Displaying publications 121 - 140 of 743 in total

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  1. DPT POLIO vaccine; Connaught
    Med J Malaya, 1959 Mar;13(3):248-60.
    PMID: 13666194
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines*; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine*; Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines*
  2. Fulltext Development of vaccination strategies: from BCG to new vaccine candidates
    Nadiya T. Al-alusi, Mahmood A. Abdullah
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2014;22(2):387-400.
    MyJurnal
    During recent years, extensive development has been made to improving vaccines for tuberculosis. This is due to the presence of genome sequences of diverse mycobacterial species and Mycobacteroum tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) isolates which has led to advances in the characterization of genes and antigens of M. tb and better realization of protective immune responses to the disease in both animals and humans. This review summarizes vaccine types, reasons for variable efficacy of BCG, latest advances in tuberculosis vaccine development and major vaccine design strategies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tuberculosis Vaccines
  3. Fulltext The control of rabies in Malaya through compulsory mass vaccination of dogs
    Wells CW
    Bull World Health Organ, 1954;10(5):731-42.
    PMID: 13182594
    A fulminating extension of rabies-which has been enzootic in northern Malaya since 1924-occurred in Kuala Lumpur in April 1952. The outbreak was suppressed by the compulsory mass vaccination of dogs, stringent legislation, and intensive stray-dog destruction. Similar measures are being employed in the current campaign, the aim of which is the complete eradication of the disease.From an average annual incidence of 112 confirmed canine cases prior to 1952-when a total of 198 cases was reported-the incidence fell to 15 cases (all in unvaccinated dogs) for the period January-November 1953, during the last 5(1/2) months of which no case in either animals or man was reported. It is considered that the extensive publicity campaign and strict enforcement of the control measures have contributed measurably to the present improved position.Statistics relating to confirmed cases in dogs previously vaccinated with (a) phenolized 20% brain-tissue suspension vaccine (buffalo origin) and (b) chicken-embryo vaccine (Flury strain) are quoted and their probable significance in favour of the latter under Malayan conditions is discussed. The hypothesis that the development of rabies may, in many instances, have been blocked by the vaccine is advanced.The plan for a pan-Federation compulsory vaccination campaign in 1954, to consolidate the 1952-3 improvements, is outlined.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rabies Vaccines*; Vaccines*
  4. Fulltext Response to Wu et al. - Cost-effectiveness analysis of infant pneumococcal vaccination in Malaysia and Hong Kong
    Varghese L, Mungall B, Zhang XH, Hoet B
    Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2016 10 02;12(10):2675-2680.
    PMID: 27459265 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1192738
    A recently published paper that assessed the comparative cost-effectiveness of the 2 pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in Malaysia and Hong Kong reported that the 13-valent PCV vaccine (PCV13) is a better choice compared to the 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV or PCV10) from both a payer and societal perspective as well as under various scenarios. However, the analysis relied on a large number of assumptions that were either erroneous or did not take into account the most recent body of evidence available. A rigorous evaluation of the underlying assumptions is necessary to present a fair and balanced analysis for decision-making.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pneumococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage*; Pneumococcal Vaccines/economics; Pneumococcal Vaccines/immunology*
  5. DNA vaccination with a plasmid encoding LACK-TSA fusion against Leishmania major infection in BALB/c mice
    Maspi N, Ghaffarifar F, Sharifi Z, Dalimi A, Khademi SZ
    Malays J Pathol, 2017 Dec;39(3):267-275.
    PMID: 29279589
    Vaccination would be the most important strategy for the prevention and elimination of leishmaniasis. The aim of the present study was to compare the immune responses induced following DNA vaccination with LACK (Leishmania analogue of the receptor kinase C), TSA (Thiol-specific-antioxidant) genes alone or LACK-TSA fusion against cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Cellular and humoral immune responses were evaluated before and after challenge with Leishmania major (L. major). In addition, the mean lesion size was also measured from 3th week post-infection. All immunized mice showed a partial immunity characterized by higher interferon (IFN)-γ and Immunoglobulin G (IgG2a) levels compared to control groups (p<0.05). IFN-γ/ Interleukin (IL)-4 and IgG2a/IgG1 ratios demonstrated the highest IFN-γ and IgG2a levels in the group receiving LACK-TSA fusion. Mean lesion sizes reduced significantly in all immunized mice compared with control groups at 7th week post-infection (p<0.05). In addition, there was a significant reduction in mean lesion size of LACK-TSA and TSA groups than LACK group after challenge (p<0.05). In the present study, DNA immunization promoted Th1 immune response and confirmed the previous observations on immunogenicity of LACK and TSA antigens against CL. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that a bivalent vaccine can induce stronger immune responses and protection against infectious challenge with L. major.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, DNA/immunology*; Leishmaniasis Vaccines/immunology*
  6. Dengue fever: a worldwide threat An overview of the infection process, environmental factors for global outbreak, diagnostic platforms, and vaccine developments
    Hosseini S, Oliva-Ramírez J, Vázquez-Villegas P, García AR, Muñoz-Soto RB, Aghamohammadi N, et al.
    Curr Top Med Chem, 2018 Nov 05.
    PMID: 30394209 DOI: 10.2174/1568026618666181105130000
    Current review article focuses on Dengue, which is one of the most fatal infectious illnesses and is considered to be a worldwide threat. The paper covers essential topics including an overview on neglected tropical diseases with specific emphasis on Dengue fever, mosquito's cycle of life and mechanism of infection, adaptive response, and different stages in Dengue immunopathogenesis. The current work is also dedicated to the thorough study of Dengue outbreak across the globe with narrowed study to tropical and subtropical regions. Moreover, this review article demonstrates the correlation between the climate factors and Dengue incidence. Furthermore, we present an overview on the detection strategies of Dengue including the latest developments in commercial and non-commercial platforms. Several attempts in developing effective vaccine to protect individuals from Dengue infection and the stage of clinical trails are gathered in the present work as well. Future directions including bio-control are also discussed in this review article. In an overall view, effective management of Dengue is a multidisciplinary task that requires international involvement from different backgrounds and expertise to address this global concern. This review article briefly portrays some of these connecting areas across the disciplines while many other perspectives remain uncovered.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines
