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Fulltext A Gamified Real-time Video Observed Therapies (GRVOTS) Mobile App via the Modified Nominal Group Technique: Development and Validation Study

Abas SA, Ismail N, Zakaria Y, Ismail I, Mat Zain NH, Yasin SM, et al.

JMIR Serious Games, 2023 Mar 07;11:e43047.
PMID: 36881449 DOI: 10.2196/43047

BACKGROUND: The success rate of tuberculosis (TB) treatment in Malaysia remains below the recommended World Health Organization target of 90% despite the implementation of directly observed therapy, short-course, a physical drug monitoring system, since 1994. With increasing numbers of patients with TB in Malaysia defaulting on treatment, exploring another method to improve TB treatment adherence is vital. The use of gamification and real-time elements via video-observed therapies in mobile apps is one such method expected to induce motivation toward TB treatment adherence.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to document the process of designing, developing, and validating the gamification, motivation, and real-time elements in the Gamified Real-time Video Observed Therapies (GRVOTS) mobile app.
METHODS: The modified nominal group technique via a panel of 11 experts was used to validate the presence of the gamification and motivation elements inside the app, which were assessed based on the percentage of agreement among the experts.
RESULTS: The GRVOTS mobile app, which can be used by patients, supervisors, and administrators, was successfully developed. For validation purposes, the gamification and motivation features of the app were validated as they achieved a total mean percentage of agreement of 97.95% (SD 2.51%), which was significantly higher than the minimum agreement score of 70% (P
Maggot Debridement Therapy in Malaysia

Nair HKR, Wasi Ahmad N, Teh CH, Lee HL, Chong SSY

Int J Low Extrem Wounds, 2021 Sep;20(3):208-216.
PMID: 32524879 DOI: 10.1177/1534734620932397

Maggot therapy, also known as maggot debridement therapy, larval therapy, biodebridement, or biosurgery, is a type of biotherapy involving the intentional application of live, disinfected fly larvae or maggots into the nonhealing wound of a human or animal to debride the necrotic wound, reduce bacterial contamination of the wound as well as enhance the formation of healthy granulation tissue and stimulate healing in nonhealing wounds. In addition, van der Plas et al reported that the use of the medicinal larvae as natural remover of necrotic and infected tissue had prevented amputation in 11 selected patients. In Malaysia, Aaron et al had demonstrated prevention of amputation in 25 patients.
Hirudotherapy in Wound Healing

Nair HKR, Ahmad NW, Lee HL, Ahmad N, Othamn S, Mokhtar NSHM, et al.

Int J Low Extrem Wounds, 2022 Dec;21(4):425-431.
PMID: 32815407 DOI: 10.1177/1534734620948299

Leeches are hermaphrodite, bloodsucking parasitic worms usually found in places with fresh water. Leech therapy existed 3000 years, and it is being used at a different scope. Several species of leeches have been used in medicine, and the most common species used is Hirudo medicinalis. Leeches suck the excess blood, reduce the swelling in the tissues, and promote healing by allowing fresh oxygenated blood to reach the area until normal circulation can be restored. Pain relief from leech therapy is rapid, effective, and long-lasting in many conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and duration of healing utilizing sterile medicinal leeches, Hirudinaria manillensis, in the management of pain and wound healing. Leech was taken out from its sterile tube by using a pair of non-tooth sterile plastic forceps and gloved hands. Each leech was left in place for as long as it was feeding. Leeches were removed only after they became detached from the patient. The specimen jars containing the used leeches were sealed in either a biohazard bag or in a small yellow clinical waste bin liner securely fastened with a cable tie. The leech was killed by using 70% alcohol prior to disposal into a yellow hazard bin, which undergoes incineration. All 3 patients had improvements in their condition, especially in terms of reduction in the pain and improvement in their sense of balance. All the wounds healed well. Therefore, leech therapy is effective in reducing pain and increasing perfusion to allow the wounds to heal quickly. However, a more robust trial is needed to show significance as the sample size is small.
Phytochemical constituents from Cassia alata with inhibition against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Hazni H, Ahmad N, Hitotsuyanagi Y, Takeya K, Choo CY

Planta Med, 2008 Dec;74(15):1802-5.
PMID: 18991205 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1088340

