Displaying publications 121 - 140 of 452 in total

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  1. An overview on cellulose-based material in tailoring bio-hybrid nanostructured photocatalysts for water treatment and renewable energy applications
    Mohamed MA, Abd Mutalib M, Mohd Hir ZA, M Zain MF, Mohamad AB, Jeffery Minggu L, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2017 Oct;103:1232-1256.
    PMID: 28587962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.181
    A combination between the nanostructured photocatalyst and cellulose-based materials promotes a new functionality of cellulose towards the development of new bio-hybrid materials for various applications especially in water treatment and renewable energy. The excellent compatibility and association between nanostructured photocatalyst and cellulose-based materials was induced by bio-combability and high hydrophilicity of the cellulose components. The electron rich hydroxyl group of celluloses helps to promote superior interaction with photocatalyst. The formation of bio-hybrid nanostructured are attaining huge interest nowadays due to the synergistic properties of individual cellulose-based material and photocatalyst nanoparticles. Therefore, in this review we introduce some cellulose-based material and discusses its compatibility with nanostructured photocatalyst in terms of physical and chemical properties. In addition, we gather information and evidence on the fabrication techniques of cellulose-based hybrid nanostructured photocatalyst and its recent application in the field of water treatment and renewable energy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry*
  2. Influence of a nonionic surfactant on curcumin delivery of nanocellulose reinforced chitosan hydrogel
    Sampath Udeni Gunathilake TM, Ching YC, Chuah CH, Illias HA, Ching KY, Singh R, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Oct 15;118(Pt A):1055-1064.
    PMID: 30001596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.147
    Nanocellulose reinforced chitosan hydrogel was synthesized using chemical crosslinking method for the delivery of curcumin which is a poorly water-soluble drug. Curcumin extracted from the dried rhizomes of Curcuma longa was incorporated to the hydrogel via in situ loading method. A nonionic surfactant (Tween 20) was incorporated into the hydrogel to improve the solubility of curcumin. After the gas foaming process, hydrogel showed large interconnected pore structures. The release studies in gastric medium showed that the cumulative release of curcumin increased from 0.21% ± 0.02% to 54.85% ± 0.77% with the increasing of Tween 20 concentration from 0% to 30% (w/v) after 7.5 h. However, the entrapment efficiency percentage decreased with the addition of Tween 20. The gas foamed hydrogel showed higher initial burst release within the first 120 min compared to hydrogel formed at atmospheric condition. The solubility of curcumin would increase to 3.014 ± 0.041 mg/mL when the Tween 20 concentration increased to 3.2% (w/v) in simulated gastric medium. UV-visible spectra revealed that the drug retained its chemical activity after in vitro release. From these findings, it is believed that the nonionic surfactant incorporated chitosan/nanocellulose hydrogel can provide a platform to overcome current problems associated with curcumin delivery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry*
  3. Chemically crosslinked hydrogel and its driving force towards superabsorbent behaviour
    Salleh KM, Zakaria S, Sajab MS, Gan S, Chia CH, Jaafar SNS, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Oct 15;118(Pt B):1422-1430.
    PMID: 29964115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.159
    Dissolved oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) cellulose in NaOH/urea solvent was mixed with sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) to form a green regenerated superabsorbent hydrogel. The effect of concentration of epichlorohydrin (ECH) as the crosslinker on the formation, physical, and chemical properties of hydrogel was studied. Rapid formation and higher gel content of hydrogel were observed at 10% concentration of ECH. The superabsorbent hydrogel was successfully fabricated in this study with the swelling ability >100,000%. Hydrogel with higher concentration of ECH showed opposite trend by having higher superabsorbent property than that of lower concentration. The covalent bond of COC was observed with Attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared (ATR-FT-IR) spectroscopy to confirm the occurrence of crosslinking. The physical and chemical properties of hydrogel were affected by swelling phenomenon. Hydrogel with higher degree of swelling exhibited lower moisture retention and higher transparency. Moreover, the weight of the superabsorbent hydrogel increased with the decrement of pH value of external media (distilled water). This study provided substantial information on the effect of different percentage of ECH as crosslinker on hydrogel basic properties. Furthermore, this study affords correlation of many essential driving forces that affected hydrogel superabsorbent property.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry
  4. Mechanical, morphological and structural properties of cellulose nanofibers reinforced epoxy composites
    Saba N, Mohammad F, Pervaiz M, Jawaid M, Alothman OY, Sain M
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2017 Apr;97:190-200.
