Displaying publications 81 - 100 of 241 in total

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  1. Oliva vidua fulminans, a marine mollusc, responsible for five fatal cases of neurotoxic food poisoning in Sabah, Malaysia
    Kan SK, Singh N, Chan MK
    Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1986;80(1):64-5.
    PMID: 3727000
    This is the first report in which a marine mollusc, Oliva vidua fulminans (olives), generally not known to be poisonous, was responsible for death in five children after consuming boiled olives with tamarind. The onset of symptoms was rapid 10 to 20 min after consumption of the olives. Signs and symptoms included nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, tingling sensation around the lips, numbness around the mouth, drowsiness, lethargy and generalized weakness with paraesthesia in the limbs. The five deaths occurred within 3 to 4 hours after eating the poisoned olives and resulted from respiratory failure. Left-over olives from the affected household and freshly collected live olives had a toxicity of 14,200 mouse units (M.U.) and 15,000 M.U. per 100 g meat respectively. No other common chemical poison and organophosphorus insecticides were detected. The neurotoxic agent was acid and heat stable and was toxic at pH less than 4. Its action was similar to that of paralytic shellfish poisoning which was caused by toxins from certain dinoflagellates.
    Matched MeSH terms: Shellfish Poisoning*
  2. Blood cholinesterase levels among agricultural workers in four Asian countries
    Jeyaratnam J, Lun KC, Phoon WO
    Toxicol Lett, 1986 Oct;33(1-3):195-201.
    PMID: 3775817
    In this study whole blood cholinesterase activities were determined (tintometric method) of agricultural pesticide users exposed to organophosphorus compounds in Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Analysis of the data demonstrated a universal relationship between cholinesterase levels and the time between the last exposure to organophosphorus compounds and the day of blood collection for cholinesterase determination. It is suggested that it takes approximately 5 days before whole blood cholinesterase levels revert to their normal values. No relationship between whole blood cholinesterase levels and the sex of pesticide users was demonstrated except in Sri Lanka where female sprayers had lower values. It is suggested that these lower values are associated with the anaemic status of female agricultural workers. No relationship between whole blood cholinesterase level and age was demonstrated. The measurement of pre-exposure cholinesterase values is essential for comparison of values after pesticide application.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insecticides/poisoning*
  3. Fulltext Alleged paraquat poisoning in Perak
    Wong KT, Ng TS
    Med J Malaysia, 1984 Mar;39(1):52-5.
    PMID: 6334801
    This communication describes a survey on 94 cases of alleged paraquat poisoning for a period of one-and a-half years in Perak state. The highest prevalence of such cases was noted in the district of Batang Padang. The incidences between males and females as well as between married and single persons were found to be equal, 81.9% were Indians and 73.4% were suicidal cases. More than 80% of the cases were in the 10-to-40-years age group.
    Matched MeSH terms: Paraquat/poisoning*
  4. Effect of dietary macronutrients on aflatoxicosis: a mini-review
    Nurul Adilah Z, Mohd Redzwan S
    J Sci Food Agric, 2017 Jun;97(8):2277-2281.
    PMID: 28111762 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8234
    Aflatoxin is a toxin produced by Aspergillus species of fungi. The main route of aflatoxin exposure is through the diet. Indeed, long-term aflatoxin exposure is linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Aflatoxin causes aflatoxicosis, which can be affected by several factors and is prevalent in many developing Asian and African countries. This mini-review discusses the effects of carbohydrate, fat and protein on aflatoxicosis based on findings from animal and human studies. It was found that high carbohydrate intake enhanced aflatoxicosis occurrence, while low ingestion of carbohydrate with caloric restriction slowed the symptoms associated with aflatoxicosis. Additionally, diets with low protein content worsened the symptoms related to HCC due to aflatoxin exposure. Nevertheless, a study reported that a high-protein diet favored detoxification of aflatoxin in vivo. There were also conflicting results on the influence of dietary fat, as high ingestion of fat enhanced aflatoxicosis development as compared with a low-fat diet. Moreover, the type of fat also plays a significant role in influencing aflatoxin toxicity. In regard to food safety, understanding the influence of macronutrients toward the progression of aflatoxicosis can improve preventive measures against human and animal exposure to aflatoxin. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aflatoxins/poisoning*
  5. A review of oxalate poisoning in domestic animals: tolerance and performance aspects
    Rahman MM, Abdullah RB, Wan Khadijah WE
    J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl), 2013 Aug;97(4):605-14.
