Displaying publications 101 - 120 of 338 in total

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  1. Combinations of indole based alkaloids from Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) and cisplatin inhibit cell proliferation and migration of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines
    Domnic G, Jeng-Yeou Chear N, Abdul Rahman SF, Ramanathan S, Lo KW, Singh D, et al.
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2021 Oct 28;279:114391.
    PMID: 34224811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114391
    ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) or kratom is a medicinal plant indigenous to Southeast Asia. The leaf of M. speciosa is used as a remedy in pain management including cancer related pain, in a similar way as opioids and cannabis. Despite its well-known analgesic effect, there is a scarce of information on the cancer-suppressing potential of M. speciosa and its active constituents.

    AIM OF THE STUDY: To assess the potential applicability of M. speciosa alkaloids (mitragynine, speciociliatine or paynantheine) as chemosensitizers for cisplatin in Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cytotoxic effects of the extracts, fractions and compounds were determined by conducting in vitro cytotoxicity assays. Based on the cytotoxic screening, the alkaloid extract of M. speciosa exhibited potent inhibitory effect on the NPC cell line NPC/HK1, and therefore, was chosen for further fractionation and purification. NPC cell lines NPC/HK1 and C666-1 were treated with combinations of cisplatin and M. speciosa alkaloids combinations in 2D monolayer culture. The effect of cisplatin and mitragynine as a combination on cell migration was tested using in vitro wound healing and spheroid invasion assays.

    RESULTS: In our bioassay guided isolation, both methanolic and alkaloid extracts showed mild to moderate cytotoxic effect against the NPC/HK1 cell line. Both NPC cell lines (NPC/HK1 and C666-1) were insensitive to single agent and combination treatments of the M. speciosa alkaloids. However, mitragynine and speciociliatine sensitized the NPC/HK1 and C666-1 cells to cisplatin at ~4- and >5-fold, respectively in 2D monolayer culture. The combination of mitragynine and cisplatin also significantly inhibited cell migration of the NPC cell lines. Similarly, the combination also of mitragynine and cisplatin inhibited growth and invasion of NPC/HK1 spheroids in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the spheroids did not rapidly develop resistance to the drug combinations at higher concentrations over 10 days.

    CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that both mitragynine and speciociliatine could be potential chemosensitizers for cisplatin. Further elucidation focusing on the drug mechanistic studies and in vivo studies are necessary to support delineate the therapeutic applicability of M. speciosa alkaloids for NPC treatment.

    Matched MeSH terms: Indole Alkaloids/administration & dosage; Indole Alkaloids/pharmacology*; Indole Alkaloids/chemistry*
  2. Fulltext Naucline, a new indole alkaloid from the bark of Nauclea officinalis
    Liew SY, Mukhtar MR, Hadi AH, Awang K, Mustafa MR, Zaima K, et al.
    Molecules, 2012 Apr 02;17(4):4028-36.
    PMID: 22469596 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17044028
    A new indole alkaloid, naucline (1) together with four known alkaloids, angustine (2), angustidine (3), nauclefine (4) and naucletine (5), were isolated from the bark of Nauclea officinalis. The structures of all isolated compounds were elucidated with various spectroscopic methods such as 1D- and 2D- NMR, IR, UV and LCMS-IT-TOF. In addition to that of alkaloid 1, the complete 13C-NMR data of naucletine (5) were also reported. Naucline (1) showed a moderate vasorelaxant activity (90% relaxation at 1 × 10(-5) M) whereas, angustine (2), nauclefine (4), and naucletine (5) showed potent vasorelaxant activity (more than 90% relaxation at 1 × 10(-5) M) on an isolated rat aorta.
    Matched MeSH terms: Indole Alkaloids/isolation & purification; Indole Alkaloids/pharmacology; Indole Alkaloids/chemistry*
  3. UAE, MAE, SFE-CO2 and classical methods for the extraction of Mitragyna speciosa leaves
    Orio L, Alexandru L, Cravotto G, Mantegna S, Barge A
    Ultrason Sonochem, 2012 May;19(3):591-5.