  7. Helicobacter pylori overcomes natural immunity in repeated infections
    Stenström B, Windsor HM, Fulurija A, Benghezal M, Kumarasinghe MP, Kimura K, et al.
    Clin Case Rep, 2016 11;4(11):1026-1033.
    PMID: 27830066
    Repeated experimental reinfection of two subjects indicates that Helicobacter pylori infection does not promote an immune response protective against future reinfection. Our results highlight the importance of preventing reinfection after eradication, through public health initiatives, and possibly treatment of family members. They indicate difficulties for vaccine development, especially therapeutic vaccines.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines
  8. Status of malaria in Malaysia
    Oothuman P
    Family Practitioner, 1988;11:81-83.
    In Malaysia malaria is still a major public health problem. At the end of 1986 it was estimated that 14.6% of the population lived in malaria prone areas and 8.4% lived in endemic areas. Malaria eradication and control programmes were instituted separately at different times in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. Inaccessibility of endemic areas, opening of lands for developmental projects and emergence of drug resistant strains of P. falciparum are problems that make control of this infection difficult. Malaria vaccine is being developed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines
  9. Vaccination challenges and strategies against long-lived Toxoplasma gondii
    Loh FK, Nathan S, Chow SC, Fang CM
    Vaccine, 2019 07 09;37(30):3989-4000.
    PMID: 31186188 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.083
    Since the discovery of Toxoplasma gondii in 1908, it is estimated that one-third of the global population has been exposed to this ubiquitous intracellular protozoan. The complex life cycle of T. gondii has enabled itself to overcome stress and transmit easily within a broad host range thus achieving a high seroprevalence worldwide. To date, toxoplasmosis remains one of the most prevalent HIV-associated opportunistic central nervous system infections. This review presents a comprehensive overview of different vaccination approaches ranging from traditional inactivated whole-T. gondii vaccines to the popular DNA vaccines. Extensive discussions are made to highlight the challenges in constructing these vaccines, selecting adjuvants as well as delivery methods, immunisation approaches and developing study models. Herein we also deliberate over the latest and promising enhancement strategies that can address the limitations in developing an effective T. gondii prophylactic vaccine.
    Matched MeSH terms: Protozoan Vaccines/therapeutic use; Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
  10. Fulltext Global economic evaluation of oral cholera vaccine: A systematic review
    Teoh SL, Kotirum S, Hutubessy RCW, Chaiyakunapruk N
    Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2018 02 01;14(2):420-429.
    PMID: 29099647 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1392422
    World Health Organization recommends oral cholera vaccine (OCV) to prevent and control cholera, but requires cost-effectiveness evidence. This review aimed to provide a critical appraisal and summary of global economic evaluation (EE) studies involving OCV to guide future EE study. Full EE studies, published from inception to December 2015, evaluating OCV against cholera disease were included. The included studies were appraised using WHO guide for standardization of EE of immunization programs. Out of 14 included studies, almost all (13/14) were in low- and middle-income countries. Most studies (11/14) evaluated mass vaccination program. Most of the studies (9/14) incorporated herd protective effect. The most common influential parameters were cholera incidence, OCV coverage, herd protection and OCV price. OCV vaccination is likely to be cost-effective when targeted at the population with high-risk of cholera and poor access to health care facilities when herd protection effect is incorporated and OCV price is low.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cholera Vaccines/administration & dosage; Cholera Vaccines/economics*; Cholera Vaccines/immunology*
  11. Fulltext Current progress of immunoinformatics approach harnessed for cellular- and antibody-dependent vaccine design
    Kazi A, Chuah C, Majeed ABA, Leow CH, Lim BH, Leow CY
    Pathog Glob Health, 2018 05;112(3):123-131.
    PMID: 29528265 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2018.1446773
    Immunoinformatics plays a pivotal role in vaccine design, immunodiagnostic development, and antibody production. In the past, antibody design and vaccine development depended exclusively on immunological experiments which are relatively expensive and time-consuming. However, recent advances in the field of immunological bioinformatics have provided feasible tools which can be used to lessen the time and cost required for vaccine and antibody development. This approach allows the selection of immunogenic regions from the pathogen genomes. The ideal regions could be developed as potential vaccine candidates to trigger protective immune responses in the hosts. At present, epitope-based vaccines are attractive concepts which have been successfully trailed to develop vaccines which target rapidly mutating pathogens. In this article, we provide an overview of the current progress of immunoinformatics and their applications in the vaccine design, immune system modeling and therapeutics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines/genetics; Vaccines/immunology*; Vaccines/isolation & purification*
  12. Humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines among healthcare workers in a tertiary hospital in Malaysia
    Amrina MA, Shahidah M, Sofiah HR, Mirlia SCM, Thilakaveni R, Chong ZL, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2023 Jan;78(1):20-24.
    PMID: 36715186
    INTRODUCTION: Healthcare workers (HCWs) were among the first to be fully vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. However, the antibody responses to the vaccines and potential decline among Malaysian HCW are still unclear. The objective of this study is to follow-up anti-S antibody levels among HCW vaccinated with mRNA vaccine (BTN162b2) and inactivated vaccine (CoronaVac).