The methanolic extract of the leaves of CASSIA ALATA was sequentially partitioned in increasing polarity to afford the hexane, chloroform, butanol and residual extract. Crude extracts were evaluated against MRSA using the agar well diffusion assay. The butanol and chloroform extracts both exhibited inhibition against MRSA with inhibition indexes of 1.03 +/- 0.16 and 0.78 +/- 0.07 at the concentration of 50 mg/mL. The butanol extracts were further purified using silica gel and reverse phase chromatography to afford kaempferol ( 1), kaempferol 3- O-beta-glucopyranoside ( 2), kaempferol 3- O-gentiobioside ( 3) and aloe emodin ( 4). The four constituents showed varying degrees of inhibition against MRSA. Both 1 and 4 exhibited MIC (50) values of 13.0 +/- 1.5 microg/mL and 12.0 +/- 1.5 microg/mL, respectively. The kaempferol glycosides 2 and 3 were less active with MIC (50) values of 83.0 +/- 0.9 microg/mL and 560.0 +/- 1.2 microg/mL, respectively. A free hydroxyl group at C-3 of the flavonol structure is a structural requirement for the inhibition of MRSA.
Green finance and environmental sustainability: a systematic review and future research avenues

Khan HHA, Ahmad N, Yusof NM, Chowdhury MAM

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2024 Feb;31(6):9784-9794.
PMID: 38194178 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31809-6

This study critically examines the dynamic interplay between green finance and environmental sustainability using a systematic review and bibliometric analysis. The analysis is centered on 507 scholarly articles published between 2013 and 2023 in the Scopus database and leverages Microsoft Excel, Harzing Publish or Perish, and VOSviewer to identify publication trends, key contributors, research impact, and emergent themes in this rapidly evolving field. The findings reveal that research on green finance and environmental sustainability has increased exponentially over the past decade, with China and institutions in Asia emerging as prominent contributors compared to other regions. This study also identified the Environmental Science and Pollution Research journal as the most active source title, demonstrating its commitment to publishing current findings on the topic. Through keyword analysis, several research avenues have been proposed to guide future research on enhancing the strategic role of green finance in promoting environmental sustainability. These avenues include broadening the geographical scope of research, exploring the synergies between green finance and emerging fintech innovations, developing robust metrics to quantify the socioeconomic impacts of green finance, establishing a risk and resilience framework to protect green finance against uncertainties, and creating a Green Finance Performance Index to evaluate the dual returns of environmental and financial performance.
Biocompatible and mucoadhesive bacterial cellulose-g-poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels for oral protein delivery

Ahmad N, Amin MC, Mahali SM, Ismail I, Chuang VT

Mol Pharm, 2014 Nov 3;11(11):4130-42.
PMID: 25252107 DOI: 10.1021/mp5003015

Stimuli-responsive bacterial cellulose-g-poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels were investigated for their potential use as an oral delivery system for proteins. These hydrogels were synthesized using electron beam irradiation without any cross-linking agents, thereby eliminating any potential toxic effects associated with cross-linkers. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), a model protein drug, was loaded into the hydrogels, and the release profile in simulated gastrointestinal fluids was investigated. Cumulative release of less than 10% in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) demonstrated the potential of these hydrogels to protect BSA from the acidic environment of the stomach. Subsequent conformational stability analyses of released BSA by SDS-PAGE, circular dichroism, and an esterase activity assay indicated that the structural integrity and bioactivity of BSA was maintained and preserved by the hydrogels. Furthermore, an increase in BSA penetration across intestinal mucosa tissue was observed in an ex vivo penetration experiment. Our fabricated hydrogels exhibited excellent cytocompatibility and showed no sign of toxicity, indicating the safety of these hydrogels for in vivo applications.
Phylogenetic relationship of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae isolated in Malaysia

Mohd-Zain Z, Kamsani NH, Ahmad N, Clarke SC

Infect Genet Evol, 2015 Dec;36:240-3.
PMID: 26394107 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.09.017

The epidemiology of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) remains poorly understood. We therefore sought to determine the genetic relationship of 25 NTHi isolated from various states in Malaysia using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The majority of isolates were obtained from sputum. There were 24 novel sequence types (STs). Eight isolates were single-locus variants, the remainder being singletons. Clustering was not based on clinical site of isolation or geographical origin. Despite the limited number of isolates examined in this study, we demonstrate that NTHi isolates in Malaysia are diverse and warrant further investigation.
Deep-time convergent evolution in animal communication presented by shared adaptations for coping with noise in lizards and other animals