    PMID: 22548678 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01309.x
    Published data on oxalate poisoning in domestic animals are reviewed, with a focus on tolerance and performance. Oxalic acid is one of a number of anti-nutrients found in forage. It can bind with dietary calcium (Ca) or magnesium (Mg) to form insoluble Ca or Mg oxalate, which then may lead to low serum Ca or Mg levels as well as to renal failure because of precipitation of these salts in the kidneys. Dietary oxalate plays an important role in the formation of Ca oxalate, and a high dietary intake of Ca may decrease oxalate absorption and its subsequent urinary excretion. Oxalate-rich plants can be supplemented with other plants as forage for domestic animals, which may help to reduce the overall intake of oxalate-rich plants. Non-ruminants appear to be more sensitive to oxalate than ruminants because in the latter, rumen bacteria help to degrade oxalate. If ruminants are slowly exposed to a diet high in oxalate, the population of oxalate-degrading bacteria in the rumen increases sufficiently to prevent oxalate poisoning. However, if large quantities of oxalate-rich plants are eaten, the rumen is overwhelmed and unable to metabolize the oxalate and oxalate-poisoning results. Based on published data, we consider that <2.0% soluble oxalate would be an appropriate level to avoid oxalate poisoning in ruminants, although blood Ca level may decrease. In the case of non-ruminants, <0.5% soluble oxalate may be acceptable. However, these proposed safe levels of soluble oxalate should be regarded as preliminary. Further studies, especially long-term studies, are needed to validate and improve the recommended safe levels in animals. This review will encourage further research on the relationships between dietary oxalate, other dietary factors and renal failure in domestic animals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oxalates/poisoning*
  6. Bitten by the "flying" tree snake, Chrysopelea paradisi
    Tan TL, Ismail AK, Kong KW, Ahmad NK
    J Emerg Med, 2012 Apr;42(4):420-3.
    PMID: 22154775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2011.03.038
    The paradise tree snake, Chrysopelea paradisi, is a rear-fanged colubrid. Like other members of the genus Chrysopelea, it is able to glide through the air, and thus, is commonly known as a "flying snake." There are few documented effects of its bite on humans.
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms/poisoning*
  7. Lead levels in new enamel household paints from Asia, Africa and South America
    Clark CS, Rampal KG, Thuppil V, Roda SM, Succop P, Menrath W, et al.
    Environ Res, 2009 Oct;109(7):930-6.
    PMID: 19656507 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.07.002
    In 2006 a report on the analysis for lead in 80 new residential paints from four countries in Asia revealed high levels in three of the countries (China, India and Malaysia) and low levels in a fourth country (Singapore) where a lead in paint regulation was enforced. The authors warned of the possible export of lead-painted consumer products to the United States and other countries and the dangers the lead paint represented to children in the countries where it was available for purchase. The need for a worldwide ban on the use of lead in paints was emphasized to prevent an increase in exposure and disease from this very preventable environmental source. Since the earlier paper almost 300 additional new paint samples have been collected from the four initial countries plus 8 additional countries, three from Asia, three from Africa and two from South America. During the intervening time period two million toys and other items imported into the United States were recalled because the lead content exceeded the United States standard. High lead paints were detected in all 12 countries. The average lead concentration by country ranged from 6988 (Singapore) to 31,960ppm (Ecuador). One multinational company sold high lead paint in one country through January 2007 but sold low lead paint later in 2007 indicating that a major change to cease adding lead to their paints had occurred. However, the finding that almost one-third of the samples would meet the new United States standard for new paint of 90ppm, suggests that the technology is already available in at least 11 of the 12 countries to produce low lead enamel paints for domestic use. The need remains urgent to establish effective worldwide controls to prevent the needless poisoning of millions of children from this preventable exposure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lead Poisoning/prevention & control
  8. Fulltext Puffer fish poisoning: a family affair
    Chua HH, Chew LP
    Med J Malaysia, 2009 Jun;64(2):181-2.