    PMID: 28082223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.029
    Present study, deals about isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from the Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft (NBSK) pulp, fabrication by hand lay-up technique and characterization of fabricated epoxy nanocomposites at different filler loadings (0.5%, 0.75%, 1% by wt.). The effect of CNFs loading on mechanical (tensile, impact and flexural), morphological (scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope) and structural (XRD and FTIR) properties of epoxy composites were investigated. FTIR analysis confirms the introduction of CNFs into the epoxy matrix while no considerable change in the crystallinity and diffraction peaks of epoxy composites were observed by the XRD patterns. Additions of CNFs considerably enhance the mechanical properties of epoxy composites but a remarkable improvement is observed for 0.75% CNFs as compared to the rest epoxy nanocomposites. In addition, the electron micrographs revealed the perfect distribution and dispersion of CNFs in the epoxy matrix for the 0.75% CNFs/epoxy nanocomposites, while the existence of voids and agglomerations were observed beyond 0.75% CNFs filler loadings. Overall results analysis clearly revealed that the 0.75% CNFs filler loading is best and effective with respect to rest to enhance the mechanical and structural properties of the epoxy composites.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry*
  5. Hydrophobic kenaf nanocrystalline cellulose for the binding of curcumin
    Zainuddin N, Ahmad I, Kargarzadeh H, Ramli S
    Carbohydr Polym, 2017 May 01;163:261-269.
    PMID: 28267505 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.036
    Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) extracted from lignocellulosic materials has been actively investigated as a drug delivery excipients due to its large surface area, high aspect ratio, and biodegradability. In this study, the hydrophobically modified NCC was used as a drug delivery excipient of hydrophobic drug curcumin. The modification of NCC with a cationic surfactant, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was used to modulate the loading of hydrophobic drugs that would not normally bind to NCC. The FTIR, Elemental analysis, XRD, TGA, and TEM were used to confirm the modification of NCC with CTAB. The effect of concentration of CTAB on the binding efficiency of hydrophobic drug curcumin was investigated. The amounts of curcumin bound onto the CTAB-NCC nanoparticles were analyzed by UV-vis Spectrophotometric. The result showed that the modified CTAB-NCC bound a significant amount of curcumin, in a range from 80% to 96% curcumin added. Nevertheless, at higher concentration of CTAB resulted in lower binding efficiency.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry*
  6. A review of natural polysaccharides for drug delivery applications: Special focus on cellulose, starch and glycogen
    Gopinath V, Saravanan S, Al-Maleki AR, Ramesh M, Vadivelu J
    Biomed Pharmacother, 2018 Nov;107:96-108.
    PMID: 30086465 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.136
    Natural polysaccharides are renewable with a high degree of biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment. Comprehensive investigations of polysaccharides are essential for our fundamental understanding of exploiting its potential as bio-composite, nano-conjugate and in pharmaceutical sectors. Polysaccharides are considered to be superior to other polymers, for its ease in tailoring, bio-compatibility, bio-activity, homogeneity and bio-adhesive properties. The main focus of this review is to spotlight the new advancements and challenges concerned with surface modification, binding domains, biological interaction with the conjugate including stability, polydispersity, and biodegradability. In this review, we have limited our survey to three essential polysaccharides including cellulose, starch, and glycogen that are sourced from plants, microbes, and animals respectively are reviewed. We also present the polysaccharides which have been extensively modified with the various types of conjugates for combating last-ditch pharmaceutical challenges.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/pharmacology*
  7. Fulltext A Surfactant Directed Microcrystalline Cellulose/Polyaniline Composite with Enhanced Electrochemical Properties
    Abdi MM, Md Tahir P, Liyana R, Javahershenas R
    Molecules, 2018 Sep 26;23(10).
