemed free of any calcium metabolism disorders were selected and divided into two groups for derivation and validation. Simple linear regression associating total calcium and albumin was constructed from the data in the derivation group. The new albumin-adjusted calcium equation was validated in the validation group. Differences in calcium status classification following adjustments based on existing and new albumin-adjusted calcium equation was compared in a 469 hypoalbuminaemic patients.
RESULT: The new albumin adjusted calcium equation was: total calcium + 0.014 x (39-albumin). Of the 469 hypoalbuminemic patients, 78 were classified differently based on new equation. Based on the new equation, 55 normocalcemic patients were classified as hypocalcemic and 22 were classified as normocalcemic instead of hyperclacaemic.
CONCLUSION: Based on the newly derived albuminadjusted calcium equation 17% of patients had different adjusted calcium classifications. This could potentially impact in the management. It is recommended that laboratories derive equations specific to their calcium/albumin methods and analytical platforms.

Matched MeSH terms: Serum Albumin/analysis*
Cleaning potential of surfactin on fouled ultrafiltration (UF) membranes

Mohd Hafez Mohd Isa, Frazier AR, Jauregi P

Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:1117-1124.

Biosurfactants are microbially produced surface active agents that offer better biodegradability and lower toxicity than chemically synthesized surfactants because of their biogenetic origin. One of the most surface-active biosurfactants known is surfactin, a cyclic lipopeptide produced by various strains of Bacillus subtilis. In this study, the cleaning potential of surfactin on ultrafiltration (UF) membranes fouled with BSA was studied using centrifugal UF devices of 50 kDa and 100 kDa MWCO polyethersulfone (PES) membranes. Mechanisms of bovine serum albumin (BSA) displacement by surfactin on fouled UF membranes were studied using dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique and surface tension measurements. Hydrodynamic diameter and surface tension measurements of BSA-surfactin mixtures showed that the surfactin was efficient in displacing BSA fouled on UF membranes due to strong electrostatic repulsive interactions involved at pH8.5. This study demonstrated that surfactin can be used to effectively clean fouled UF membranes.

Matched MeSH terms: Serum Albumin, Bovine
Periodic vicissitudes of different concentrations of a developed prototype killed S. aureus mastitis vaccine on immune modulators, mediators and immunoglobulins in cows

Hambali IU, Abdullah FFJB, Bhutto KR, Mohd Azmi ML, Wahid AH, Zakaria Z, et al.

Trop Anim Health Prod, 2019 May;51(4):781-789.
PMID: 30449009 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1755-8

Mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland due to microbial infiltration causing a reduced mammary function. This study aims at developing a vaccine using Malaysian local isolate of Staphylococcus aureus and evaluating serum amyloid A, Interleukin-10, IgM and IgG responses periodically. Four bacterin concentrations (106, 107, 108 and 109 cfu/ml of the local isolate of S. aureus) were adjuvanted with aluminium potassium sulphate. Thirty cows grouped into 4 treatment groups (G-) were vaccinated (2 ml) intramuscularly, with a fifth G-A as control. The mean concentration (MC) of serum amyloid A (SAA) was significantly different (sig-d) (p ˂ 0.05) in G-D at 0 h post vaccination (PV), 3 h PV, 24 h PV, weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4 PV (6-, 15-, 5-, 12-, 11-, 4- and 11-fold increased (FI) respectively). The MC of serum amyloid A was also sig-d in G-E at 0 h PV, weeks 1, 2 and 4 PV (3, 8, 5 and 8 FI respectively). The MC of IL-10 was sig-d in G-D and C at 3 h PV and week 2 PV (5 and 2 FI respectively). The IgM MC was sig-d in G-B and C at 3 h PV (5 and 6 FI respectively), at 24 h PV (5 and 9 FI respectively), at week 3 PV(2 and 2 FI respectively) and week 4 PV (3 and 4 FI respectively). The MC of IgG was sig-d in G-E at 0 h, 3 h and week 3 PV(5, 6 and 2 FI respectively) and in G-D at weeks 1-4 (3, 3, 3 and 5 FI respectively). In conclusion, elevated levels of SAA, IgG and IL-10 in G-D(108) informed our choice of best dosage which can be used to evoke immunity in cows.

Matched MeSH terms: Serum Amyloid A Protein/metabolism
Fulltext Serum Ischemia-Modified Albumin, Fibrinogen, High Sensitivity C- Reactive Proteins in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus without Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus with Hypertension: A Case-Control Study

Sushith S, Krishnamurthy HN, Reshma S, Janice D, Madan G, Ashok KJ, et al.