    PMID: 20058587 MyJurnal
    Tetrodotoxin poisoning has been commonly reported in Japan due to consumption of contaminated fugu (puffer fish). Poisoning is possible when the fish is not cleansed and dressed properly. Puffer fish is considered a delicacy by the Japanese as the fish meat is very tender and tasty. A certified chef trained in ways of preparing this poisonous fish should only be allowed to serve this fish. Despite careful preparation, this fish remains a deadly meal for many as 50 deaths are reported annually1 . An outbreak of 34 cases of tetrodotoxin occurred in Johor in May 2008. Here, we would like to report three cases of tetrodotoxin poisoning in a family who consumed this deadly fish and was admitted to Hospital Sultanah Aminah Johor Bahru (HSAJB).
    Matched MeSH terms: Tetrodotoxin/poisoning*
  9. Availability of decontamination, elimination enhancement, and stabilization resources for the management of acute toxic exposures and poisonings in emergency departments in Malaysia
    Awang R, Al-Sohaim SI, Zyoud SH, Khan HR, Hashim S
    Intern Emerg Med, 2011 Oct;6(5):441-8.
    PMID: 21750875 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-011-0662-z
    Acute poisoning is a common medical emergency in Malaysia. Life can be saved if the patient is diagnosed properly and receives the appropriate treatment such as gastrointestinal decontamination techniques and resources to increase poison elimination according to clinical guidelines at a reasonable time. The aims of this study were to determine the availability of decontamination, elimination enhancement, and stabilization resources for the management of acute toxic exposures and poisonings in accident and emergency departments in Malaysia, and to compare the availability of such facilities among various types of hospitals. A comparative, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a structured questionnaire. Seventy-four (58.3%) out of the targeted 127 hospitals replied and completed the questionnaire. The availabilities of most items related to stabilization resources were far better in general hospitals compared to district hospitals with specialists and district hospitals without specialists. These items were mechanical ventilators (p = 0.011), non-invasive positive pressure ventilators (0.024), pacemakers (p = 0.019), and transcutaneous cardiac pacing (p < 0.001). The availability of decontamination resources varied substantially with hospital type. Nevertheless, these differences did not reach statistical significance in any of the cases, whereas sodium sulphate, sorbitol, and polyethylene glycol were almost never available. The availabilities of most items related to elimination enhancement resources were far better in general hospitals and district hospitals with specialists compared to district hospitals without specialists. These items were haemodialysis (p = 0.046), haemoperfusion (p = 0.002), haemofiltration (p = 0.002), acid diuresis (p = 0.04), peritoneal dialysis (p < 0.001), and exchange transfusion (p < 0.001). Most Malaysian hospitals have certain important immediate interventions such as gastrointestinal decontamination techniques and resources to increase poison elimination. The availabilities of most facilities were far better in the general hospitals. Coordination between the National Poison Centre in Malaysia and hospitals should be established regarding the emergency facilities for effective management of poisoning cases in each hospital in order to direct the poisoned patients to the hospital where the appropriate management resources is available.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poisoning/therapy*
  10. Fulltext A traditional Malay myth leading to unintentional self intoxication with kecubung fruit
    Mohamad N, Baharuddin KA, Ahmad R
    Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2009 Nov;40(6):1331-4.
    PMID: 20578469
    Traditional Malay herbal medicine is still used in Malaysia especially in rural areas, instead of using modern medicine. Datura or "kecubung" has been used to treat allergic rhinitis in certain places. Inaccurate doses can potentially cause severe or fatal neurologic anti-cholinergic toxidromes. A good knowledge of toxidromes with optimization of supportive care can prevent fatal complications and lead to a more speedy recovery. We present a case of kecubung poisoning.
    Matched MeSH terms: Datura/poisoning*
  11. Intravenous Lipid Emulsion as an Antidote for the Treatment of Acute Poisoning: A Bibliometric Analysis of Human and Animal Studies
    Zyoud SH, Waring WS, Al-Jabi SW, Sweileh WM, Rahhal B, Awang R
    Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol, 2016 Nov;119(5):512-519.