    PMID: 30261640 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102470
    In this study a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), was used as a soft template for in situ chemical polymerization of aniline on the surface of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The morphology of the wire-like and porous nanostructure of the resulting composite was highly dependent on the MCC and CTAB concentrations. The effect of the MCC and CTAB concentrations on the electrochemical and morphological properties of the polyaniline (PAni) nanocomposite was studied. Cyclic voltammograms of modified PAni/MCC/CTAB electrode displayed a high current response and the effect of scan rate on the current response confirmed a diffusion controlled process on the surface of the electrode that makes it suitable for sensor applications. The overlapping characteristic peaks of pure PAni and MCC caused peak broadening at 3263 cm-1 in the IR spectra of PAni/MCC/CTAB nanocomposite that revealed the interaction between NH of PAni and OH group of MCC via electrostatic interactions. The addition of MCC to PAni through chemical polymerization decreased the thermal stability of composite compared to pure PAni. Lower crystallinity was observed in the XRD diffractogram, with 2 theta values of 22.8, 16.5, and 34.6 for PAni/MCC, confirming the formation of PAni on the MCC surface.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry*
  8. Effects of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate (SCBH) on cell growth and fatty acid accumulation of heterotrophic Chlorella protothecoides
    Chen JH, Liu L, Lim PE, Wei D
    Bioprocess Biosyst Eng, 2019 Jul;42(7):1129-1142.
    PMID: 30919105 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02110-z
    Microalgal lipid production by Chlorella protothecoides using sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate was investigated in this study. First, maximum glucose and reducing sugar concentrations of 15.2 and 27.0 g/L were obtained in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate (SCBH), and the effects of different percentages of glucose and xylose on algal cultivation were investigated. Afterwards, SCBH was used as a carbon source for the cultivation of C. protothecoides and higher biomass concentration of 10.7 g/L was achieved. Additionally, a large amount of fatty acids, accounting up to 16.8% of dry weight, were accumulated in C. protothecoides in the nitrogen-limited (0.1-1 mmol/L) culture. Although SCBH inhibited fatty acid accumulation to a certain degree and the inhibition was aggravated by nitrogen starvation, SCBH favored microalgal cell growth and fatty acid production. The present study is of significance for the integration of cost-effective feedstocks production for biodiesel with low-cost SCBH as well as environmentally friendly disposal of lignocellulosic wastes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry*
  9. Characterization and properties of cellulose microfibers from water hyacinth filled sago starch biocomposites
    Syafri E, Jamaluddin, Wahono S, Irwan A, Asrofi M, Sari NH, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2019 Sep 15;137:119-125.
    PMID: 31252021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.174
    The cellulose microfibers (CMF) from water hyacinth (WH) fiber as a filler in sago starch (SS) biocomposites was investigated. The CMF was isolated by pulping, bleaching and acid hydrolysis methods. The addition of CMF in sago matrix was varied i.e. 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt%. Biocomposites were made by using solution casting and glycerol as a plasticizer. The biocomposites were also determined by tensile test, FTIR, X-Ray, thermogravimetric, SEM, and soil burial tests. The results show that the SS15CMF sample has the highest tensile strength of 10.23 MPa than those other samples. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images show that the strong interaction was formed between CMF WH and matrix. Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) indicated that the functional group of biocomposites was a hydrophilic cluster. The addition of CMF WH in sago starch biocomposites lead to the moisture barrier, crystallinity, and thermal stability increased; it is due to the pure sago starch film was more rapidly degraded than its biocomposites.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry*
  10. Investigations on the interactions of proteins with nanocellulose produced via sulphuric acid hydrolysis
    Gunathilake TMSU, Ching YC, Uyama H, Nguyen DH, Chuah CH
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2021 Dec 15;193(Pt B):1522-1531.
    PMID: 34740692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.215
    The investigation of protein-nanoparticle interactions contributes to the understanding of nanoparticle bio-reactivity and creates a database of nanoparticles for use in nanomedicine, nanodiagnosis, and nanotherapy. In this study, hen's egg white was used as the protein source to study the interaction of proteins with sulphuric acid hydrolysed nanocellulose (CNC). Several techniques such as FTIR, zeta potential measurement, UV-vis spectroscopy, compressive strength, TGA, contact angle and FESEM provide valuable information in the protein-CNC interaction study. The presence of a broader peak in the 1600-1050 cm-1 range of CNC/egg white protein FTIR spectrum compared to the 1600-1050 cm-1 range of CNC sample indicated the binding of egg white protein to CNC surface. The contact angle with the glass surface decreased with the addition of CNC to egg white protein. The FESEM EDX spectra showed a higher amount of N and Na on the surface of CNC. It indicates the density of protein molecules higher around CNC. The zeta potential of CNC changed from -26.7 ± 0.46 to -21.7 ± 0.2 with the introduction of egg white protein due to the hydrogen bonding, polar bonds and electrostatic interaction between surface CNC and protein. The compressive strength of the egg white protein films increased from 0.064 ± 0.01 to 0.36 ± 0.02 MPa with increasing the CNC concentration from 0 to 4.73% (w/v). The thermal decomposition temperature of CNC/egg white protein decreased compared to egg white protein thermal decomposition temperature. According to UV-Vis spectroscopy, the far-UV light (207-222nm) absorption peak slightly changed in the CNC/egg white protein spectrum compared to the egg white protein spectrum. Based on the results, the observations of protein nanoparticle interactions provide an additional understanding, besides the theoretical simulations from previous studies. Also, the results indicate to aim CNC for the application of nanomedicine and nanotherapy. A new insight given by us in this research assumes a reasonable solution to these crucial applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry*
  11. Fulltext Cellobiohydrolase B of Aspergillus niger over-expressed in Pichia pastoris stimulates hydrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunches
    Woon JS, Mackeen MM, Illias RM, Mahadi NM, Broughton WJ, Murad AMA, et al.