Rep Biochem Mol Biol, 2020 Jul;9(2):241-249.
PMID: 33178875 DOI: 10.29252/rbmb.9.2.241

Background: The objective of this study was to determine the levels of serum ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), fibrinogen (FIB) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with hypertension (HT) (DMT2HTN) and without HT (DMT2). Also, their association with certain biochemical and physical factors were studied to identify possible risk factors that lead to cardiovascular complications.
Methods: Fasting blood samples were collected from 35 DMT2 or DMT2HTN patients each to analyze differences in serum and plasma levels of IMA, hs-CRP, FIB, total cholesterol (TC), high and low density lipoproteins (HDL and LDL), triglyceride (TG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C), glycated hemoglobin and creatinine.
Results: In DMT2 and DMT2HTN patients, IMA, hs-CRP, FIB, TC, TG, HDL, LDL, glycated hemoglobin and creatinine levels, including body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), were significantly higher relative to healthy controls. In addition, the levels of IMA, hs-CRP and FIB levels showed a strong link to BMI, WHR, TC, TG, LDL and glycated hemoglobin. Lastly, both DMT2 and DMT2HTN patients demonstrated a significant reduction in HDL.
Conclusion: DMT2 and DMT2HTN patients have a greater risk of developing cardiovascular related complications. This study suggests that quantifying hs-CRP, IMA and FIB levels can help diagnose the risk of developing complications during the early stages of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Overall, the specific risk factors may be used for early identification of cardiovascular complications to decrease mortality and morbidity in T2DM patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Serum Albumin
Platelet-rich concentrate in serum-free medium enhances cartilage-specific extracellular matrix synthesis and reduces chondrocyte hypertrophy of human mesenchymal stromal cells encapsulated in alginate

Samuel S, Ahmad RE, Ramasamy TS, Karunanithi P, Naveen SV, Kamarul T

Platelets, 2019;30(1):66-74.
PMID: 29090639 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1371287

Platelet-rich concentrate (PRC), used in conjunction with other chondroinductive growth factors, have been shown to induce chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC) in pellet culture. However, pellet culture systems promote cell hypertrophy and the presence of other chondroinductive growth factors in the culture media used in previous studies obscures accurate determination of the effect of platelet itself in inducing chondrogenic differentiation. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effect of PRC alone in enhancing the chondrogenic differentiation potential of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC) encapsulated in three-dimensional alginate constructs. Cells encapsulated in alginate were cultured in serum-free medium supplemented with only 15% PRC. Scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the cell morphology. Chondrogenic molecular signature of hMSCs was determined by quantitative real-time PCR and verified at protein levels via immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results showed that the cells cultured in the presence of PRC for 24 days maintained a chondrocytic phenotype and demonstrated minimal upregulation of cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM) marker genes (SOX9, TNC, COL2, ACAN, COMP) and reduced expression of chondrocyte hypertrophy genes (Col X, Runx2) compared to the standard chondrogenic medium (p

Matched MeSH terms: Culture Media, Serum-Free*
Preparation, characterization and in vitro release study of BSA-loaded double-walled glucose-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres

Ansary RH, Rahman MM, Awang MB, Katas H, Hadi H, Mohamed F, et al.

Arch Pharm Res, 2016 Sep;39(9):1242-56.
PMID: 26818028 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0710-3

The aim of this study was to prepare a model protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA) loaded double-walled microspheres using a fast degrading glucose core, hydroxyl-terminated poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (Glu-PLGA) and a moderate-degrading carboxyl-terminated PLGA polymers to reduce the initial burst release and to eliminate the lag phase from the release profile of PLGA microspheres. The double-walled microspheres were prepared using a modified water-in-oil-in-oil-in-water (w/o/o/w) method and single-polymer microspheres were prepared using a conventional water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion solvent evaporation method. The particle size, morphology, encapsulation efficiency, thermal properties, in vitro drug release and structural integrity of BSA were evaluated in this study. Double-walled microspheres prepared with Glu-PLGA and PLGA polymers with a mass ratio of 1:1 were non-porous, smooth-surfaced, and spherical in shape. A significant reduction of initial burst release was achieved for the double-walled microspheres compared to single-polymer microspheres. In addition, microspheres prepared using Glu-PLGA and PLGA polymers in a mass ratio of 1:1 exhibited continuous BSA release after the small initial burst without any lag phase. It can be concluded that the double-walled microspheres made of Glu-PLGA and PLGA polymers in a mass ratio of 1:1 can be a potential delivery system for pharmaceutical proteins.