    PMID: 22054912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.10.001
    Mitragyna speciosa, a tropical plant indigenous to Southeast Asia, is well known for its psychoactive properties. Its leaves are traditionally chewed by Thai and Malaysian farmers and manual labourers as it causes a numbing, stimulating effect. The present study aims to evaluate alkaloid yield and composition in the leaf extracts. For this purpose we have compared several non-conventional extraction techniques with classic procedures (room temperature or under heating). Dried M. speciosa leaves belonging to three batches of different origin (from Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia) were extracted using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction SFE-CO(2), using methanol, ethanol, water and binary mixtures. The extracts were compared using an HPLC/ESI-MS analysis of mitragynine and four other related alkaloids which were present in the alkaloid fraction. The extraction technique influences both the raw product yield and the relative alkaloid content of M. speciosa leaves. Of the several methods tested, MAE in a closed vessel at 110 °C (60 W, methanol/water 1:1) gave the highest alkaloid fraction amount, while UAE with an immersion horn at 25 °C (21.4 kHz, 50 W, methanol) showed the best yield for mitragynine. This work may prove to be a useful contribution to forensic, toxicological and pharmacognosy studies. Although the potential applications of M. speciosa alkaloids clearly need further investigation, these results may facilitate the scaling-up of their extraction.
    Matched MeSH terms: Alkaloids/isolation & purification*; Alkaloids/radiation effects*; Alkaloids/chemistry
  4. Chrotacumines G-J, chromone alkaloids from Dysoxylum acutangulum with osteoclast differentiation inhibitory activity
    Morita H, Nugroho AE, Nagakura Y, Hirasawa Y, Yoshida H, Kaneda T, et al.
    Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2014 Jun 1;24(11):2437-9.
    PMID: 24767841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.020
    Four new chromone alkaloids, chrotacumines G-J (1-4), have been isolated from the barks of Dysoxylum acutangulum. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated on the basis of NMR and CD data. Chrotacumines G and J (1 and 4) showed osteoclast differentiation inhibitory activity in a dose dependent manner.
    Matched MeSH terms: Alkaloids/isolation & purification; Alkaloids/pharmacology*; Alkaloids/chemistry
  5. Bisnicalaterine A, a vobasine-vobasine bisindole alkaloid from Hunteria zeylanica
    Nugroho AE, Hirasawa Y, Kawahara N, Goda Y, Awang K, Hadi AH, et al.
    J Nat Prod, 2009 Aug;72(8):1502-6.
    PMID: 19388660 DOI: 10.1021/np900115q
    A new bisindole alkaloid, bisnicalaterine A (1), consisting of two vobasine-type skeletons, and 3-epivobasinol (2) and 3-O-methylepivobasinol (3), with vobasine-type skeletons, were isolated from the leaves of Hunteria zeylanica, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data and chemical correlation. Bisnicalaterine A showed moderate cytotoxicity against various human cancer cell lines.
    Matched MeSH terms: Indole Alkaloids/isolation & purification*; Indole Alkaloids/pharmacology; Indole Alkaloids/chemistry
  6. Fulltext Evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of aqueous, methanolic and alkaloid extracts from Mitragyna speciosa (Rubiaceae family) leaves
    Parthasarathy S, Bin Azizi J, Ramanathan S, Ismail S, Sasidharan S, Said MI, et al.
    Molecules, 2009;14(10):3964-74.
