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  1. Effect of palm kernel cake as protein source in a concentrate diet on intake, digestibility and live weight gain of goats fed Napier grass
    Rahman MM, Abdullah RB, Wan Embong WK, Nakagawa T, Akashi R
    Trop Anim Health Prod, 2013 Mar;45(3):873-8.
    PMID: 23096766 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0300-4
    The effects of palm kernel cake (PKC) as a protein source in a concentrate diet (comprising 35 % crushed maize, 30 % rice bran, 32 % PKC, 2 % vitamin mineral premix and 1 % salt) were examined on intake, live weight (LW) gain and digestibility in female goats (average LW of 12.4 ± 2.6 kg). Four goats were randomly allocated to each of the four treatment diets: (a) Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) offered ad libitum (T1), (b) T1 + concentrate at 0.5 % of LW (T2), (c) T1 + concentrate at 1.0 % of LW (T3) and (d) T1 + concentrate at 2.0 % of LW (T4). A 7-day digestibility trial and an 82-day growth experiment were conducted. No differences were observed among diets for intakes of roughage dry matter (DM), total DM, organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF). The crude protein (CP) intake increased (P  0.05) among treatments. The digestibility of dietary NDF decreased (P  0.05) difference between T2 and T3 diets. Supplementing a basal diet of Napier grass with PKC-based concentrate improved CP intake and LW gain. The PKC-based concentrate diet can therefore be exploited for the use of local feed resources for goat production; however, further research is required to achieve the best growth response.
    Matched MeSH terms: Goats/growth & development
  2. Fulltext Effect of linseed oil dietary supplementation on fatty acid composition and gene expression in adipose tissue of growing goats
    Ebrahimi M, Rajion MA, Goh YM, Sazili AQ, Schonewille JT
    Biomed Res Int, 2013;2013:194625.
    PMID: 23484090 DOI: 10.1155/2013/194625
    This study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding oil palm frond silage based diets with added linseed oil (LO) containing high α -linolenic acid (C18:3n-3), namely, high LO (HLO), low LO (LLO), and without LO as the control group (CON) on the fatty acid (FA) composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue and the gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α , PPAR- γ , and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) in Boer goats. The proportion of C18:3n-3 in subcutaneous adipose tissue was increased (P < 0.01) by increasing the LO in the diet, suggesting that the FA from HLO might have escaped ruminal biohydrogenation. Animals fed HLO diets had lower proportions of C18:1 trans-11, C18:2n-6, CLA cis-9 trans-11, and C20:4n-6 and higher proportions of C18:3n-3, C22:5n-3, and C22:6n-3 in the subcutaneous adipose tissue than animals fed the CON diets, resulting in a decreased n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio (FAR) in the tissue. In addition, feeding the HLO diet upregulated the expression of PPAR- γ (P < 0.05) but downregulated the expression of SCD (P < 0.05) in the adipose tissue. The results of the present study show that LO can be safely incorporated in the diets of goats to enrich goat meat with potential health beneficial FA (i.e., n-3 FA).
    Matched MeSH terms: Goats/growth & development*
  3. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Malaysian tertiary centre
    Rashid ZZ, Bahari N, Othman A, Jaafar R, Mohamed NA, Jabbari I, et al.
    Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2013 Jan;44(1):104-8.
    PMID: 23682444
    Abstract. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is a pathogen recognized to be distinct in both phenotype and genotype from hospital-acquired MRSA. We have identified CA-MRSA cases in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, including their antibiotic susceptibility patterns and genotypic characteristics. Cases were identified during January to December 2009 from routine clinical specimens, where culture and antibiotic susceptibility results yielded pauci-resistant MRSA isolates suspected as being CA-MRSA. The patients' clinical data were collected and their specimens were sent for molecular confirmation and analysis. Five cases of CA-MRSA were identified, which had a multi-sensitive pattern on antibiotic susceptibility tests and were resistant to only penicillin and oxacillin. All cases were skin and soft-tissue infections, including diabetic foot with gangrene, infected scalp hematoma, philtrum abscess in a healthcare worker, thrombophlebitis complicated with abscess and infected bedsore. All five cases were confirmed MRSA by detection of mecA. SCCmec typing (ccr and mec complex) revealed SCCmec type IV for all cases except the infected bedsore case. Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene was positive in all isolates. As clinical features among methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, CA-MRSA and "nosocomial CA-MRSA" are indistinct, early recognition is necessary in order to initiate appropriate antibiotics and infection control measures. Continual surveillance of pauci-resistant MRSA and molecular analysis are necessary in order to identify emerging strains as well as their epidemiology and transmission, both in the community and in healthcare setting.
    Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/growth & development*
  4. Effects of Mesua ferrea leaf and fruit extracts on growth and morphology of Staphylococcus aureus
    Aruldass CA, Marimuthu MM, Ramanathan S, Mansor SM, Murugaiyah V
    Microsc Microanal, 2013 Feb;19(1):254-60.
    PMID: 23332129 DOI: 10.1017/S1431927612013785
    Mesua ferrea is traditionally used for treating bleeding piles, fever, and renal diseases. It has been reported to have antimircobial activity. In the present study, antibacterial efficacy of leaf and fruit extracts on the growth and morphology of Staphylococcus aureus is evaluated. Both extracts display good antibacterial activity against S. aureus with a minimum inhibition concentration of 0.048 mg/mL. Both extracts are bacteriostatic at a minimum bacteriostatic concentration of 0.39 mg/mL. The bacteriostatic activity lasts for 24 h, and then cells start to grow as normal as shown in time-kill analysis. Scanning electron microscopy study indicated potential detrimental effect of the extracts of leaf and fruits of M. ferrea on the morphology of S. aureus. The treatment with the extracts caused extensive lysis of the cells, leakage of intracellular constituents, and aggregation of cytoplasmic contents forming an open meshwork of the matrix.
    Matched MeSH terms: Staphylococcus aureus/growth & development
  5. Fulltext Impact of larviciding with a Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis formulation, VectoBac WG, on dengue mosquito vectors in a dengue endemic site in Selangor State, Malaysia
    Lee HL, Chen CD, Masri SM, Chiang YF, Chooi KH, Benjamin S
    Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2008 Jul;39(4):601-9.
    PMID: 19058596
    The field bioefficacy of a wettable granule (WG) formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti), VectoBac WG (Bti strain AM65-52) against dengue vectors, Aedes aegypti and Ae albopictus; was evaluated in a suburban residential area (TST) and in a temporary settlement site (KB) in the state of Selangor, Malaysia. Pre-control ovitrap surveillance of the trial sites indicated a high population of both types of Aedes mosquitoes. The populations were monitored continuously by weekly ovitrapping. Bti was sprayed biweekly at a dosage of 500 g/ha by using a mist-blower. The spray application was targeted into outdoor larval habitats. If required, Bti formulation was also applied directly into indoor water-holding containers at 8 g/1,000 l. Based on ovitrap surveillance, a significant reduction in Aedes populations was evident 4 weeks after initiating the first Bti treatment. The ovitrap index (OI) and the larvae density decreased drastically in both trial sites. In TST, the indoor OI was significantly reduced from 57.50 +/- 7.50% to 19.13 +/- 5.49% (p<0.05), while the outdoor OI decreased from 38.89 +/- 11.11% to 15.36 +/- 5.93%. In KB, similarly, the OI was significantly reduced by more than half, from 66.66 +/- 6.67% to 30.26 +/- 2.99% (p< 0.05). In all cases, the reduction in OI was paralleled by reduction in larval density.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bacillus thuringiensis/growth & development*
  6. A novel medium for the isolation of N-acylhomoserine lactone-degrading bacteria
    Chan KG, Yin WF, Sam CK, Koh CL
    J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 2009 Feb;36(2):247-51.
    PMID: 18946694 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0491-x
    A novel chemically defined medium, named KG medium, supplemented with N-3-oxo-hexanoylhomoserine lactone (3-oxo-C6-HSL), an acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) used as signalling molecules in Gram-negative bacterial cell-to-cell communication, as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen, was designed and successfully used for the enrichment and isolation of AHL-degrading bacteria. A 3-oxo-C6-HSL-degrading bacterium, 13sw7, was isolated from sewage after six enrichment transfers in the 3-oxo-C6-HSL-containing KG medium. On the basis of the almost complete 16S ribosomal DNA sequence, isolate 13sw7 was clustered with unculturable beta-proteobacteria. This study indicates that the AHL-containing KG medium is effective in isolating AHL-degrading bacteria, including those previously considered unculturable, from environmental sources. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documentation of the isolation of an AHL-degrading proteobacterium from sewage.