Matched MeSH terms: Serum Albumin, Bovine/chemical synthesis*; Serum Albumin, Bovine/metabolism
Fulltext Assessing protein energy wasting in a Malaysian haemodialysis population using self-reported appetite rating: a cross-sectional study

Sahathevan S, Se CH, Ng SH, Chinna K, Harvinder GS, Chee WS, et al.

BMC Nephrol, 2015;16:99.
PMID: 26149396 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-015-0073-x

Poor appetite could be indicative of protein energy wasting (PEW) and experts recommend assessing appetite in dialysis patients. Our study aims to determine the relationship between PEW and appetite in haemodialysis (HD) patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Serum Albumin/metabolism
Recent advancement on albumin nanoparticles in treating lung carcinoma

Sristi, Fatima M, Sheikh A, Almalki WH, Talegaonkar S, Dubey SK, et al.

J Drug Target, 2023 Jun;31(5):486-499.
PMID: 37125741 DOI: 10.1080/1061186X.2023.2205609

With the advancement of nanotechnology, many different forms of nanoparticles (NPs) are created, which specifically enhance anticancer drug delivery to tumour cells. Albumin bio-macromolecule is a flexible protein carrier for the delivery of drugs that is biodegradable, biocompatible, and non-toxic. As a result, it presents itself as an ideal material for developing nanoparticles for anticancer drug delivery. Toxicological investigations demonstrated that this novel drug delivery technique is safe for use in the human population. Furthermore, drug compatibility with the albumin nanoparticle is remarkable. The robust structure of the nanoparticle, high drug encapsulation, and customisable drug release make it a promising carrier option for the treatment of lung cancer. In this review, we summarise human serum albumin and bovine serum albumin in the targeted delivery of anticancer drugs to lung cancer cells.

Matched MeSH terms: Serum Albumin, Bovine/chemistry
Fulltext An enzyme immunoassay for advanced glycosylation end-products in serum

Wan Nazaimoon WM, Khaid BAK

Malays J Pathol, 1998 Dec;20(2):83-9.
PMID: 10879267

We successfully developed an in-house, competitive enzyme immunoassay to measure advanced glycosylation end-products (AGE) in serum. The assay involved coating microtitre wells with AGE-BSA at 8 micrograms/ml for 4 hours, followed by overnight incubation of 20 microliters sample (prediluted at 1:6) with 80 microliters antiserum (1:8000). HRP-labelled goat anti-rabbit was used as the second antibody and 3,5',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine dihydrochloride as the substrate. Incubation was carried out at 4 degrees C. As suggested in an earlier study, we standardised the AGE units against normal human serum (NHS). Thus, one AGE unit was defined as the inhibition that resulted when the 1:6 diluted NHS was assayed. Mean (+/- SD) AGE level in normal subjects (n = 37) was significantly lower than in diabetes subjects with microalbuminuria (n = 57) (6.0 +/- 0.7 versus 10.2 +/- 4.7 units/ml, p = 0.0001). With the availability of in-house assay and by standardising the AGE unit with the other laboratories, more studies could be undertaken and results compared, and possibly, further elucidate the roles of AGE in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications.

Matched MeSH terms: Serum Albumin, Bovine/immunology
Immigrant Health Study. 4. A case report of visceral leishmaniasis in a foreign worker. [Abstract]

Kamarulzaman A, Khairul Anuar A

JUMMEC, 1998;3:62-62.

We report a case of visceral leishmaniasis (kala azar) in a 28 year old Bangladeshi migrant. The patient had migrated to Malaysia 9 months prior to admission to our hospital. He was employed in a glove factory. His illness began one week prior to presentation with high swinging fever, chest pain and substantial weight loss. On examination, he was found to be cachetic, with cervical and inguinal lymphadenopathy and niassive hepatosplenomegaly. Investigations revealed a pancytopaenia with a Hb of 9.9 g/L, WBC 3.10 x 10^9/L and a platelet count of 29 x 10g/L. Liver function test revealed an elevated alkaline phosphatase 380 I.U./L and transanlinases AST 169 I.U/L and ALT 95 I.U./L. The serum albumin was 19 g/L. Blood for malaria parasite was negative. A bone marrow examination was performed to look for LD bodies and to exclude haematological malignancies. The bone marrow examination revealed multiple LD bodies. Serology for leishmania was strongly positive. The patient was heated with atnphotericin B to a total dose of 0.6 g. There was resolution of his fever and reduction in the size of the liver and spleen at the end of therapy. There was also a steady gain in his weight. The patient unfortunately failed to return for subsequent follow-ups