    PMID: 19924042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14103964
    Studies on the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Mitragyna speciosa leaf extracts are lacking. In this study the antioxidant properties of water, methanolic and alkaloid M. speciosa leaf extracts were evaluated using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging method. The amount of total phenolics and flavanoid contents were also estimated. The DPPH IC(50) values of the aqueous, alkaloid and methanolic extracts were 213.4, 104.81 and 37.08 microg/mL, respectively. The total phenolic content of the aqueous, alkaloid and methanolic extracts were 66.0 mg, 88.4, 105.6 mg GAE/g, respectively, while the total flavanoid were 28.2, 20.0 and 91.1 mg CAE/g respectively. The antioxidant activities were correlated with the total phenolic content. This result suggests that the relatively high antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract compared to aqueous and alkaloid extract could be possibly be due to its high phenolic content. The aqueous, alkaloid and methanolic extracts were screened for antimicrobial activity. The extracts showed antimicrobial activity against Salmonella typhi and Bacillus subtilis. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of extracts determined by the broth dilution method ranged from 3.12 to 6.25 mg/mL. The alkaloid extract was found to be most effective against all of the tested organisms.
    Matched MeSH terms: Alkaloids/isolation & purification; Alkaloids/pharmacology*; Alkaloids/chemistry
  7. Chrotacumines A-D, chromone alkaloids from Dysoxylum acutangulum
    Ismail IS, Nagakura Y, Hirasawa Y, Hosoya T, Lazim MI, Lajis NH, et al.
    J Nat Prod, 2009 Oct;72(10):1879-83.
    PMID: 19757855 DOI: 10.1021/np9003849
    Four new chromone alkaloids, chrotacumines A-D (1-4), consisting of a 5,7-dihydroxy-2-methylchromone, an N-Me piperidine ring, and an ester side chain were isolated from Dysoxylum acutangulum, and their structures including absolute configurations were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation including 2D NMR, CD spectra, and X-ray analysis. The known compound rohitukine (5) showed moderate cytotoxicity against human HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia and HCT-116 colon cancer cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Alkaloids/isolation & purification*; Alkaloids/pharmacology; Alkaloids/chemistry
  8. New alkaloids from Phoebe grandis (Nees) Merr
    Awang K, Mukhtar MR, Hadi AH, Litaudon M, Latip J, Abdullah NR
    Nat Prod Res, 2006 May 20;20(6):567-72.
    PMID: 16835089
    The alkaloidal extract of the leaves of Phoebe grandis (nees) merr. have provided two new minor alkaloids; phoebegrandine D (1), a proaporphine-tryptamine dimer, and phoebegrandine E (2), an indoloquinolizidine. This is the first report on the occurrence of an indoloquinolizidine in the Phoebe species. The crude extract also exhibited antiplasmodial activity (IC50<8 microg mL-1). The structures of the novel compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, notably 2D NMR and HRMS.
    Matched MeSH terms: Alkaloids/isolation & purification*; Alkaloids/pharmacology; Alkaloids/chemistry
  9. New alkaloids from Phoebe scortechinii
    Awang K, Mukhtar MR, Mustafa MR, Litaudon M, Shaari K, Mohamad K, et al.
    Nat Prod Res, 2007 Jul 10;21(8):704-9.
    PMID: 17616898
    The leaves of the Phoebe scortechinii (Gamb.) Kochummen Comb. Nov. (Lauraceae), afforded one new proaporphine-tryptamine dimer; (-)-phoebescortechiniine (1), along with two known ones; phoebegrandine A and phoebegrandine B. The proaporphine, tetrahydropronuciferine (2), was isolated for the first time as a natural product. The alkaloids were elucidated primarily by means of high field NMR and HRMS.
    Matched MeSH terms: Alkaloids/isolation & purification*; Alkaloids/pharmacology; Alkaloids/chemistry
  10. Pseuduvarines A and B, two new cytotoxic dioxoaporphine alkaloids from Pseuduvaria rugosa
    Taha H, Hadi AH, Nordin N, Najmuldeen IA, Mohamad K, Shirota O, et al.
    Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 2011;59(7):896-7.
    PMID: 21720044
    Pseuduvarines A (1) and B (2), two new dioxoaporphine alkaloids with an amino moiety, were isolated from the stem bark of Pseuduvaria rugosa and their structures were elucidated by combination of 2D-NMR spectroscopic analysis. Pseuduvarines A (1) and B (2) showed cytotoxicity against MCF7, HepG2, and HL-60 (1: IC₅₀, 0.9, 21.7, and >50.0 µM, respectively, 2: IC₅₀ >50.0, 15.7, and 12.4 µM, respectively).