    PMID: 27098056 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12609
    In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the role of intravenous lipid formulations as potential antidotes in patients with severe cardiotoxicity caused by drug toxicity. The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of all human and animal studies featuring lipid emulsion as an antidote for the treatment of acute poisoning. The Scopus database search was performed on 5 February 2016 to analyse the research output related to intravenous lipid emulsion as an antidote for the treatment of acute poisoning. Research indicators used for analysis included total number of articles, date (year) of publication, total citations, value of the h-index, document types, countries of publication, journal names, collaboration patterns and institutions. A total of 594 articles were retrieved from Scopus database for the period of 1955-2015. The percentage share of global intravenous lipid emulsion research output showed that research output was 85.86% in 2006-2015 with yearly average growth in this field of 51 articles per year. The USA, United Kingdom (UK), France, Canada, New Zealand, Germany, Australia, China, Turkey and Japan accounted for 449 (75.6%) of all the publications. The total number of citations for all documents was 9,333, with an average of 15.7 citations per document. The h-index of the retrieved documents for lipid emulsion research as antidote for the treatment of acute poisoning was 49. The USA and the UK achieved the highest h-indices, 34 and 14, respectively. New Zealand produced the greatest number of documents with international collaboration (51.9%) followed by Australia (50%) and Canada (41.4%) out of the total number of publications for each country. In summary, we found an increase in the number of publications in the field of lipid emulsion after 2006. The results of this study demonstrate that the majority of publications in the field of lipid emulsion were published by high-income countries. Researchers from institutions in the USA led scientific production on lipid emulsion research. There is an obvious need to promote a deeper engagement through international collaborative research projects and funding mechanisms.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poisoning/drug therapy*
  12. Acute fungicide self-poisoning - a prospective case series
    Nendick E, Mohamed F, Raubenheimer J, Gawarammana I, Buckley NA, Eddleston M
    Clin Toxicol (Phila), 2022 Oct;60(10):1106-1112.
    PMID: 35950874 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2022.2105710
    BACKGROUND: Pesticide self-poisoning is a global clinical and public health problem. While self-poisoning with insecticides and herbicides has been extensively studied, there is minimal literature on acute fungicide self-poisoning. We aimed to study the clinical course and outcome of fungicide self-poisoned patients recruited to a prospective cohort in Sri Lanka.

    METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of patients presenting with fungicide self-poisoning to nine hospitals in Sri Lanka between 2002 and 2020. Patients were enrolled by clinical research assistants, with clinical outcomes being recorded at regular review for each patient.

    RESULTS: We identified 337 cases of self-poisoning with fungicides (alcohol as only co-ingestant), including 28 different fungicides across 5 different fungicide classes. Median time from ingestion to examination was 3.1 (1.8-5.7) h. Nearly all presented to hospital fully conscious (GCS 15, 15-15)- only 27 patients (8.0%) presented with reduced GCS (<15) and only 2 (0.6%) had GCS 3/15. Most patients (333/337, 98.8%) made a full recovery, of whom only eight (2.37%) required intubation and ventilation. Four patients died (case fatality rate: 1.2%; 95% CI 0.0-23.4) after ingestion of edifenphos (n = 2), propamocarb and pyraclostrobin.

    CONCLUSION: Fungicide self-poisoning appears to be less hazardous than insecticide or herbicide self-poisoning, with a substantially lower case fatality in the same cohort. Edifenphos is an exception to this 'less toxic' rule; as a WHO Class Ib highly hazardous pesticide, we recommend its withdrawal from, and replacement in, global agricultural practice. Propamocarb should be listed in the WHO hazard classification as propamocarb hydrochloride to reflect the higher toxicity of the common agricultural formulation. Pyraclostrobin currently has no WHO classification; one is urgently required now that its ingestion has now been linked the death of a patient. Additional prospective clinical data on fungicide self-poisoning is required to expand knowledge on the effects of these diverse compounds.

    Matched MeSH terms: Poisoning*
  13. Fulltext A Review of Published Literature Regarding Health Issues of Coastal Communities in Sabah, Malaysia
    Azzeri A, Ching GH, Jaafar H, Mohd Noor MI, Razi NA, Then AY, et al.
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020 Feb 27;17(5).