    PeerJ, 2017;5:e3909.
    PMID: 29038760 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3909
    BACKGROUND: Aspergillus niger, along with many other lignocellulolytic fungi, has been widely used as a commercial workhorse for cellulase production. A fungal cellulase system generally includes three major classes of enzymes i.e., β-glucosidases, endoglucanases and cellobiohydrolases. Cellobiohydrolases (CBH) are vital to the degradation of crystalline cellulose present in lignocellulosic biomass. However, A. niger naturally secretes low levels of CBH. Hence, recombinant production of A. niger CBH is desirable to increase CBH production yield and also to allow biochemical characterisation of the recombinant CBH from A. niger.

    METHODS: In this study, the gene encoding a cellobiohydrolase B (cbhB) from A. niger ATCC 10574 was cloned and expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris X-33. The recombinant CBHB was purified and characterised to study its biochemical and kinetic characteristics. To evaluate the potential of CBHB in assisting biomass conversion, CBHB was supplemented into a commercial cellulase preparation (Cellic(®) CTec2) and was used to hydrolyse oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB), one of the most abundant lignocellulosic waste from the palm oil industry. To attain maximum saccharification, enzyme loadings were optimised by response surface methodology and the optimum point was validated experimentally. Hydrolysed OPEFB samples were analysed using attenuated total reflectance FTIR spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) to screen for any compositional changes upon enzymatic treatment.

    RESULTS: Recombinant CBHB was over-expressed as a hyperglycosylated protein attached to N-glycans. CBHB was enzymatically active towards soluble substrates such as 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-cellobioside (MUC), p-nitrophenyl-cellobioside (pNPC) and p-nitrophenyl-cellobiotrioside (pNPG3) but was not active towards crystalline substrates like Avicel(®) and Sigmacell cellulose. Characterisation of purified CBHB using MUC as the model substrate revealed that optimum catalysis occurred at 50 °C and pH 4 but the enzyme was stable between pH 3 to 10 and 30 to 80 °C. Although CBHB on its own was unable to digest crystalline substrates, supplementation of CBHB (0.37%) with Cellic(®) CTec2 (30%) increased saccharification of OPEFB by 27%. Compositional analyses of the treated OPEFB samples revealed that CBHB supplementation reduced peak intensities of both crystalline cellulose Iα and Iβ in the treated OPEFB samples.

    DISCUSSION: Since CBHB alone was inactive against crystalline cellulose, these data suggested that it might work synergistically with other components of Cellic(®) CTec2. CBHB supplements were desirable as they further increased hydrolysis of OPEFB when the performance of Cellic(®) CTec2 was theoretically capped at an enzyme loading of 34% in this study. Hence, A. niger CBHB was identified as a potential supplementary enzyme for the enzymatic hydrolysis of OPEFB.

    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose; Cellulose 1,4-beta-Cellobiosidase
  12. Utilization of chemically treated municipal solid waste (spent coffee bean powder) as reinforcement in cellulose matrix for packaging applications
    Thiagamani SMK, Nagarajan R, Jawaid M, Anumakonda V, Siengchin S
    Waste Manag, 2017 Nov;69:445-454.