Ord TJ, Klomp DA, Summers TC, Diesmos A, Ahmad N, Das I

Ecol Lett, 2021 Sep;24(9):1750-1761.
PMID: 34196091 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13773

Convergence in communication appears rare compared with other forms of adaptation. This is puzzling, given communication is acutely dependent on the environment and expected to converge in form when animals communicate in similar habitats. We uncover deep-time convergence in territorial communication between two groups of tropical lizards separated by over 140 million years of evolution: the Southeast Asian Draco and Caribbean Anolis. These groups have repeatedly converged in multiple aspects of display along common environmental gradients. Robot playbacks to free-ranging lizards confirmed that the most prominent convergence in display is adaptive, as it improves signal detection. We then provide evidence from a sample of the literature to further show that convergent adaptation among highly divergent animal groups is almost certainly widespread in nature. Signal evolution is therefore curbed towards the same set of adaptive solutions, especially when animals are challenged with the problem of communicating effectively in noisy environments.
Evolutionary loss of complexity in animal signals: cause and consequence

Ord TJ, Diesmos A, Ahmad N, Das I

Evolution, 2023 Mar 01;77(3):660-669.
PMID: 36626820 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpac057

We identified hypotheses for the cause and consequences of the loss of complexity in animal signals and tested these using a genus of visually communicating lizards, the Southeast Asian Draco lizards. Males of some species have lost the headbob component from their display, which is otherwise central to the communication of this genus. These males instead display a large, colorful dewlap to defend territories and attract mates. This dewlap initially evolved to augment the headbob component of the display, but has become the exclusive system of communication. We tested whether the loss of headbobs was caused by relaxed selection, habitat-dependent constraints, or size-specific energetic constraints on display movement. We then examined whether the consequences of this loss have been mitigated by increased signaling effort or complexity in the color of the dewlap. It appears the increased cost of display movement resulting from the evolution of large body size might have contributed to the loss of headbobs and has been somewhat compensated for by the evolution of greater complexity in dewlap color. However, this evolutionary shift is unlikely to have maintained the complexity previously present in the communication system, resulting in an apparent detrimental loss of information potential.
Insecticidal Effects of Organotin(IV) Compounds on Plutella Xylostella (L.) Larvae. II. Inhibitory Potencies Against Acetylcholinesterase and Evidence for Synergism in Tests With Bacillus Thuringiensis(BER.) and Malathion

Ahmad NW, Huang TS, Balabaskaran S, Lo KM, Das VG

Met Based Drugs, 1994;1(1):1-17.
PMID: 18476213

Features of pesticide synergism and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition (in vitro) were studied using a selected range of organotin compounds against the early 4th instar larvae of a highly resistant strain of the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, a major universal pest of cruciferous vegetables.Fourteen triorganotin compounds were evaluated for their ability to enhance the toxicity of the microbial insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) and of the commercial insecticide, Malathion to Plutella xylostella larvae. Supplemental synergism was observed with triphenyl- and tricyclopentyltin hydroxides in combinations with Bacillus thuringiensis. Increased synergism was observed with an increase in the number of cyclopentyl groups on tin in the mixed series, Cyp(n) Ph(3-n) SnX, where X = OH, and 1-(1,2,4-triazolyl). The combination of (p-chlorophenyl)diphenyltin N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamate at LD(10) and LD(25) concentrations with sublethal concentrations of Malathion as well as of tricyclohexyltin methanesulphonate at the 0.01% (w/v) concentration with Malathion exerted strong synergistic effects (supplemental synergism) with toxicity index (T.I) values of 7.2, 19.8 and 10.1, respectively.Studies on the in vitro inhibition of acetylcholinesterase prepared from the DBM larvae showed that while most of the triorganotin Compounds tested were without effect on the enzyme, compounds containing the thiocarbamylacetate or the dithiocarbamylacetate moieties demonstrated appreciable levels of inhibition, being comparable in efficacy to commercial grades of Malathion and Methomyl.
Fulltext Understanding Myths in Pregnancy and Childbirth and the Potential Adverse Consequences: A Systematic Review

Ahmad N, Nor SFS, Daud F

Malays J Med Sci, 2019 Jul;26(4):17-27.
PMID: 31496890 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/mjms2019.26.4.3