Matched MeSH terms: Serum Albumin; Serum
Fulltext The comparison of QT dispersion and 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring amongst diabetic patients with and without microalbuminuria

Yeo CK, Hapizah MN, Khalid BAK, Wan Nazainimoon WM, Khalid Y

Med J Malaysia, 2004 Jun;59(2):185-9.
PMID: 15559168

Diabetes mellitus is an important coronary artery disease risk factor. The presence of microalbuminuria, which indicates renal involvement in diabetic patients, is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. There are suggestions that diabetic patients with microalbuminuria have more adverse risk profile such as higher ambulatory blood pressure and total cholesterol levels to account for the increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. QT dispersion is increasingly being recognized as a prognostic factor for coronary artery disease and sudden death. Some studies have suggested that QT dispersion is an important predictor of mortality in Type II diabetic patients. Our cross sectional study was to compare the QT dispersion and 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring between diabetic patients with microalbuminuria and those without microalbuminuria. Diabetic patients with overt coronary artery disease were excluded from the study. A total of 108 patients were recruited of which 57 patients had microalbuminuria and 51 were without microalbuminuria. The mean value of QT dispersion was significantly higher in patients with microalbuminuria than in patients without microalbuminuria (58.9 +/- 27.9 ms vs. 47.1 +/- 25.0 ms, p < 0.05). The mean 24 hour systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly higher in patients with microalbuminuria than in patients without microalbuminuria (129.5 +/- 12.3 mm Hg vs 122.3 +/- 10.2 mm Hg, p < 0.05 and 78.4 +/- 6.9 mm Hg vs 75.3 +/- 6.8 mm Hg, p < 0.05, respectively). Our study suggests that QT dispersion prolongation, related perhaps to some autonomic dysfunction, is an early manifestation of cardiovascular aberration in diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. The higher blood pressure levels recorded during a 24-hour period min diabetics with microalbuminuria could also possibly account for the worse cardiovascular outcome in this group of patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Serum Albumin/analysis*
Identification of Antibacterial Molecule(s) from Animals Living in Polluted Environments

Winnie FYM, Siddiqui R, Sagathevan K, Khan NA

Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 2020;21(5):425-437.
PMID: 31577204 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666191002153435

BACKGROUND: Snakes feed on germ-infested rodents, while water monitor lizards thrive on rotten matter in unhygienic conditions. We hypothesize that such creatures survive the assault of superbugs and are able to fend off disease by producing antimicrobial substances. In this study, we investigated the potential antibacterial activity of sera/lysates of animals living in polluted environments.
METHODS: Snake (Reticulatus malayanus), rats (Rattus rattus), water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator), frog (Lithobates catesbeianus), fish (Oreochromis mossambicus), chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), and pigeon (Columba livia) were dissected and their organ lysates/sera were collected. Crude extracts were tested for bactericidal effects against neuropathogenic E. coli K1, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. To determine whether lysates/sera protect human cells against bacterialmediated damage, cytotoxicity assays were performed by measuring lactate dehydrogenase release as an indicator of cell death. Lysates/sera were partially characterized using heat-treatment and pronasetreatment and peptide sequences were determined using the Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS).
RESULTS: Snake and water monitor lizard sera exhibited potent broad-spectrum bactericidal effects against all bacteria tested. Heat inactivation and pronase-treatment inhibited bactericidal effects indicating that activity is heat-labile and pronase-sensitive suggesting that active molecules are proteinaceous in nature. LCMS analyses revealed the molecular identities of peptides.
CONCLUSION: The results revealed that python that feeds on germ-infested rodents and water monitor lizards that feed on rotten organic waste possess antibacterial activity in a heat-sensitive manner and several peptides were identified. We hope that the discovery of antibacterial activity in the sera of animals living in polluted environments will stimulate research in finding antibacterial agents from unusual sources as this has the potential for the development of novel strategies in the control of infectious diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Serum/chemistry*
Crocodiles and alligators: Antiamoebic and antitumor compounds of crocodiles

Siddiqui R, Jeyamogan S, Ali SM, Abbas F, Sagathevan KA, Khan NA

Exp Parasitol, 2017 Dec;183:194-200.
PMID: 28917711 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.09.008