    Matched MeSH terms: Proteobacteria/growth & development
  7. Survival of SA11 rotavirus in fresh fruit juices of pineapple, papaya, and honeydew melon
    Leong YK, Xui OC, Chia OK
    J Food Prot, 2008 May;71(5):1035-7.
    PMID: 18522042
    Survival of rotavirus in fresh fruit juices of papaya (Caraca papaya L.), honeydew melon (Cucumis melo L.), and pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr.) was studied. Clarified juices were prepared from pulps of ripe fruits and sterilized by ultrafiltration. One milliliter of juice from each fruit was inoculated with 20 microl of 1 x 10(6) PFU of SA11 rotavirus and sampled immediately (0-h exposure) and 1 and 3 h later at 28 degrees C. Mean viral titers in juices of papaya (pH 5.1) and honeydew melon (pH 6.3) at 1 and 3 h were not significantly different from titers at 0-h exposure. Mean viral titers in juices from pineapples with ripening color indices of 3 (pH 3.6) and 6 (pH 3.7) at 1-h exposure (color index 3: 4.0 +/- 1.7 x 10(4); color index 6: 2.3 +/- 0.3 x 10(5)) and 3-h exposure (color index 3: 1.1 +/- 0.4 x 10(4); color index 6:1.3 +/- 0.6 x 10(5)) were significantly lower than titers at 0-h exposure (color index 3: 5.7 +/- 2.9 x 10(5); color index 6: 7.4 +/- 1.3 x 10(5)). Virus titers in pineapple juices of color index 3 were significantly lower than titers of the virus in juices of index 6. In cell culture medium (pH 7.4), SA11 titer remained stable over 3 h at 28 degrees C. However, at pH 3.6, the virus titer was reduced to a level not significantly different from that of the virus in pineapple juice of color index 6 (pH 3.7). In conclusion, papaya and honeydew melon juices, in contrast to pineapple juice, have the potential to transmit rotavirus. Inactivation of SA11 virus in pineapple juice can be possibly attributed to low pH and constituent(s) in the juice.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rotavirus/growth & development*
  8. Fulltext Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) tissue culture ESTs: identifying genes associated with callogenesis and embryogenesis
    Low ET, Alias H, Boon SH, Shariff EM, Tan CY, Ooi LC, et al.
    BMC Plant Biol, 2008 May 29;8:62.
    PMID: 18507865 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-8-62
    BACKGROUND: Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is one of the most important oil bearing crops in the world. However, genetic improvement of oil palm through conventional breeding is extremely slow and costly, as the breeding cycle can take up to 10 years. This has brought about interest in vegetative propagation of oil palm. Since the introduction of oil palm tissue culture in the 1970s, clonal propagation has proven to be useful, not only in producing uniform planting materials, but also in the development of the genetic engineering programme. Despite considerable progress in improving the tissue culture techniques, the callusing and embryogenesis rates from proliferating callus cultures remain very low. Thus, understanding the gene diversity and expression profiles in oil palm tissue culture is critical in increasing the efficiency of these processes.

    RESULTS: A total of 12 standard cDNA libraries, representing three main developmental stages in oil palm tissue culture, were generated in this study. Random sequencing of clones from these cDNA libraries generated 17,599 expressed sequence tags (ESTs). The ESTs were analysed, annotated and assembled to generate 9,584 putative unigenes distributed in 3,268 consensi and 6,316 singletons. These unigenes were assigned putative functions based on similarity and gene ontology annotations. Cluster analysis, which surveyed the relatedness of each library based on the abundance of ESTs in each consensus, revealed that lipid transfer proteins were highly expressed in embryogenic tissues. A glutathione S-transferase was found to be highly expressed in non-embryogenic callus. Further analysis of the unigenes identified 648 non-redundant simple sequence repeats and 211 putative full-length open reading frames.