    PMID: 28774586 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.035
    As the annual production of the solid waste generable in the form of spent coffee bean powder (SCBP) is over 6 million tons, its utilization in the generation of green energy, waste water treatment and as a filler in biocomposites is desirable. The objective of this article is to analyze the possibilities to valorize coffee bean powder as a filler in cellulose matrix. Cellulose matrix was dissolved in the relatively safer aqueous solution mixture (8% LiOH and 15% Urea) precooled to -12.5°C. To the cellulose solution (SCBP) was added in 5-25wt% and the composite films were prepared by regeneration method using ethyl alcohol as a coagulant. Some SCBP was treated with aq. 5% NaOH and the composite films were also prepared using alkali treated SCBP as a filler. The films of composites were uniform with brown in color. The cellulose/SCBP films without and with alkali treated SCBP were characterized by FTIR, XRD, optical and polarized optical microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and tensile tests. The maximum tensile strength of the composite films with alkali treated SCBP varied between (106-149MPa) and increased with SCBP content when compared to the composites with untreated SCBP. The thermal stability of the composite was higher at elevated temperatures when alkali treated SCBP was used. Based on the improved tensile properties and photo resistivity, the cellulose/SCBP composite films with alkali treated SCBP may be considered for packaging and wrapping of flowers and vegetables.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry
  13. Cellulose hydrogel development from unbleached oil palm biomass pulps for dermal drug delivery
    Wong LC, Poh JH, Tan WT, Khor BK, Murugaiyah V, Leh CP, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2023 Jan 01;224:483-495.
    PMID: 36273545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.138
    Hydrogels are an attractive platform for drug delivery to the skin. Current cellulose hydrogel developments commonly focus on readily available bleached woody cellulose. Considering the detrimental environmental impacts of bleaching reagents, unbleached non-woody biomass was proposed as an alternative. Herein, this study aims to develop hydrogel from native cellulose extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunches for dermal drug delivery with an emphasis on evaluating the effect of alkali solvent compositions on hydrogel formation. Unbleached dissolving pulps were solubilized in alkali solvents containing sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (6-8%w/v) and urea (4-6%w/v) before crosslinking. Hydrogels were loaded with ibuprofen for skin permeation studies. Light brownish hydrogels formed are aesthetically acceptable and biodegradable with low cytotoxicity. NaOH content has a dominant role over urea where thinner and deformable crosslinked network walls in a porous hydrogel structure are associated with high NaOH content. Synergistic effects (cellulose solubility: 94 %; swelling ratio: ~2800 %) were observed at 7%w/v NaOH and 4%w/v urea with low toxicity. Most hydrogels showed >80 % of ibuprofen permeated into the skin and this increased with the swelling ratio of hydrogels. Unbleached cellulose pulps have excellent potential for hydrogel fabrication with outstanding physicomechanical properties for dermal drug delivery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry
  14. Chitosan coated magnetic cellulose nanowhisker as a drug delivery system for potential colorectal cancer treatment
    Yusefi M, Shameli K, Lee-Kiun MS, Teow SY, Moeini H, Ali RR, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2023 Apr 01;233:123388.
    PMID: 36706873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123388
    Polysaccharide-based magnetic nanocomposites can eminently illuminate several attractive features as anticancer drug carriers. In this study, rice straw-based cellulose nanowhisker (CNW) was used as solid support for Fe3O4 nanofillers to synthesize magnetic CNW. Then, cross-linked chitosan-coated magnetic CNW for 5-fluorouracil carrier abbreviated as CH/MCNW/5FU. Fourier-transform infrared, X-Ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicated successful fabrication and multifunctional properties of the CH/MCNW/5FU nanocomposites. In addition, CH/MCNW/5FU nanocomposites showed hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential value of 181.31 ± 3.46 nm and +23 ± 1.8 mV, respectively. Based on images of transmission electron microscopy, magnetic CNW as reinforcement was coated with chitosan to obtain almost spherical CH/MCNW/5FU nanocomposites with an average diameter of 37.16 ± 3.08. The nanocomposites indicated desired saturation magnetization and thermal stability, high drug encapsulation efficiency, and pH-dependent swelling and drug release performance. CH/MCNW/5FU nanocomposites showed potent killing effects against colorectal cancer cells in both 2D monolayer and 3D spheroid models. These findings suggest CH/MCNW as a potential carrier for anticancer drugs with high tumour-penetrating capacity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry
  15. Fulltext Highly porous regenerated cellulose hydrogel and aerogel prepared from hydrothermal synthesized cellulose carbamate
    Gan S, Zakaria S, Chia CH, Chen RS, Ellis AV, Kaco H
    PLoS One, 2017;12(3):e0173743.