Crocodiles exist in unsanitary environments, feed on rotten meat, are often exposed to heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, mercury, nickel, lead, selenium, tolerate high levels of radiation, and are amid the very few species to survive the catastrophic Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event, nonetheless they can live for up to a 100 years. Moreover, as they live in unhygienic conditions, they regularly come across pathogens. Logically, we postulate that crocodiles possess mechanisms to defend themselves from noxious agents as well as protecting themselves from pathogens. To test this hypothesis, various organ lysates and serum of Crocodylus palustris were prepared. Amoebicidal assays were performed using Acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the T4 genotype. Cytotoxicity assays were performed using Prostate cancer cells culture by measuring lactate dehydrogenase release as a marker for cell death. Growth inhibition assays were performed to determine the growth inhibitory effects of various organ lysates. Serum and heart lysates of Crocodylus palustris exhibited powerful anti-tumor activity exhibiting more than 70% Prostate cancer cell death (P serum completely abolished A. castellanii viability. For the first time, these findings showed that the organ lysates of Crocodylus palustris exhibit potent anti-amoebic and anti-tumor activity. The discovery of antimicrobial and antitumor activity in crocodile will stimulate research in finding therapeutic molecules from unusual sources, and has potential for the development of novel antitumor/antimicrobial compound(s) that may also overcome drug resistance. Nevertheless, rigorous research in the next few years will be necessary to realize these expectations.

Matched MeSH terms: Serum/chemistry
In silico and BSA binding study of some new biological analogs of 1,2,4-triazolependant with azinane through microwave and conventional synthesis

Virk NA, Rehman A, Abbasi MA, Siddiqui SZ, Ashraf A, Lateef M, et al.

Pak J Pharm Sci, 2018 Nov;31(6 (Supplementary):2645-2654.
PMID: 30587474

Microwave and conventional techniques were employed to synthesize a novel array of compounds 7a-g with 1,2,4-triazole and piperidine rings having great biological importance. The microwave assisted method has a better operational scope with respect to time and yield comparative to the conventional method. 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and IR techniques were employed to justify the structure of synthesized compounds. The antioxidant, butyrylcholinesterase inhibition and urease inhibition potential of every synthesized compound was evaluated. Every member of the synthesized series was found potent against mentioned activities. Compound 7g was the most active anti-urease agent having IC50 (μM) value 16.5±0.09 even better than the thiourea with an IC50(μM) value of 24.3±0.24. The better urease inhibition potential of 7g was also elaborated and explained by docking and bovine serum albumin (BSA) binding studies.

Matched MeSH terms: Serum Albumin, Bovine/chemical synthesis; Serum Albumin, Bovine/metabolism*
Differential-based biosensor array for fluorescence-chemometric discrimination and the quantification of subtle chloropropanols by cross-reactive serum albumin scaffolding

Wong SF, Low KH, Khor SM

Talanta, 2020 Oct 01;218:121169.
PMID: 32797922 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121169

Food contamination is a serious concern because of a high level of chemicals in food causes severe health issues. Safeguarding the public from the risk of adulterated foods has become a challenging mission. Chloropropanols are of importance to food safety and food security because they are common chemical food contaminants and believed to be carcinogenic to humans. In chemical sensing, chloropropanols are challenging analytes owing to the lacking diversity of functional groups and difficulty in targeting the hydroxyl group in aqueous environments. Moreover, because of their small molecular size, the compositions of chloropropanols remain challenging for achieving chromatographic determination. Herein, to simulate human smell and taste sensations, serum albumins, which are protein-based receptors, were introduced as low-selective receptors for differential sensing. Utilizing serum albumins, a fluorophore (PRODAN), and an additive (ascorbic acid), a differential-based optical biosensor array was developed to detect and differentiate chloropropanols. By integrating the sensor array with linear discriminant analysis (LDA), four chloropropanols were effectively differentiated based on their isomerism properties and the number of the hydroxyl groups, even at ultra-low concentration (5 nM). This concentration is far below the maximum tolerable level of 0.18 μM for chloropropanols. The sensing array was then employed for chloropropanols differentiation and quantification in the complex mixtures (e.g., synthetic soy and dark soy sauces). Leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) analysis demonstrated 100% accurate classification for all tests. These results signify our differential sensing array as a practical and powerful tool to speedily identify, differentiate, and even quantify chloropropanols in food matrices.

Matched MeSH terms: Serum Albumin
Protein Energy Wasting in a Cohort of Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Rahman T, Khor BH, Sahathevan S, Kaur D, Latifi E, Afroz M, et al.