The trend of choosing natural birth at home without proper supervision is gaining more attention and popularity in Malaysia. This is partly due to wrong beliefs of modern medical care. It prompts the need to explore further into other myths and wrong beliefs present in communities around the world surrounding pregnancy and childbirth that may lead to harmful consequences. A total of 25 literatures were selected and reviewed. The most reported wrong belief is the eating behaviour such as avoiding certain nutritious fruits besides eating saffron to produce fairer skinned babies which in fact contains high doses of saffron that may lead to miscarriage. The most worrying myth however, is that unregulated birth attendants such as doulas have the necessary knowledge and skills to manage complications in labour which may well end up in perinatal or even maternal death. Other myths suggested that modern medical care such as vaginal examinations and baby's heart monitoring in labour as unnecessary. A well-enforced health education programme by well-trained healthcare personnel besides sufficient number of antenatal care visits are needed to overcome these myths, wrong beliefs and practices. In conclusion, potential harmful beliefs and practices in pregnancy and childbirth are still abound in today's communities, not just in least developed and developing countries but also in developed countries. Women and children are two very vulnerable groups, therefore debunking myths and eliminating harmful practices should be one of a healthcare provider priority especially those in the primary care settings as they are the closest to the community.
Genome Sequences of Brucella melitensis, Isolated from Blood Samples of Brucellosis Patients in Malaysia

Mohamed Zahidi J, Ahmad N, Tay BY, Hashim R, Khoo E, Ahmad N, et al.

Genome Announc, 2017 Aug 03;5(31).
PMID: 28774972 DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00689-17

Human brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic disease and has widespread geographical distribution. Brucella melitensis has caused outbreaks and sporadic cases in Malaysia. Here, we present the whole-genome sequences of four B. melitensis strains isolated from brucellosis patients in Malaysia.
Metal ion removal from aqueous solution using physic seed hull

Mohammad M, Maitra S, Ahmad N, Bustam A, Sen TK, Dutta BK

J Hazard Mater, 2010 Jul 15;179(1-3):363-72.
PMID: 20362390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.03.014

The potential of physic seed hull (PSH), Jantropha curcas L. as an adsorbent for the removal of Cd(2+) and Zn(2+) metal ions from aqueous solution has been investigated. It has been found that the amount of adsorption for both Cd(2+) and Zn(2+) increased with the increase in initial metal ions concentration, contact time, temperature, adsorbent dosage and the solution pH (in acidic range), but decreased with the increase in the particle size of the adsorbent. The adsorption process for both metal ions on PSH consists of three stages-a rapid initial adsorption followed by a period of slower uptake of metal ions and virtually no uptake at the final stage. The kinetics of metal ions adsorption on PSH followed a pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption equilibrium data were fitted in the three adsorption isotherms-Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. The data best fit in the Langmuir isotherm indication monolayer chemisorption of the metal ions. The adsorption capacity of PSH for both Zn(2+) and Cd(2+) was found to be comparable with other available adsorbents. About 36-47% of the adsorbed metal could be leached out of the loaded PSH using 0.1M HCl as the eluting medium.
Complete electrochemical dechlorination of chlorobenzenes in the presence of various arene mediators

Jalil AA, Triwahyono S, Razali NA, Hairom NH, Idris A, Muhid MN, et al.

J Hazard Mater, 2010 Feb 15;174(1-3):581-5.
PMID: 19864065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.091

Electrochemical dechlorination of chlorobenzenes in the presence of various arene mediators such as naphthalene, biphenyl, phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene, was studied. The amount of mediator required was able to be reduced to 0.01 equiv. for all mediators except for anthracene, with the complete dechlorination of mono-, 1,3-di- and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene still achieved. This catalytic amount of mediator plays an important role in accelerating the dechlorination through the rapid formation of radical anions prior to reduction of the chlorobenzenes.
Psychometric properties of the Malay inventory for the perception of Muslims with hearing impairment