    PMID: 28296977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173743
    Here, a stable derivative of cellulose, called cellulose carbamate (CC), was produced from Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) core pulp (KCP) and urea with the aid of a hydrothermal method. Further investigation was carried out for the amount of nitrogen yielded in CC as different urea concentrations were applied to react with cellulose. The effect of nitrogen concentration of CC on its solubility in a urea-alkaline system was also studied. Regenerated cellulose products (hydrogels and aerogels) were fabricated through the rapid dissolution of CC in a urea-alkaline system. The morphology of the regenerated cellulose products was viewed under Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The transformation of allomorphs in regenerated cellulose products was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The transparency of regenerated cellulose products was determined by Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer. The degree of swelling (DS) of regenerated cellulose products was also evaluated. This investigation provides a simple and efficient procedure of CC determination which is useful in producing regenerated CC products.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry*
  16. Encapsulation of Dicranopteris linearis extract using cellulose microparticles for antiulcer medication
    Ahmad AA, Kasim KF, Gopinath SCB, Anbu P, Sofian-Seng NS
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2023 Dec 31;253(Pt 2):126795.
    PMID: 37689304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126795
    Dicranopteris linearis (DL) is a fern in the Gleicheniaceae family, locally known as resam by the Malay community. It has numerous pharmacological benefits, with antiulcer and gastroprotective properties. Peptic ulcer is a chronic and recurring disease that significantly impacts morbidity and mortality, affecting nearly 20 % of the world's population. Despite the effectiveness of peptic ulcer drugs, there is no perfect treatment for the ailment. Encapsulation is an advanced technique that can treat peptic ulcers by incorporating natural sources. This work aims to encapsulate DL extract using different types of cellulose particles by the solvent displacement technique for peptic ulcer medication. The extract was encapsulated using methyl cellulose (MC), ethyl cellulose (EC), and a blend of ethyl methyl cellulose through a dialysis cellulose membrane tube and freeze-dried to yield a suspension of the encapsulated DL extracts. The microencapsulated methyl cellulose chloroform extract (MCCH) has a considerably greater level of total phenolic (84.53 ± 6.44 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid (84.53 ± 0.54 mg GAE/g), and antioxidant activity (86.40 ± 0.63 %). MCCH has the highest percentage of antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (2.42 ± 107 × 0.70 CFU/mL), Bacillus subtilis (5.21 ± 107 × 0.90 CFU/mL), and Shigella flexneri (1.25 ± 107 × 0.66 CFU/mL), as well as the highest urease inhibitory activity (50.0 ± 0.21 %). The MCCH particle size was estimated to be 3.347 ± 0.078 μm in diameter. It has been proven that DL elements were successfully encapsulated in the methyl cellulose polymer in the presence of calcium (Ca). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis indicated significant results, where the peak belonging to the CO stretch of the carbonyl groups of methyl cellulose (MC) shifted from 1638.46 cm-1 in the spectrum of pure MC to 1639.10 cm-1 in the spectrum of the MCCH extract. The shift in the wavenumbers was due to the interactions between the phytochemicals in the chloroform extract and the MC matrix in the microcapsules. Dissolution studies in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and model fitting of encapsulated chloroform extracts showed that MCCH has the highest EC50 of 6.73 ± 0.27 mg/mL with R2 = 0.971 fitted by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, indicating diffusion as the mechanism of release.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry; Methylcellulose
  17. Fulltext Post-thoracotomy paraplegia after oxidized cellulose spinal compression
    Than DJ, Perumall VV, Johan S, Lee XL, Karim KA, Hayati F
    Einstein (Sao Paulo), 2023;21:eRC0078.
    PMID: 37436267 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2023RC0078
    Post-thoracotomy paraplegia after non-aortic surgery is an extremely uncommon complication. A 56-year-old woman presented with a 1-year history of progressive shortness of breath. Computed tomography revealed a locally advanced posterior mediastinal mass involving the ribs and the left neural foramina. Tumor excision with a left pneumonectomy was performed. Post-resection, bleeding was noted in the vicinity of the T4-T5 vertebral body, and the bleeding point was packed with oxidized cellulose gauze (Surgicel®). Postoperatively, the patient complained of bilateral leg numbness extending up to the T5 level, with bilateral paraplegia. An urgent laminectomy was performed, and we noted that the spinal cord was compressed by two masses of Surgicel® with blood clots measuring 1.5 × 1.5cm at T4 and T5 levels. The paraplegia did not improve despite the removal of the mass, sufficient decompression, and aggressive postoperative physiotherapy. Surgeons operating in fields close to the intervertebral foramen should be aware of the possible threat to the adjacent spinal canal as helpful hemostatic agents can become a preventable threat.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose, Oxidized*
  18. Fulltext Draft Genome Sequences of Two Cellulolytic Paenibacillus sp. Strains, MAEPY1 and MAEPY2, from Malaysian Landfill Leachate
    Chua P, Yoo HS, Gan HM, Lee SM
    Genome Announc, 2014;2(1).