    Matched MeSH terms: Alkaloids/isolation & purification; Alkaloids/pharmacology; Alkaloids/chemistry*
  11. Grandilodines A-C, biologically active indole alkaloids from Kopsia grandifolia
    Yap WS, Gan CY, Low YY, Choo YM, Etoh T, Hayashi M, et al.
    J Nat Prod, 2011 May 27;74(5):1309-12.
    PMID: 21428274 DOI: 10.1021/np200008g
    Three new indole alkaloids (1-3), named grandilodines A-C, and five known ones were obtained from the Malayan Kopsia grandifolia. The structures were established using NMR and MS analyses and, in the case of 1 and 2, were confirmed by X-ray diffraction analyses. Alkaloids 1, 3, and lapidilectine B (8) were found to reverse multidrug resistance in vincristine-resistant KB cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Indole Alkaloids/isolation & purification*; Indole Alkaloids/pharmacology*; Indole Alkaloids/chemistry
  12. Determination of mitragynine in plasma with solid-phase extraction and rapid HPLC-UV analysis, and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in rat
    Parthasarathy S, Ramanathan S, Ismail S, Adenan MI, Mansor SM, Murugaiyah V
    Anal Bioanal Chem, 2010 Jul;397(5):2023-30.
    PMID: 20454783 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3707-7
    A new solid phase extraction method for rapid high performance liquid chromatography-UV determination of mitragynine in plasma has been developed. Optimal separation was achieved with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-ammonium acetate buffer, 50 mM at pH 5.0 (50:50, v/v). The method had limits of detection and quantification of 0.025 and 0.050 microg/mL, respectively. The method was accurate and precise for the quantitative analysis of mitragynine in human and rat plasma with within-day and between-day accuracies between 84.0 and 109.6%, and their precision values were between 1.7 and 16.8%. Additional advantages over known methods are related to the solid phase extraction technique for sample preparation which yields a clean chromatogram, a short total analysis time, requires a smaller amount of plasma samples and has good assay sensitivity for bioanalytical application. The method was successfully applied in pharmacokinetic and stability studies of mitragynine. In the present study, mitragynine was found to be fairly stable during storage and sample preparation. The present study showed for the first time the detailed pharmacokinetic profiles of mitragynine. Following intravenous administration, mitragynine demonstrated a biphasic elimination from plasma. Oral absorption of the drug was slow, prolonged and was incomplete, with a calculated absolute oral bioavailability value of 3.03%. The variations observed in previous pharmacokinetic studies after oral administration of mitragynine could be attributed to its poor bioavailability rather than to the differences in assay method, metabolic saturation or mitragynine dose.
    Matched MeSH terms: Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids/administration & dosage; Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids/blood*; Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids/pharmacokinetics
  13. Strychnan and secoangustilobine A type alkaloids from Alstonia spatulata. Revision of the C-20 configuration of scholaricine
    Tan SJ, Low YY, Choo YM, Abdullah Z, Etoh T, Hayashi M, et al.
    J Nat Prod, 2010 Nov 29;73(11):1891-7.
    PMID: 21043460 DOI: 10.1021/np100552b
    A total of 25 alkaloids were isolated from the leaf and stem-bark extracts of Alstonia spatulata, of which five are new alkaloids of the strychnan type (alstolucines A-E, 1-5) and the other, a new alkaloid of the secoangustilobine A type (alstolobine A, 6). The structures of these alkaloids were established using NMR and MS analysis and, in the case of alstolucine B (2), also confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. A reinvestigation of the stereochemical assignment of scholaricine (13) by NMR and X-ray analyses indicated that the configuration at C-20 required revision. Alkaloids 1, 2, 6, 7, 9, 10, and 13 reversed multidrug resistance in vincristine-resistant KB cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Indole Alkaloids/isolation & purification*; Indole Alkaloids/pharmacology; Indole Alkaloids/chemistry
  14. Leucoridines A-D, cytotoxic Strychnos-Strychnos bisindole alkaloids from Leuconotis
    Gan CY, Etoh T, Hayashi M, Komiyama K, Kam TS
    J Nat Prod, 2010 Jun 25;73(6):1107-11.