    CONCLUSION: This study has provided an overview of genes expressed during oil palm tissue culture. Candidate genes with expression that are modulated during tissue culture were identified. However, in order to confirm whether these genes are suitable as early markers for embryogenesis, the genes need to be tested on earlier stages of tissue culture and a wider range of genotypes. This collection of ESTs is an important resource for genetic and genome analyses of the oil palm, particularly during tissue culture development.

    Matched MeSH terms: Arecaceae/growth & development
  9. Performance comparison of constructed wetlands with gravel- and rice husk-based media for phenol and nitrogen removal
    Tee HC, Seng CE, Noor AM, Lim PE
    Sci Total Environ, 2009 May 15;407(11):3563-71.
    PMID: 19272632 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.02.017
    This study aims to compare the performance of planted and unplanted constructed wetlands with gravel- and raw rice husk-based media for phenol and nitrogen removal. Four laboratory-scale horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetland units, two of which planted with cattail (Typha latifolia) were operated outdoors. The units were operated at a nominal hydraulic retention time of 7 days and fed with domestic wastewater spiked with phenol concentration at 300 mg/L for 74 days and then at 500 mg/L for 198 days. The results show that planted wetland units performed better than the unplanted ones in the removal and mineralization of phenol. This was explained by the creation of more micro-aerobic zones in the root zone of the wetland plants which allow a faster rate of phenol biodegradation, and the phenol uptake by plants. The better performance of the rice husk-based planted wetland compared to that of the gravel-based planted wetland in phenol removal could be explained by the observation that more rhizomes were established in the rice husk-based wetland unit thus creating more micro-aerobic zones for phenol degradation. The role of rice husk as an adsorbent in phenol removal was considered not of importance.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rhizome/growth & development
  10. Laboratory study of Vibrio cholerae O1 survival on three types of boiled rice (Oryza sativa L.) held at room temperature
    Huat JT, Leong YK, Lian HH
    J Food Prot, 2008 Dec;71(12):2453-9.
    PMID: 19244898
    This study examined whether the survival of Vibrio cholerae O1 on contaminated cooked rice was influenced by the type of rice. Vibrios survived unchanged on clumps of glutinous white rice (wet, grains adhered) held at room temperature for 24 h. On nonglutinous white rice (slightly moist, grains separate), 30% viable vibrios remained at 24 h. On nonglutinous brown rice (moist, separate, covered with a mucus-like substance), the number of vibrios increased 2.7-fold at 24 h. Survival rates of vibrios on the surfaces of a row of five cooked rice grains after 2 h of exposure at room temperature were 86, 29, 12, and 4% for glutinous rice, white rice, and the endosperm and pericarp of brown rice, respectively. (Each boiled brown rice grain surface was partly pericarp and partly endosperm, which became exposed by a rupture of the pericarp.) Covering each inoculated grain with a similar cooked rice grain surface increased the corresponding figures to 93, 99, 60, and 94%. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that each type of cooked grain surface possessed a distinct microtopography. For example, the surfaces of glutinous rice grains consisted of separated overlapping strips with many holes, while the pericarps of brown rice were flat interspersed with small pits. In conclusion, each type of boiled rice produced a distinct survival pattern of V. cholerae O1 caused by both the distinct gross features and the fine surface characteristics of the rice. The significance of this finding is that the type of rice consumed can be a factor in cholera transmission by contaminated rice.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio cholerae O1/growth & development*
  11. Simulation of cross-contamination and decontamination of Campylobacter jejuni during handling of contaminated raw vegetables in a domestic kitchen
    Chai LC, Lee HY, Ghazali FM, Abu Bakar F, Malakar PK, Nishibuchi M, et al.
    J Food Prot, 2008 Dec;71(12):2448-52.