    PMID: 32120949 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051533
    Several of the coastal zones in Sabah, Malaysia, are isolated and inaccessible. This study aimed to review the published literature on the health status of the coastal communities in Sabah. The following four main health issues were found: (i) malaria, (ii) tuberculosis (TB), (iii) seafood poisoning, and (iv) antenatal problems. Factors associated with the risk of acquiring malarial infection in the studied coastal area were advanced age, male sex, farming as an occupation, history of travel outside the village, and rainy seasons. TB infection was primarily observed in adult men. Seafood poisoning was significantly common in Sabah. Studies have reported that tetrodotoxin and paralytic shellfish poisoning were commonly reported (30-60 cases annually). Several pregnant women in the coastal community had insufficient knowledge of the national antenatal care programme. Nonetheless, 99% of them received antenatal care at public healthcare facilities with 92% of them undergoing safe delivery. Nevertheless, a majority of the pregnant women had iodine deficiency due to low iodised salt intake. Findings from this review highlighted that the coastal communities in Sabah are experiencing significant health problems. Specific attention is required to significantly enhance the health and well-being of the individuals living in the coastal communities in Sabah.
    Matched MeSH terms: Shellfish Poisoning*
  14. Fulltext A diagnostic dilemma: catatonia, serotonin syndrome and Parkinsonism
    Mohd Miharbeim M.F., Ahmad Zafri, A.B., Suhaila, M.Z.
    Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2017;26(1):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    Catatonia may concomitantly occur with other psychiatric diagnoses such as
    Major Depressive Disorder, however problem in diagnosis may arise due to
    the overlapping features with other problems such as serotonin syndromes,
    neuroleptic malignant syndromes and Parkinsonism. Despite the diagnostic
    dilemma and lack of diagnostic tools, the clinical correlation between the
    carbon monoxide poisoning and the late-onset development of the
    Parkinsonian features is the highlight of this report.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
  15. Some clinical observations on lead poisoning
    Ransome GA
    Journal of the Malaya Branch of the British Medical Association, 1940;4:164-66.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lead Poisoning, Nervous System
  16. Establishment of a shellfish model farm: a case study in Sg. Jarum Mas, Perak, Malaysia
    International Food Research Journal, 2011;18(1):79-94.
    MyJurnal
    This study evaluates the sanitary and physico-chemical quality of Sg. Jarum Mas shellfish waters in order to establish its suitability as a model farm. Seawater and shellfish from nine stations (4 shellfish harvesting waters, 4 surrounding waters and 1 control site) were collected and analyzed monthly from September 2004 - September 2005. The results show that shellfish harvesting waters in Sg. Jarum Mas can be classified as ‘approved’ and ‘conditionally approved’. Hepatitis A virus was not detected in any of the shellfish examined. Dinophysis caudata and Pseuodonitzshia spp. were the most common harmful alga species observed. Harmful species that are known to produce toxins and cause shellfish poisoning such as Alexandrium spp., Gymnodinum spp., Pyrodinium sp. and Prorocentrum spp. were not detected. The physico-chemical characteristics of shellfish waters in Sg. Jarum Mas imply that they are suitable for aquaculture activity of moderately tolerant species such as shellfish.
    Matched MeSH terms: Shellfish Poisoning
  17. Fulltext Past Fluoride Exposure From Ingested Toothpaste Extrapolated From Younger Siblings And Fluorosis Status
    Tan, B.S., Razak, I.A., Foo, L.C.
    Ann Dent, 2004;11(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    The aim of the study was to assess the association between past fluoride exposures from ingested toothpaste and current fluorosis manifestations in 10- 11 year old index subjects. Fluorosis was assessed with the Dean’s Index in 1343 10-11 year old index subjects. Two hundred index subjects who had younger 4-5 year old siblings were sub sampled and fluoride exposures from ingested toothpaste in their younger siblings (proxy subjects) were determined. The values for the fluoride ingested per brushing of the proxy subjects were utilised together with past frequency of toothbrushing of index subjects to extrapolate on the past exposure of index subjects. The mean extrapolated past fluoride exposure from ingestion of toothpaste was highly variable; 671.7 ug ± 739.3 ug (sem= 56.9). It was higher in the subjects with fluorosis (697.3 ug) than in those without fluorosis (646.89 ug) but differences were not of statistical significance. This approach of extrapolation has not been reported elsewhere and need to be validated. The implications of the present methodology to estimate past fluoride exposure is discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Fluoride Poisoning
  18. An investigation into health conditions in a tin smelter with special reference to stannosis
    DICKEN DY, SCOTT MJ
    Med J Malaya, 1961 Sep;16:1-13.