    PMID: 24526641 DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00065-14
    We report the draft genome sequences of two Paenibacillus species with cellulose-degrading abilities isolated from landfill leachate. An array of genes putatively involved in cellulose degradation have been identified in both genome sequences, which can benefit various biotechnological industries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose
  19. Fulltext Effects of enzyme treated palm kernel expeller on metabolizable energy, growth performance, villus height and digesta viscosity in broiler chickens
    Saenphoom P, Liang JB, Ho YW, Loh TC, Rosfarizan M
    Asian-Australas J Anim Sci, 2013 Apr;26(4):537-44.
    PMID: 25049820 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12463
    This study examined whether pre-treating palm kernel expeller (PKE) with exogenous enzyme would degrade its fiber content; thus improving its metabolizable energy (ME), growth performance, villus height and digesta viscosity in broiler chickens fed diets containing PKE. Our results showed that enzyme treatment decreased (p<0.05) hemicellulose and cellulose contents of PKE by 26.26 and 32.62%, respectively; and improved true ME (TME) and its nitrogen corrected value (TMEn) by 38% and 33%, respectively, compared to the raw sample. Average daily gain (ADG), feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of chickens fed on different dietary treatments in the grower period were not significantly different. Although there was no difference in feed intake (p>0.05) among treatment groups in the finisher period, ADG of chickens in the control (PKE-free diet) was higher (p<0.05) than in all treatment groups fed either 20 or 30% PKE, irrespective of with or without enzyme treatment. However, ADG of birds fed with 20% PKE was higher than those fed with 30% PKE. The FCR of chickens in the control was the lowest (2.20) but not significantly different from those fed 20% PKE diets while birds in the 30% PKE diets recorded higher (p>0.05) FCR. The intestinal villus height and crypt depth (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) were not different (p>0.05) among treatments except for duodenal crypt depth. The villus height and crypt depth of birds in enzyme treated PKE diets were higher (p<0.05) than those in the raw PKE groups. Viscosity of the intestinal digesta was not different (p>0.05) among treatments. Results of this study suggest that exogenous enzyme is effective in hydrolyzing the fiber (hemicellulose and cellulose) component and improved the ME values of PKE, however, the above positive effects were not reflected in the growth performance in broiler chickens fed the enzyme treated PKE compared to those received raw PKE. The results suggest that PKE can be included up to 5% in the grower diet and 20% in the finisher diet without any significant negative effect on FCR in broiler chickens.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose
  20. Soluble inhibitors generated during hydrothermal pretreatment of oil palm mesocarp fiber suppressed the catalytic activity of Acremonium cellulase
    Zakaria MR, Hirata S, Fujimoto S, Ibrahim I, Hassan MA
    Bioresour Technol, 2016 Jan;200:541-7.
    PMID: 26524253 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.075
    Oil palm mesocarp fiber was subjected to hydrothermal pretreatment under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. The pretreated slurries were separated by filtration, pretreated liquids and solids were characterized. An enzymatic digestibility study was performed for both pretreated slurries and solids to understand the effect of soluble inhibitors generated during the pretreatment process. The highest glucose yield obtained from pretreated slurries was 70.1%, and gradually decreased with higher pretreatment severities. The highest glucose yield obtained in pretreated solids was 100%, after pretreatment at 210°C for 20min. In order to study the inhibitory effects of compounds generated during pretreatment with cellulase, technical grade solutions that mimic the pretreated liquid were prepared and their effect on Acremonium cellulase activity was monitored using Avicel. Xylo-oligomers and tannic acid were identified as powerful inhibitors of Acremonium cellulase, and the lowest hydrolysis rate of Avicel of 0.18g/g-glucose released/L/h was obtained from tannic acid.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose
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