    PMID: 19244897
    Campylobacter jejuni was found to occur at high prevalence in the raw salad vegetables examined. Previous reports describe cross-contamination involving meat; here we investigated the occurrence of cross-contamination and decontamination events in the domestic kitchen via C. jejuni-contaminated vegetables during salad preparation. This is the first report concerning quantitative cross-contamination and decontamination involving naturally contaminated produce. The study was designed to simulate the real preparation of salad in a household kitchen, starting with washing the vegetables in tap water, then cutting the vegetables on a cutting board, followed by slicing cucumber and blanching (heating in hot water) the vegetables in 85 degrees C water. Vegetables naturally contaminated with C. jejuni were used throughout the simulation to attain realistic quantitative data. The mean of the percent transfer rates for C. jejuni from vegetable to wash water was 30.1 to 38.2%; from wash water to cucumber, it was 26.3 to 47.2%; from vegetables to cutting board, it was 1.6 to 10.3%; and from cutting board to cucumber, it was 22.6 to 73.3%. The data suggest the wash water and plastic cutting board as potential risk factors in C. jejuni transmission to consumers. Washing of the vegetables with tap water caused a 0.4-log reduction of C. jejuni attached to the vegetables (most probable number/gram), while rapid blanching reduced the number of C. jejuni organisms to an undetectable level.
    Matched MeSH terms: Campylobacter jejuni/growth & development*
  12. Plant regeneration and floral bud formation from intact floral parts of African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendl.) cultured in vitro
    Daud N, Taha RM
    Pak J Biol Sci, 2008 Apr 01;11(7):1055-8.
    PMID: 18810979
    Intact immature flower buds of African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendl.) were used as explant sources for in vitro studies. The effect of exogenous hormones, NAA and BAP on the indirect organogenesis of this species was observed. Callus was formed on the cut end (base) of pedicels of floral buds where they were in contact with the medium. When maintained on the same medium, callus was differentiated into adventitious shoots after 10 weeks in culture. MS media supplemented with 2.0 mg L(-1) NAA and 1.0 mg L(-1) BAP gave the highest number of sterile or vegetative floral buds from the surface of callus of the explants, but these buds failed to develop further. The floral buds were expanded as abnormal flowers. The floral structures were smaller in size compared to intact flowers. Petals (corolla) were white to purple in colour but did not form any reproductive organs, i.e., stamens or pistils. All sterile or vegetative floral buds and abnormal flowers survived for 3 months in culture but failed to reach anthesis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Flowers/growth & development*
  13. Viral morphogenesis and morphological changes in human neuronal cells following Tioman and Menangle virus infection
    Yaiw KC, Hyatt A, Vandriel R, Crameri SG, Eaton B, Wong MH, et al.
    Arch Virol, 2008;153(5):865-75.
    PMID: 18330496 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0059-0
    Tioman virus (TioPV) and Menangle virus (MenPV) are two antigenically and genetically related paramyxoviruses (genus: Rubulavirus, family: Paramyxoviridae) isolated from Peninsular Malaysia (2001) and Australia (1997), respectively. Both viruses are potential zoonotic agents. In the present study, the infectivity, growth kinetics, morphology and morphogenesis of these two paramyxoviruses in a human neuronal cell (SK-N-SH) line were investigated. Sub-confluent SK-N-SH cells were infected with TioPV and MenPV at similar multiplicity of infection. These cells were examined by conventional and immunoelectron microscopy, and virus titres in the supernatants were assayed. Syncytia were observed for both infections in SK-N-SH cells and were more pronounced during the early stages of TioPV infection. The TioPV titre increased consistently (10(1)) every 12 h after infection. In MenPV-infected cells, cellular material was frequently observed within budding virions, and microfilaments and microtubules were abundant. Viral budding was common, and extracellular MenPVs tended to be more pleomorphic compared to TioPVs, which appeared to be more spherical in appearance. The MenPV cytoplasmic viral inclusion appeared to be comparatively smaller, loose and interspersed with randomly scattered circle-like particles, whereas huge tubule-like cytoplasmic inclusions were observed in TioPV-infected cells. Both viruses also displayed different cellular pathology in the SK-N-SH cells. The intracellular ultrastructural characteristics of these two viruses in infected neuronal cells may allow them to be differentiated by electron microscopy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rubulavirus/growth & development*
  14. Fulltext Effects of feeding and induction strategy on the production of BmR1 antigen in recombinant E. coli
    Norsyahida A, Rahmah N, Ahmad RM
    Lett Appl Microbiol, 2009 Nov;49(5):544-50.