    PMID: 13886183
    Matched MeSH terms: Poisoning
  19. Factors associated with adult poisoning in northern Malaysia: a case-control study
    Fathelrahman AI, Ab Rahman AF, Zain ZM, Tengku MA
    Hum Exp Toxicol, 2006 Apr;25(4):167-73.
    PMID: 16696291
    Data on adult risk factors associated with drug or chemical poisonings in Malaysia are scarce. The objective of the study was to identify possible risk factors associated with adult admissions to the Penang General Hospital (PGH) due to chemical poisoning and/or drug overdose. The present study was a case-control study, conducted over 18 weeks. One hundred acutely poisoned adult patients admitted to PGH during the period from September 2003 to February 2004 were considered as cases. Two hundred patients admitted to the same medical wards for other illnesses, during the same period, were matched for age and gender with the poisoned cases and thus selected as controls. McNemar test and binary logistic were used for univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis for multivariate analyses. The odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated for each predictor variable. Positive histories of psychiatric illness and previous poisoning, problems in boy/girl friend relationships, family problems, marital problems, Indian ethnicity, Chinese ethnicity, living in rented houses and living in a household with less than five people were significant risk factors associated with adult admissions due to poisoning.
    Matched MeSH terms: Household Products/poisoning; Poisoning/epidemiology*
  20. Fulltext Water Spinach, Ipomoea aquatic (Convolvulaceae), Ameliorates Lead Toxicity by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis
    Dewanjee S, Dua TK, Khanra R, Das S, Barma S, Joardar S, et al.
    PLoS One, 2015;10(10):e0139831.
    PMID: 26473485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139831
    BACKGROUND: Ipomoea aquatica (Convolvulaceae), an aquatic edible plant, is traditionally used against heavy metal toxicity in India. The current study intended to explore the protective role of edible (aqueous) extract of I. aquatica (AEIA) against experimentally induced Pb-intoxication.

    METHODS: The cytoprotective role of AEIA was measured on mouse hepatocytes by cell viability assay followed by Hoechst staining and flow cytometric assay. The effect on ROS production, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, intracellular redox status were measured after incubating the hepatocytes with Pb-acetate (6.8 μM) along with AEIA (400 μg/ml). The effects on the expressions of apoptotic signal proteins were estimated by western blotting. The protective role of AEIA was measured by in vivo assay in mice. Haematological, serum biochemical, tissue redox status, Pb bioaccumulation and histological parameters were evaluated to estimate the protective role of AEIA (100 mg/kg) against Pb-acetate (5 mg/kg) intoxication.

    RESULTS: Pb-acetate treated hepatocytes showed a gradual reduction of cell viability dose-dependently with an IC50 value of 6.8 μM. Pb-acetate treated hepatocytes exhibited significantly enhanced levels (p < 0.01) of ROS production, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation with concomitant depletion (p < 0.01) of antioxidant enzymes and GSH. However, AEIA treatment could significantly restore the aforementioned parameters in murine hepatocytes near to normalcy. Besides, AEIA significantly reversed (p < 0.05-0.01) the alterations of transcription levels of apoptotic proteins viz. Bcl 2, Bad, Cyt C, Apaf-1, cleaved caspases [caspase 3, caspase 8 and caspase 9], Fas and Bid. In in vivo bioassay, Pb-acetate treatment caused significantly high intracellular Pb burden and oxidative pressure in the kidney, liver, heart, brain and testes in mice. In addition, the haematological and serum biochemical factors were changed significantly in Pb-acetate-treated animals. AEIA treatment restored significantly the evaluated-parameters to the near-normal position.

    CONCLUSION: The extract may offer the protective effect via counteracting with Pb mediated oxidative stress and/or promoting the elimination of Pb by chelating. The presence of substantial quantities of flavonoids, phenolics and saponins would be responsible for the overall protective effect.

    Matched MeSH terms: Lead Poisoning/metabolism; Lead Poisoning/pathology; Lead Poisoning/prevention & control*
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