Rahmat S, Yati IES, Musa R, A Rahman S, Ahmad NS, Dzulkarnain AAA

Med J Malaysia, 2021 09;76(5):672-679.
PMID: 34508373

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study are to measure the psychometric properties of the newly developed preliminary version of hearing impairment inventory for religious duties for Muslim adults, i.e., the Inventori Persepsi Bagi Muslim Yang Memiliki Masalah Pendengaran (IPM3P), and to produce a final version of IPM3P.
METHODS: The preliminary version of IPM3P that is used to investigate the perception of Muslim adults with hearing impairment towards Islamic understanding and practice has been tested in this study. The preliminary version of IPM3P consists of three domains (obligation, practice, and difficulty) with 59 items in total. Four phases of validity and reliability testing involved were: i) Content validation, ii) Pretesting, face validity and proofreading, iii) Pilot study, and iv) Psychometric evaluation.
RESULTS: The final version of IPM3P consists of 36 items. The findings from the present study suggest that the final version of IPM3P has excellent psychometric properties manifested by: i) good content validity, ii) excellently pretested, iii) good face validity, iv) good construct validity shown by principal component analysis and convergent validity, and v) good discriminant validity showed by divergent validity.
CONCLUSION: IPM3P shows good potential to be used as a tool in investigating perception of Muslim adults towards Islamic understanding and practice.
Characteristics of community- and hospital-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying SCCmec type IV isolated in Malaysia

Ahmad N, Ruzan IN, Abd Ghani MK, Hussin A, Nawi S, Aziz MN, et al.

J Med Microbiol, 2009 Sep;58(Pt 9):1213-1218.
PMID: 19528158 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.011353-0

Community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) occurring among hospital isolates in Malaysia has not been reported previously. As CA-MRSA reported worldwide has been shown to carry SCCmec types IV and V, the aim of this study was to determine the SCCmec types of MRSA strains collected in Malaysia from November 2006 to June 2008. From a total of 628 MRSA isolates, 20 were SCCmec type IV, whilst the rest were type III. Further characterization of SCCmec type IV strains revealed 11 sequence types (STs), including ST22, with the majority being ST30/Panton-Valentine leukocidin positive. Eight out of nine CA-MRSA were ST30, one was ST80, and all were sensitive to co-trimoxazole and gentamicin. Five new STs designated ST1284, ST1285, ST1286, ST1287 and ST1288 were discovered, suggesting the emergence of novel clones of MRSA circulating in Malaysian hospitals. The discovery of the ST22 strain is a cause for concern because of its ability to replace existing predominant clones in certain geographical regions.
Fulltext Leptospirosis Outbreak After the 2014 Major Flooding Event in Kelantan, Malaysia: A Spatial-Temporal Analysis

Mohd Radi MF, Hashim JH, Jaafar MH, Hod R, Ahmad N, Mohammed Nawi A, et al.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2018 05;98(5):1281-1295.
PMID: 29532771 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0922

Severe floods increase the risk of leptospirosis outbreaks in endemic areas. This study determines the spatial-temporal distribution of leptospirosis in relation to environmental factors after a major flooding event in Kelantan, Malaysia. We conducted an observational ecological study involving incident leptospirosis cases, from the 3 months before, during, and three months after flood, in reference to the severe 2014 Kelantan flooding event. Geographical information system was used to determine the spatial distribution while climatic factors that influenced the cases were also analyzed. A total of 1,229 leptospirosis cases were notified within the three study periods where incidence doubled in the postflood period. Twelve of 66 subdistricts recorded incidence rates of over 100 per 100,000 population in the postflood period, in comparison with only four subdistricts in the preflooding period. Average nearest neighborhood analysis indicated that the cases were more clustered in the postflood period as compared with the preflood period, with observed mean distance of 1,139 meters and 1,666 meters, respectively (both at P < 0.01). Global Moran's I was higher in the postflood period (0.19; P < 0.01) as compared with the preflood period (0.06; P < 0.01). Geographic weighted regression showed that living close to water bodies increased the risk of contracting the disease. Postflooding hotspots were concentrated in areas where garbage cleanup occurred and the incidence was significantly associated with temperature, humidity, rainfall, and river levels. Postflooding leptospirosis outbreak was associated with several factors. Understanding the spatial distribution and associated factors of leptospirosis can help improve future disease outbreak management after the floods.
Evaluation of factors affecting time to achieve dry weight among hemodialysis patients using bioimpedance spectroscopy

Khan A, Khan AH, Adnan AS, Sulaiman SAS, Ahmad N, Gan SH

Ir J Med Sci, 2019 Feb;188(1):311-319.
PMID: 29680929 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-018-1813-2