    PMID: 19832937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2009.02694.x
    To investigate the effects of feeding and induction strategies on the production of BmR1 recombinant antigen.
    Matched MeSH terms: Escherichia coli/growth & development
  15. Scanning electron microscopic study of Piper betle L. leaves extract effect against Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175
    Rahim ZH, Thurairajah N
    J Appl Oral Sci, 2011 Apr;19(2):137-46.
    PMID: 21552715
    INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have shown that Piper betle L. leaves extract inhibits the adherence of Streptococcus mutans to glass surface, suggesting its potential role in controlling dental plaque development.

    OBJECTIVES: In this study, the effect of the Piper betle L. extract towards S. mutans (with/without sucrose) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and on partially purified cell-associated glucosyltransferase activity were determined.

    MATERIAL AND METHODS: S. mutans were allowed to adhere to glass beads suspended in 6 different Brain Heart Infusion broths [without sucrose; with sucrose; without sucrose containing the extract (2 mg mL(-1) and 4 mg mL(-1)); with sucrose containing the extract (2 mg mL(-1) and 4 mg mL(-1))]. Positive control was 0.12% chlorhexidine. The glass beads were later processed for SEM viewing. Cell surface area and appearance and, cell population of S. mutans adhering to the glass beads were determined upon viewing using the SEM. The glucosyltransferase activity (with/without extract) was also determined. One- and two-way ANOVA were used accordingly.

    RESULTS: It was found that sucrose increased adherence and cell surface area of S. mutans (p<0.001). S. mutans adhering to 100 µm² glass surfaces (with/without sucrose) exhibited reduced cell surface area, fluffy extracellular appearance and cell population in the presence of the Piper betle L. leaves extract. It was also found that the extract inhibited glucosyltransferase activity and its inhibition at 2.5 mg mL(-1) corresponded to that of 0.12% chlorhexidine. At 4 mg mL(-1) of the extract, the glucosyltransferase activity was undetectable and despite that, bacterial cells still demonstrated adherence capacity.

    CONCLUSION: The SEM analysis confirmed the inhibitory effects of the Piper betle L. leaves extract towards cell adherence, cell growth and extracellular polysaccharide formation of S. mutans visually. In bacterial cell adherence, other factors besides glucosyltransferase are involved.

    Matched MeSH terms: Streptococcus mutans/growth & development
  16. Purification, characterization and thermal inactivation kinetics of a non-regioselective thermostable lipase from a genotypically identified extremophilic Bacillus subtilis NS 8
    Olusesan AT, Azura LK, Forghani B, Bakar FA, Mohamed AK, Radu S, et al.
    N Biotechnol, 2011 Oct;28(6):738-45.
    PMID: 21238617 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2011.01.002
    Thermostable lipase produced by a genotypically identified extremophilic Bacillus subtilis NS 8 was purified 500-fold to homogeneity with a recovery of 16% by ultrafiltration, DEAE-Toyopearl 650M and Sephadex G-75 column. The purified enzyme showed a prominent single band with a molecular weight of 45 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature for activity of lipase were 7.0 and 60°C, respectively. The enzyme was stable in the pH range between 7.0 and 9.0 and temperature range between 40 and 70°C. It showed high stability with half-lives of 273.38 min at 60°C, 51.04 min at 70°C and 41.58 min at 80°C. The D-values at 60, 70 and 80°C were 788.70, 169.59 and 138.15 min, respectively. The enzyme's enthalpy, entropy and Gibb's free energy were in the range of 70.07-70.40 kJ mol(-1), -83.58 to -77.32 kJ mol(-1)K(-1) and 95.60-98.96 kJ mol(-1), respectively. Lipase activity was slightly enhanced when treated with Mg(2+) but there was no significant enhancement or inhibition of the activity with Ca(2+). However, other metal ions markedly inhibited its activity. Of all the natural vegetable oils tested, it had slightly higher hydrolytic activity on soybean oil compared to other oils. On TLC plate, the enzyme showed non-regioselective activity for triolein hydrolysis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bacillus subtilis/growth & development
  17. Proteinase, phospholipase, biofilm forming abilities and antifungal susceptibilities of Malaysian Candida isolates from blood cultures
    Tay ST, Abidin IA, Hassan H, Ng KP
    Med Mycol, 2011 Jul;49(5):556-60.