    PMID: 20515042 DOI: 10.1021/np1001187
    Four new bisindole alkaloids of the Strychnos-Strychnos type, leucoridines A-D (1-4), were isolated from the stem-bark extract of Leuconotis griffithii. Alkaloids 1-4 showed moderate cytotoxicity against drug-sensitive and vincristine-resistant human KB cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Indole Alkaloids/isolation & purification*; Indole Alkaloids/pharmacology*; Indole Alkaloids/chemistry
  15. Aspidospermatan-aspidospermatan and eburnane-sarpagine bisindole alkaloids from Leuconotis
    Gan CY, Low YY, Robinson WT, Komiyama K, Kam TS
    Phytochemistry, 2010 Aug;71(11-12):1365-70.
    PMID: 20542302 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.05.015
    Leucofoline and leuconoline, representing the first members of the aspidospermatan-aspidospermatan and eburnane-sarpagine subclasses of the bisindole alkaloids, respectively, were isolated from the Malayan Leuconotis griffithii. The structures of these bisindole alkaloids were established using NMR and MS analysis, and in the case of leuconoline, confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Both alkaloids showed weak cytotoxicity towards human KB cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Indole Alkaloids/isolation & purification*; Indole Alkaloids/pharmacology; Indole Alkaloids/chemistry
  16. Biologically active indole alkaloids from Kopsia arborea
    Lim KH, Hiraku O, Komiyama K, Koyano T, Hayashi M, Kam TS
    J Nat Prod, 2007 Aug;70(8):1302-7.
    PMID: 17665953
    Nine new indole alkaloids, rhazinoline (1), 19(S)-methoxytubotaiwine (2), 19(R)-methoxytubotaiwine (3), kopsamidine A (4), kopsamidine B (5), kopsinidine A (6), kopsinidine B (7), paucidactine C (8), and pericine N-oxide (9), in addition to several recently reported novel indoles and 34 other known ones, were obtained from the stem-bark extract of the Malayan Kopsia arborea. The structures were determined using NMR and MS analysis. Valparicine (12) showed pronounced cytotoxic effects against KB and Jurkat cells (IC(50) 13.0 and 0.91 microM, respectively).
    Matched MeSH terms: Indole Alkaloids/isolation & purification*; Indole Alkaloids/pharmacology*; Indole Alkaloids/chemistry
  17. Fulltext Antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of alkaloids from Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don
    Tiong SH, Looi CY, Hazni H, Arya A, Paydar M, Wong WF, et al.
    Molecules, 2013 Aug 15;18(8):9770-84.
    PMID: 23955322 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18089770
    Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don is a herbal plant traditionally used by local populations in India, South Africa, China and Malaysia to treat diabetes. The present study reports the in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of the major alkaloids isolated from Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don leaves extract. Four alkaloids--vindoline I, vindolidine II, vindolicine III and vindolinine IV--were isolated and identified from the dichloromethane extract (DE) of this plant's leaves. DE and compounds I-III were not cytotoxic towards pancreatic β-TC6 cells at the highest dosage tested (25.0 µg/mL). All four alkaloids induced relatively high glucose uptake in pancreatic β-TC6 or myoblast C2C12 cells, with III showing the highest activity. In addition, compounds II-IV demonstrated good protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) inhibition activity, implying their therapeutic potential against type 2 diabetes. III showed the highest antioxidant potential in ORAC and DPPH assays and it also alleviated H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage in β-TC6 cells at 12.5 µg/mL and 25.0 µg/mL.