BACKGROUND: Achieving and maintaining dry weight appears to be an effective strategy for controlling and maintaining normotension among hypertensive patients on hemodialysis (HD).
OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to determine the time at which the majority of patients achieve postdialysis dry weight using bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS).
METHODS: A total of 220 HD patients were prospectively assessed for fluid overload using the Fresenius body composition monitor (BCM). BCM readings were taken at 30 and 45 min postdialysis.
RESULTS: Among the 220 patients included in this study, 120 (54.5%) achieved a euvolemic state at 30 min, and 25 (11.4%) achieved it at 45 min according to the BCM. In the multivariate analysis, vascular access other than arteriovenous fistula (AVF) (OR = 0.286, p value = 0.049) and cardiovascular disease (OR = 0.384, p value = 0.026) had a statistically significant negative association and receiving HD at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) (OR = 2.705, p value = 0.008) had a statistically significant positive association with achieving a euvolemic state at 30 min.
CONCLUSION: This suggests that assessing the hydration status at 45 min postdialysis in all patients or in those with identified risk factors for not achieving a euvolemic state at 30 min will provide a relatively accurate assessment for most patients.
Fulltext Analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolates from chickens and chicken meat products in Malaysia using PFGE, and MLST

Zakaria Z, Hassan L, Sharif Z, Ahmad N, Ali RM, Husin SA, et al.

BMC Vet Res, 2020 Oct 17;16(1):393.
PMID: 33069231 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02605-y

BACKGROUND: Salmonella is a very important foodborne pathogen causing illness in humans. The emergence of drug-resistant strains also constitutes a serious worry to global health and livestock productivity. This study investigated Salmonella isolates from chicken and chicken meat products using the phenotypic antimicrobial screening as well as the molecular characteristics of Salmonella isolates. Upon serotyping of the isolates, the antimicrobial susceptibility profiling using a panel of 9 commonly used antimicrobials was done. Subsequently, the molecular profiles of all the isolates were further determined using Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and the Whole Genome Multi-Locus Sequence Type (wgMLST) analysis in order to obtain the sequence types.
RESULTS: The PFGE data was input into FPQuest software, and the dendrogram generated was studied for possible genetic relatedness among the isolates. All the isolates were found to belong to the Salmonella Enteritidis serotype with notable resistance to tetracycline, gentamycin, streptomycin, and sulfadimidine. The S. Enteritidis isolates tested predominantly subtyped into the ST11 and ST1925, which was found to be a single cell variant of ST11. The STs were found to occur in chicken meats, foods, and live chicken cloacal swabs, which may indicate the persistence of the bacteria in multiple foci.
CONCLUSION: The data demonstrate the presence of S. Enteritidis among chickens, indicating its preference and reservoir status for enteric Salmonella pathogens.
Discerning the Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence, and Phylogenetic Relatedness of Salmonella Isolates Across the Human, Poultry, and Food Materials Sources in Malaysia

Zakaria Z, Hassan L, Ahmad N, Husin SA, Ali RM, Sharif Z, et al.

Front Microbiol, 2021;12:652642.
PMID: 34531832 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.652642

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis is one of the major foodborne zoonotic pathogens globally. It has significantly impacted human health and global trade. In this investigation, whole-genome sequencing was employed to determine the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pattern of a collection of Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from humans, poultry, and food sources. The study also investigated the virulence genes profile of the isolates as well as the phylogenetic relationships among strains. Illumina NextSeq technology was used to sequence the genome of 82 Salmonella Enteritidis strains isolated over 3 years (2016-2018) in Peninsular Malaysia. The pattern of resistance showed that tetracycline had the highest frequency (37/82, 45.12%), and isolates from food samples showed the highest rate of 9/18 (50.00%), followed by human 17/35 (48.57%) and then poultry 11/29 (37.93%). The second drug with the highest resistance rate is ampicillin with 5/29 (17.24%) for poultry, 4/35 (11.43%) for human, and 0/18 (0.00%) for food isolates respectively. Similarly, a total of 19 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes corresponding to the nine drugs used in the disc diffusion assay were evaluated from the whole genome sequence data. The aminoglycoside resistance gene aac(6')-ly was detected in 79 of the 82 isolates (96.34%). While the phylogenetic analysis revealed distinct lineages isolated, the three sources indicating possible cross-contamination. In conclusion, the results showed that the genomic profile of Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from humans, poultry, and food samples share genetic traits, hence the need to institute measures at controlling the continuous spread of these resistant pathogens.

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