    PMID: 21254967 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2010.551424
    This study was conducted to determine the proteinase, phospholipase, and biofilm forming abilities of Candida isolates in blood cultures of specimens from patients at the University Malaya Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Proteinase and phospholipase activities were detected in 93.7% and 73.3%, respectively, of 15 Candida albicans isolates. Amongst the 26 non-C. albicans Candida isolates, proteinase and phospholipase activities were detected in 88.5% and 7.7% of the isolates, respectively. There was no significant difference in the expression levels of proteinase amongst the Candida isolates studied (P = 0.272), but the phospholipase activity of C. albicans was significantly higher than that of the non-C. albicans Candida isolates (P = 0.003). There was no significant difference in the biofilm forming abilities of C. albicans and non-C. albicans Candida isolates on the polystyrene microtiter wells (P = 0.379). In addition, the findings of this study demonstrate increased resistance of Candida isolates in biofilms to amphotericin and fluconazole, as compared to their planktonic counterparts.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biofilms/growth & development*
  18. Solid-state fermentation of palm kernel cake with Aspergillus flavus in laterally aerated moving bed bioreactor
    Wong YP, Saw HY, Janaun J, Krishnaiah K, Prabhakar A
    Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2011 May;164(2):170-82.
    PMID: 21080102 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-9124-8
    Solid-state fermentation (SSF) was employed to enhance the nutritive values of palm kernel cake (PKC) for poultry feeding. Aspergillus flavus was isolated from local PKC and utilized to increase the mannose content of PKC via the degradation of β-mannan in PKC; evaluation was done for batch SSF in Erlenmeyer flasks and in a novel laterally aerated moving bed (LAMB) bioreactor. The optimum condition for batch SSF in flasks was 110% initial moisture content, initial pH 6.0, 30 °C, 855 μm particle size, and 120 h of fermentation, yielding 90.91 mg mannose g⁻¹ dry PKC (5.9-fold increase). Batch SSF in the LAMB at the optimum condition yielded 79.61 mg mannose g⁻¹ dry PKC (5.5-fold increase) within just 96 h due to better heat and mass transfer when humidified air flowed radially across the PKC bed. In spite of a compromise of 12% reduction in mannose content when compared with the flasks, the LAMB facilitated good heat and mass transfer, and improved the mannose content of PKC in a shorter fermentation period. These attributes are useful for batch production of fermented PKC feed in an industrial scale.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aspergillus flavus/growth & development
  19. Synthesis of novel 6-azapyrimidine acyclic nucleoside analogues and antiviral evaluation
    Jasamai M, Simons C, Balzarini J
    Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids, 2010 Jul;29(7):535-41.
    PMID: 20589572 DOI: 10.1080/15257771003781634
    Acyclic nucleosides have been of considerable interest since the approval of aciclovir by the FDA to be used as an antiviral agent in the 1990s. The acyclic moieties and the bases used in the experiment were either available commercially or synthesized using literature methods. Vorbruggen coupling method was utilized involving reaction of persilylated heterocyclic bases with the appropriate acyclic moiety in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst. A series of novel 6-azapyrimidine acyclic oxosugar nucleosides was successfully synthesized with a promising yield (more than 50%). An efficient method of protection and deprotection was also investigated.
    Matched MeSH terms: HIV-1/growth & development
  20. New alkaloids from Phoebe grandis (Nees) Merr
    Awang K, Mukhtar MR, Hadi AH, Litaudon M, Latip J, Abdullah NR
    Nat Prod Res, 2006 May 20;20(6):567-72.
    PMID: 16835089
    The alkaloidal extract of the leaves of Phoebe grandis (nees) merr. have provided two new minor alkaloids; phoebegrandine D (1), a proaporphine-tryptamine dimer, and phoebegrandine E (2), an indoloquinolizidine. This is the first report on the occurrence of an indoloquinolizidine in the Phoebe species. The crude extract also exhibited antiplasmodial activity (IC50<8 microg mL-1). The structures of the novel compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, notably 2D NMR and HRMS.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmodium falciparum/growth & development
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