    Matched MeSH terms: Alkaloids/isolation & purification; Alkaloids/pharmacology; Alkaloids/chemistry*
  18. Conolodinines A-D, Aspidosperma- Aspidosperma Bisindole Alkaloids with Antiproliferative Activity from Tabernaemontana corymbosa
    Sim DS, Navanesan S, Sim KS, Gurusamy S, Lim SH, Low YY, et al.
    J Nat Prod, 2019 04 26;82(4):850-858.
    PMID: 30869890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00919
    Examination of the EtOH extract of the leaves of the Malayan Tabernaemontana corymbosa resulted in the isolation of four new (1-4) and two known bisindole alkaloids (5, 6) of the Aspidosperma- Aspidosperma type. The structures of these alkaloids were determined based on analysis of the spectroscopic data (NMR and HRESIMS). X-ray diffraction analyses of the related bisindole alkaloids conophylline (5) and conophyllinine (6) established the absolute configurations. Treatment of the bisindole alkaloid conophylline (5) with benzeneselenic anhydride gave, in addition to the known bisindole polyervinine (7) previously isolated from another Malayan Tabernaemontana, another bisindole product, 8, an isolable tautomer of 7. X-ray diffraction analyses yielded the absolute configurations of both bisindoles and in addition showed that polyervinine (7) exists primarily as the neutral dione structure. The bisindoles (1-8) and the related conophylline-type bisindoles (9-13) showed pronounced in vitro growth inhibitory activity against an array of human cancer cell lines, including KB, vincristine-resistant KB, PC-3, LNCaP, MCF7, MDA-MB-231, A549, HT-29, and HCT 116 cells, with IC50 values for the active compounds in the 0.01-5 μM range.
    Matched MeSH terms: Indole Alkaloids/pharmacology*; Indole Alkaloids/chemistry
  19. Leucophyllinines A and B, bisindole alkaloids from Leuconotis eugeniifolia
    Tang Y, Nugroho AE, Hirasawa Y, Tougan T, Horii T, Hadi AHA, et al.
    J Nat Med, 2019 Jun;73(3):533-540.
    PMID: 30911994 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-019-01297-5
    Two new bisindole alkaloids, leucophyllinines A (1) and B (2) consisting of eburnane and quebrachamine-type skeletons were isolated from the bark of Leuconotis eugeniifolia, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. Leucophyllinines A and B showed antiplasmodial activities against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7.
    Matched MeSH terms: Indole Alkaloids/isolation & purification*; Indole Alkaloids/chemistry*
  20. A Cytotoxic Indole Characterized by Incorporation of a Unique Carbon-Nitrogen Skeleton and Two Pentacyclic Corynanthean Alkaloids Incorporating a Substituted Tetrahydrofuranone Ring from Kopsia arborea
    Wong SK, Wong SP, Sim KS, Lim SH, Low YY, Kam TS
    J Nat Prod, 2019 07 26;82(7):1902-1907.
    PMID: 31241923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00255
    Three new alkaloids were isolated from the bark extract of the Malayan Kopsia arborea, viz., arbophyllidine (1), an unusual pentacyclic, monoterpenoid indole characterized by an absence of oxygen atoms and incorporating a new carbon-nitrogen skeleton, and arbophyllinines A (2) and B (3), two pentacyclic corynanthean alkaloids incorporating a hydroxyethyl-substituted tetrahydrofuranone ring. The structures of the alkaloids were deduced based on analysis of the MS and NMR data and confirmed by X-ray diffraction analyses. The absolute configuration of arbophyllidine (1) was established based on experimental and calculated ECD data, while that of arbophyllinine A was based on X-ray diffraction analysis (Cu Kα). A reasonable biosynthetic route to arbophyllidine (1) from a pericine precursor is presented. Arbophyllidine (1) showed pronounced in vitro growth inhibitory activity against the HT-29 human cancer cell line with IC50 6.2 μM.
    Matched MeSH terms: Indole Alkaloids/pharmacology; Indole Alkaloids/chemistry*
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