MyMedR

Fulltext Prediction of hub genes of Alzheimer's disease using a protein interaction network and functional enrichment analysis

Wee JJ, Kumar S

Genomics Inform, 2020 Dec;18(4):e39.

PMID: 33412755 DOI: 10.5808/GI.2020.18.4.e39

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys affected individuals' memory and reasoning faculties, and consequently, their ability to perform the simplest tasks. This study investigated the hub genes of AD. Proteins interact with other proteins and non-protein molecules, and these interactions play an important role in understanding protein function. Computational methods are useful for understanding biological problems, in particular, network analyses of protein-protein interactions. Through a protein network analysis, we identified the following top 10 hub genes associated with AD: PTGER3, C3AR1, NPY, ADCY2, CXCL12, CCR5, MTNR1A, CNR2, GRM2, and CXCL8. Through gene enrichment, it was identified that most gene functions could be classified as integral to the plasma membrane, G-protein coupled receptor activity, and cell communication under gene ontology, as well as involvement in signal transduction pathways. Based on the convergent functional genomics ranking, the prioritized genes were NPY, CXCL12, CCR5, and CNR2.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain

Fulltext Linking Diabetes to Alzheimer's Disease: Potential Roles of Glucose Metabolism and Alpha-Glucosidase

Wee AS, Nhu TD, Khaw KY, Tang KS, Yeong KY

Curr Neuropharmacol, 2023;21(10):2036-2048.

PMID: 36372924 DOI: 10.2174/1570159X21999221111102343

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are more prevalent with ageing and cause a substantial global socio-economic burden. The biology of these two conditions is well elaborated, but whether AD and type 2 DM arise from coincidental roots in ageing or are linked by pathophysiological mechanisms remains unclear. Research findings involving animal models have identified mechanisms shared by both AD and type 2 DM. Deposition of β-amyloid peptides and formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles are pathological hallmarks of AD. Type 2 DM, on the other hand, is a metabolic disorder characterised by hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance. Several studies show that improving type 2 DM can delay or prevent the development of AD, and hence, prevention and control of type 2 DM may reduce the risk of AD later in life. Alpha-glucosidase is an enzyme that is commonly associated with hyperglycaemia in type 2 DM. However, it is uncertain if this enzyme may play a role in the progression of AD. This review explores the experimental evidence that depicts the relationship between dysregulation of glucose metabolism and AD. We also delineate the links between alpha-glucosidase and AD and the potential role of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in treating AD.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain/metabolism

Radiological investigation of neurological disorders

Wastie NL, Chawla JC

Med J Malaysia, 1973 Jun;27(4):271-4.

PMID: 4270784

Matched MeSH terms: Brain Diseases/radiography*; Brain Neoplasms/radiography*

Fulltext Striatum Hyperactivity Triggers Relapse to Morphine and Methamphetamine (Polydrug) Dependence in Mice

Wasli NS, Ridzwan IE, Azzubaidi MS, Kasmuri AR, Ahmed QU, Ming LC, et al.

J Pharm Bioallied Sci, 2020 Nov;12(Suppl 2):S826-S830.

PMID: 33828384 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_379_19

Introduction: κ-opioid receptor (KOPr) system has been linked to relapse to many substances, especially opioids. Positive responses were recently reported in morphine and methamphetamine (polydrug)-dependent mice treated with buprenorphine and naltrexone, a functional κ antagonist.

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the specific brain region that is responsive to KOPr treatment following polydrug dependence.

Materials and Methods: The polydrug-dependent mice model was developed using conditioned place preference (CPP) method. Following successful withdrawal phase, the mice were treated with 0.3 mg/kg buprenorphine and 1.0 mg/kg naltrexone. Four brain regions (hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and striatum) were investigated using immunohistochemistry technique. This is to quantify the changes in KOPr expression in each major brain region that was primarily involved in addiction neurocircuits of many substances. Unpaired Student's t test was used to analyze all results, where P < 0.05 is considered significant.

Results: The results showed that treatment with buprenorphine and naltrexone successfully attenuated relapse in 60% of mice (n = 14). A significant upregulation of KOPr was detected in striatum at the end of post-withdrawal phase (P < 0.01, n = 12). This treatment successfully suppressed KOPr in striatum (P < 0.001, n = 12), which supports the positive results seen in the CPP setting. No significant changes were observed in other brain regions studied.