Nutrients, 2022 Apr 01;14(7).
PMID: 35406082 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071469

Malnutrition is associated with high rates of mortality among patients with end stage kidney disease (ESKD). There is a paucity of data from Bangladesh, where around 35,000−40,000 people reach ESKD annually. We assessed protein-energy wasting (PEW) amongst 133 patients at a single hemodialysis setting in Dhaka. Patients were 49% male, age 50 ± 13 years, 62% were on twice-weekly hemodialysis. Anthropometric, biochemical, and laboratory evaluations revealed: BMI 24.1 ± 5.2 kg/m2, mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) 21.6 ± 3.6 cm, and serum albumin 3.7 ± 0.6 g/dL. Based on published criteria, 18% patients had PEW and for these patients, BMI (19.8 ± 2.4 vs. 25.2 ± 5.2 kg/m2), MAMC (19.4 ± 2.4 vs. 22.2 ± 3.8 cm), serum albumin (3.5 ± 0.7 vs. 3.8 ± 0.5 g/dL), and total cholesterol (135 ± 34 vs. 159 ± 40 mg/dL), were significantly lower as compared to non-PEW patients, while hand grip strength was similar (19.5 ± 7.6 vs. 19.7 ± 7.3 kg). Inflammatory C-reactive protein levels tended to be higher in the PEW group (20.0 ± 34.8 vs. 10.0 ± 13.9 p = 0.065). Lipoprotein analyses revealed PEW patients had significantly lower low density lipoprotein cholesterol (71 ± 29 vs. 88 ± 31 mg/dL, p < 0.05) and plasma triglyceride (132 ± 51 vs. 189 ± 103 mg/dL, p < 0.05), while high density lipoprotein cholesterol was similar. Nutritional assessments using a single 24 h recall were possible from 115 of the patients, but only 66 of these were acceptable reporters. Amongst these, while no major differences were noted between PEW and non-PEW patients, the majority of patients did not meet dietary recommendations for energy, protein, fiber, and several micronutrients (in some cases intakes were 60−90% below recommendations). Malnutrition Inflammation Scores were significantly higher in PEW patients (7.6 ± 3.1 vs. 5.3 ± 2.7 p < 0.004). No discernible differences were apparent in measured parameters between patients on twice- vs. thrice-weekly dialysis. Data from a larger cohort are needed prior to establishing patient-management guidelines for PEW in this population.

Matched MeSH terms: Serum Albumin/metabolism
Hepatitis in renal transplant recipients with and without donor-specific blood transfusion

Morad Z, Suleiman AB, Kong CT

Transplant Proc, 1989 Feb;21(1 Pt 2):1825-6.
PMID: 2652593
Matched MeSH terms: Antilymphocyte Serum/therapeutic use
Immunoadsorption and plasmapheresis are equally efficacious as adjunctive therapies for severe lupus nephritis

Loo CY, Mohamed Said MS, Mohd R, Abdul Gafor AH, Saidin R, Halim NA, et al.

Transfus Apher Sci, 2010 Dec;43(3):335-40.
PMID: 21051293 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2010.10.003

This was a prospective randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of immunoadsorption (IA) versus conventional PP (PP) as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of severe lupus nephritis (LN). Of 28 patients with biopsy-proven severe LN (ISN/RPS classes III or IV ± V), 14 underwent 36 sessions of PP and the other 41 sessions of IA in addition to our center's standard LN treatment protocol. Three patients in the PP group and 2 in the IA group experienced a transient, marked drop in platelets with the second session. Except for a higher pre treatment mean SLEDAI score in the PP group 17.4 ± 2.0 vs. 13.5 ± 4.8; p = 0.009 and a serum creatinine of 163 ± 7.9 vs. 81.7 ± 10.2; p = 0.33, there were no other baseline differences. Some differences did exist between the two therapies in the immediate post-treatment phase, at 1 and 3 months. Three in IA relapsed, none of PP in third months, whereas two patients relapsed in the PP and none of IA cohorts at 6 months. However, most of these parameters did not differ by 6 months. The pre- and post-therapy SLEDAI scores remained different 12.4 ± 4.5 vs. 9 ± 4; p = 0.04 at 1 month, and at 3 month 13.5 ± 4.7 vs. 7.7 ± 1.1; p = 0.012 but not at 6 months. We conclude that IA and PP were equally well tolerated and efficacious as adjunctive therapy for severe LN.

Matched MeSH terms: Serum Albumin

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