Conclusion: The hyperactivity of striatum suggests that the affected brain region following KOPr antagonist treatment is the region that primarily controls the drug rewarding activity, in which nucleus accumbens is located. This indicates that manipulation of KOPr system is one of the potential targets to treat morphine- or methamphetamine-dependence problem.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain

Utility of multimaterial 3D printers in creating models with pathological entities to enhance the training experience of neurosurgeons

Waran V, Narayanan V, Karuppiah R, Owen SL, Aziz T

J. Neurosurg., 2014 Feb;120(2):489-92.

PMID: 24321044 DOI: 10.3171/2013.11.JNS131066

The advent of multimaterial 3D printers allows the creation of neurosurgical models of a more realistic nature, mimicking real tissues. The authors used the latest generation of 3D printer to create a model, with an inbuilt pathological entity, of varying consistency and density. Using this model the authors were able to take trainees through the basic steps, from navigation and planning of skin flap to performing initial steps in a craniotomy and simple tumor excision. As the technology advances, models of this nature may be able to supplement the training of neurosurgeons in a simulated operating theater environment, thus improving the training experience.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain Neoplasms/surgery

Neuronavigation with the universal probe to access intracranial targets

Waran V, Chandran H, Devaraj P, Ravindran K, Rathinam AK, Balakrishnan YK, et al.

J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg, 2014 Nov;75(6):422-6.

PMID: 23955263 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1345091

The universal probe is a tool devised to allow navigation-directed biopsies and drainage procedures to be performed in a simple manner using a single hardware and software.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain/pathology; Brain/surgery*

A new expandable cannula system for endoscopic evacuation of intraparenchymal hemorrhages

Waran V, Vairavan N, Sia SF, Abdullah B

J. Neurosurg., 2009 Dec;111(6):1127-30.

PMID: 19408977 DOI: 10.3171/2009.4.JNS081506

The authors describe a newly developed expandable cannula to enable a more efficient use of an endoscope in removing intraparenchymal spontaneous hypertensive intracerebral hematomas. The cannula is introduced like a conventional brain cannula, using neuronavigation techniques to reach the targeted hematoma accurately, and, once deployed, conventional microsurgical techniques are used under direct endoscopic visualization. This method was used in 6 patients, and, based on the results of intraoperative intracranial pressure monitoring and postoperative CT scanning, the authors were able to achieve good hematoma removal. They found that by using the expandable cannula, efficient endoscopic surgery in the brain parenchyma was possible.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain/physiopathology; Brain/radiography; Brain/surgery

Teleconferencing using multimedia messaging service (MMS) for long-range consultation of patients with neurosurgical problems in an acute situation

Waran V, Selladurai BM, Bahuri NF, George GJ, Lim GP, Khine M

J Trauma, 2008 Feb;64(2):362-5; discussion 365.

PMID: 18301199 DOI: 10.1097/TA.0b013e318070cc88

: We present our initial experience using a simple and relatively cost effective system using existing mobile phone network services and conventional handphones with built in cameras to capture carefully selected images from hard copies of scan images and transferring these images from a hospital without neurosurgical services to a university hospital with tertiary neurosurgical service for consultation and management plan.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain Diseases/diagnosis*

The utilization of cranial models created using rapid prototyping techniques in the development of models for navigation training

Waran V, Pancharatnam D, Thambinayagam HC, Raman R, Rathinam AK, Balakrishnan YK, et al.

J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg, 2014 Jan;75(1):12-5.

PMID: 23315670 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1330960

Navigation in neurosurgery has expanded rapidly; however, suitable models to train end users to use the myriad software and hardware that come with these systems are lacking. Utilizing three-dimensional (3D) industrial rapid prototyping processes, we have been able to create models using actual computed tomography (CT) data from patients with pathology and use these models to simulate a variety of commonly performed neurosurgical procedures with navigation systems.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain/radiography; Brain/surgery*

Jeavons syndrome in China

Wang XL, Bao JX, Liang-Shi, Tie-Ma, Deng YC, Zhao G, et al.

Epilepsy Behav, 2014 Mar;32:64-71.

PMID: 24495864 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.12.016

Jeavons syndrome (JS) is one of the underreported epileptic syndromes and is characterized by eyelid myoclonia (EM), eye closure-induced seizures or electroencephalography (EEG) paroxysms, and photosensitivity. In the Western populations, it has been reported to be characterized by focal posterior, occipital predominant epileptiform discharges (OPEDs) or frontal predominant epileptiform discharges (FPEDs) followed by generalized EDs in both interictal and ictal EEG recordings. However, it is not clear if there are different clinical manifestations between OPEDs and FPEDs. The clinical and electrographic presentations in the Chinese population are largely unknown. Here, we report the clinical and electroencephalographic features of 50 Chinese patients with JS and evaluate for the presence of different clinical features between patients with OPEDs and patients with FPEDs.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain/pathology

Combination of transcranial direct current stimulation and methylphenidate in subacute stroke

Wang QM, Cui H, Han SJ, Black-Schaffer R, Volz MS, Lee YT, et al.

Neurosci Lett, 2014 May 21;569:6-11.

PMID: 24631567 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.03.011

Noninvasive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and methylphenidate (MP) are associated with motor recovery after stroke. Based on the potentially complementary mechanisms of these interventions, we examined whether there is an interactive effect between MP and tDCS. In this preliminary study, we randomized subacute stroke subjects to receive tDCS alone, MP alone or combination of tDCS and MP. A blinded rater measured safety, hand function, and cortical excitability before and after treatment. None of the treatments caused any major or severe adverse effects or induced significant differences in cortical excitability. Analysis of variance of gain score, as measured by Purdue pegboard test, showed a significant between-group difference (F(2,6)=12.167, p=0.008). Post hoc analysis showed that the combination treatment effected greater Purdue pegboard gain scores than tDCS alone (p=0.017) or MP alone (p=0.01). Our preliminary data with nine subjects shows an interesting dissociation between motor function improvement and lack of motor corticospinal plasticity changes as indexed by transcranial magnetic stimulation in subacute stroke subjects.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain/physiopathology

Fulltext Predisposition to Alzheimer's and Age-Related Brain Pathologies by PM2.5 Exposure: Perspective on the Roles of Oxidative Stress and TRPM2 Channel

Wang L, Wei LY, Ding R, Feng Y, Li D, Li C, et al.

Front Physiol, 2020;11:155.

PMID: 32174842 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00155

Accumulating epidemiological evidence supports that chronic exposure to ambient fine particular matters of <2.5 μm (PM2.5) predisposes both children and adults to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-related brain damage leading to dementia. There is also experimental evidence to show that PM2.5 exposure results in early onset of AD-related pathologies in transgenic AD mice and development of AD-related and age-related brain pathologies in healthy rodents. Studies have also documented that PM2.5 exposure causes AD-linked molecular and cellular alterations, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic deficits, impaired neurite growth, neuronal cell death, glial cell activation, neuroinflammation, and neurovascular dysfunction, in addition to elevated levels of amyloid β (Aβ) and tau phosphorylation. Oxidative stress and the oxidative stress-sensitive TRPM2 channel play important roles in mediating multiple molecular and cellular alterations that underpin AD-related cognitive dysfunction. Documented evidence suggests critical engagement of oxidative stress and TRPM2 channel activation in various PM2.5-induced cellular effects. Here we discuss recent studies that favor causative relationships of PM2.5 exposure to increased AD prevalence and AD- and age-related pathologies, and raise the perspective on the roles of oxidative stress and the TRPM2 channel in mediating PM2.5-induced predisposition to AD and age-related brain damage.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain

Upward transtentorial herniation of posterior fossa structures

Wang CY, Chee CP, Delilkan AE

Eur J Anaesthesiol, 1991 Nov;8(6):469-70.

PMID: 1765045

Matched MeSH terms: Brain Diseases/etiology; Brain Neoplasms/surgery*; Brain Stem/pathology*

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in dengue viral infection

Wan Sulaiman WA, Inche Mat LN, Hashim HZ, Hoo FK, Ching SM, Vasudevan R, et al.

J Clin Neurosci, 2017 Sep;43:25-31.

PMID: 28625589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.05.033

Dengue is the most common arboviral disease affecting many countries worldwide. An RNA virus from the flaviviridae family, dengue has four antigenically distinct serotypes (DEN-1-DEN-4). Neurological involvement in dengue can be classified into dengue encephalopathy immune-mediated syndromes, encephalitis, neuromuscular or dengue muscle dysfunction and neuro-ophthalmic involvement. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an immune mediated acute demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system following recent infection or vaccination. This monophasic illness is characterised by multifocal white matter involvement. Many dengue studies and case reports have linked ADEM with dengue virus infection but the association is still not clear. Therefore, this article is to review and discuss concerning ADEM in dengue as an immune-medicated neurological complication; and the management strategy required based on recent literature.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain Diseases

Fulltext Tocotrienol Rich Fraction Supplementation Modulate Brain Hippocampal Gene Expression in APPswe/PS1dE9 Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model

Wan Nasri WN, Makpol S, Mazlan M, Tooyama I, Wan Ngah WZ, Damanhuri HA

J Alzheimers Dis, 2019;70(s1):S239-S254.

PMID: 30507571 DOI: 10.3233/JAD-180496

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of memory and other cognitive abilities. AD is associated with aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) deposited in the hippocampal brain region. Our previous work has shown that tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF) supplementation was able to attenuate the blood oxidative status, improve behavior, and reduce fibrillary-type Aβ deposition in the hippocampus of an AD mouse model. In the present study, we investigate the effect of 6 months of TRF supplementation on transcriptome profile in the hippocampus of APPswe/PS1dE9 double transgenic mice. TRF supplementation can alleviate AD conditions by modulating several important genes in AD. Moreover, TRF supplementation attenuated the affected biological process and pathways that were upregulated in the AD mouse model. Our findings indicate that TRF supplementation can modulate hippocampal gene expression as well as biological processes that can potentially delay the progression of AD.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain

Fulltext End of life decision: we are not playing god?

Wan Khairina, W.M.N., Ngow, H.A.

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2013;12(2):67-70.

MyJurnal

Advances in neonatal care now enable more infants to be kept alive despite clear clinical evidence of inevitable or imminent death on a life-support system. It is therefore no longer acceptable to the society that a patient is left to die in the hospital, without any form of treatment or intervention. We report a case of severe birth asphyxia, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, neonatal seizures and left cephalohematoma. In spite of initial successful resuscitation, the infant could not survive until all possible methods of treatment were exhausted. This case illustrates one of many examples of the process involved in dealing with ending of life decision in a condition considered as futile.

Matched MeSH terms: Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain

Fulltext The history of awake craniotomy in hospital universiti sains malaysia

Wan Hassan WM

Malays J Med Sci, 2013 Oct;20(5):67-9.

PMID: 24643321 MyJurnal

Awake craniotomy is a brain surgery performed on awake patients and is indicated for certain intracranial pathologies. These include procedures that require an awake patient for electrocorticographic mapping or precise electrophysiological recordings, resection of lesions located close to or in the motor and speech of the brain, or minor intracranial procedures that aim to avoid general anaesthesia for faster recovery and earlier discharge. This type of brain surgery is quite new and has only recently begun to be performed in a few neurosurgical centres in Malaysia. The success of the surgery requires exceptional teamwork from the neurosurgeon, neuroanaesthesiologist, and neurologist. The aim of this article is to briefly describe the history of awake craniotomy procedures at our institution.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain; Split-Brain Procedure

Fulltext The epigenetics changes in childhood solid cancer: a review

Wan Faiziah Wan Abdul Rahman

Malaysian Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2019;23(2):1-15.

MyJurnal

Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence. It is a change in phenotype without changing in genotype which in turn affects how cellsread the genes. The epigenetic change is a regular occurrence but can also be influenced by several factors including age, environment, lifestyle, and disease state. It may have damaging effects that result in diseases like cancer. At least three systems including DNA methylation, histone modification and RNA-associated gene silencing are currently considered to initiate and sustain epigenetic change. New and ongoing research is continuously uncovering the role of epigenetics in a variety of diseases including in childhood solid cancer such as Ewing sarcoma, neuroblastoma, Wilms tumours, brain tumours and rhabdomyosarcoma. A better understanding of epigenetic changes in childhood cancers can guide towards future therapy and diagnosis.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain Neoplasms

Neurosyphilis and psychosis

Wahab S, Md Rani SA, Sharis Othman S

Asia Pac Psychiatry, 2013 Apr;5 Suppl 1:90-4.

PMID: 23857843 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12050

Neurosyphilis may presents with a range of psychiatric symptoms. This report illustrates a case of neurosyphilis in a man who presented with psychosis and cognitive dysfunction. Clinical findings and investigations done in the present case showed positive results for syphilis. Reduction of symptoms was noted after treatment with antibiotic. This case further highlights the importance of having high index of suspicion for neurosyphilis in patients presenting with psychiatric symptoms.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain/pathology

Fulltext Intra-cranial metastatic lacrimal gland tumour

Wahab NA, Ramasamy U, George J, Madhavan M, Arif AR, Abdullah J

Med J Malaysia, 2006 Dec;61(5):641-3.

PMID: 17623971 MyJurnal

We report a case of an adult who presented with progressive swelling in the right eye with suggestive of intracranial lesion on imaging. Histopathological revealed a lacrimal gland malignant mixed tumour.

Matched MeSH terms: Brain Neoplasms/diagnosis; Brain Neoplasms/secondary; Brain Neoplasms/surgery*

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