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plasma samples were collected prevaccination, 2 weeks and 6 months post-vaccination and tested for total immunoglobulin levels using ELISA method.

    RESULTS: A small percentage of HCW (2.2%, 15/677) had elevated anti-S antibody levels in their pre-vaccination plasma samples (median 20.4, IQR 5.8), indicating that they were exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to vaccination. The mRNA vaccine significantly increased anti-S levels of both previously infected and uninfected individuals to saturation levels (median 21.88, IQR.0.88) at 2 weeks postsecond dose of the vaccine. At 6 months post-vaccination, the antibody levels appeared to be maintained among the recipients of the mRNA vaccine. However, at this time point, anti-S antibody levels were lower in individuals given inactivated vaccine (median 20.39, IQR 7.31, n=28), and interestingly, their antibody levels were similar to anti-S levels in pre-vaccination exposed individuals. Antibody levels were not different between the sexes.

    CONCLUSION: Anti-S levels differ in individuals given the different vaccines. While further study is required to determine the threshold level for protection against SARSCoV- 2, individuals with low antibody levels may be considered for boosters.

    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Inactivated
  13. Fulltext Modeling the potential public health impact of different vaccination strategies with an omicron-adapted bivalent vaccine in Malaysia
    Thakkar K, Spinardi J, Kyaw MH, Yang J, Mendoza CF, Dass M, et al.
    Expert Rev Vaccines, 2023;22(1):714-725.
    PMID: 37548520 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2245465
    BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case numbers have increased following the emergence of the Omicron variant. This study estimated the impact of introducing and increasing the coverage of an Omicron-adapted bivalent booster vaccine in Malaysia.

    RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A combined cohort Markov decision tree model was used to compare booster vaccination with an Omicron-adapted bivalent COVID-19 vaccine versus no booster vaccination in Malaysia. The model utilized age-specific data from January 2021 to March 2022 derived from published sources. The outcomes of interest included case numbers, hospitalizations, deaths, medical costs, and productivity losses. The population was stratified into high-risk and standard-risk subpopulations, and the study evaluated the benefits of increased coverage in different age and risk groups.

    RESULTS: Vaccinating only high-risk individuals and those aged ≥ 65 years was estimated to avert 274,313 cases, 33229 hospitalizations, 2,434 deaths, Malaysian ringgit (MYR) 576 million in direct medical costs, and MYR 579 million in indirect costs. Expanding vaccination coverage in the standard-risk population to 75% was estimated to avert more deaths (31%), hospitalizations (155%), infections (206%), direct costs (206%), and indirect costs (281%).

    CONCLUSIONS: These findings support broader population Omicron-adapted bivalent booster vaccination in Malaysia with potential for significant health and economic gains.

    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Combined
  14. Design of a multi-epitope subunit vaccine candidate for chikungunya virus using computational methodology
    Tongco AMP, Rivera WL
    Trop Biomed, 2023 Jun 01;40(2):129-137.
    PMID: 37650398 DOI: 10.47665/tb.40.2.002
    Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a neglected tropical pathogen that causes fever and long-lasting severe arthralgia. Despite its high morbidity, there is still no licensed specific therapeutic option for it. This study proposes a multi-epitope subunit vaccine candidate for CHIKV, designed using computational methods. It was based on the E2 spike glycoprotein in CHIKV, from which T- and B-cell epitopes were predicted and then refined. The pan HLA DR-binding epitope (PADRE) was added to this refined construct, then simulated compared with the native protein, where it was predicted to elicit more than twice the number of antibody titers. Thus, this construct is potentially effective against CHIKV, which further experimentation using live models would be able to verify. This study also demonstrates the feasibility of using rational tools in the future to further optimize vaccine design.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Subunit
  15. Structural vaccinology, molecular simulation and immune simulation approaches to design multi-epitopes vaccine against John Cunningham virus
    Suleman M, Khan TA, Ejaz H, Maroof S, Alshammari A, Albekairi NA, et al.
    Microb Pathog, 2024 Apr;189:106572.
    PMID: 38354987 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106572
    The JCV (John Cunningham Virus) is known to cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a condition that results in the formation of tumors. Symptoms of this condition such as sensory defects, cognitive dysfunction, muscle weakness, homonosapobia, difficulties with coordination, and aphasia. To date, there is no specific and effective treatment to completely cure or prevent John Cunningham polyomavirus infections. Since the best way to control the disease is vaccination. In this study, the immunoinformatic tools were used to predict the high immunogenic and non-allergenic B cells, helper T cells (HTL), and cytotoxic T cells (CTL) epitopes from capsid, major capsid, and T antigen proteins of JC virus to design the highly efficient subunit vaccines. The specific immunogenic linkers were used to link together the predicted epitopes and subjected to 3D modeling by using the Robetta server. MD simulation was used to confirm that the newly constructed vaccines are stable and properly fold. Additionally, the molecular docking approach revealed that the vaccines have a strong binding affinity with human TLR-7. The codon adaptation index (CAI) and GC content values verified that the constructed vaccines would be highly expressed in E. coli pET28a (+) plasmid. The immune simulation analysis indicated that the human immune system would have a strong response to the vaccines, with a high titer of IgM and IgG antibodies being produced. In conclusion, this study will provide a pre-clinical concept to construct an effective, highly antigenic, non-allergenic, and thermostable vaccine to combat the infection of the John Cunningham virus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines*; Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
  16. Fulltext Structure-function analysis of apical membrane-associated molecules of the tegument of schistosome parasites of humans: prospects for identification of novel targets for parasite control
    Leow CY, Willis C, Hofmann A, Jones MK
    Br J Pharmacol, 2015 Apr;172(7):1653-63.
    PMID: 25176442 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12898
    Neglected tropical diseases are a group of some 17 diseases that afflict poor and predominantly rural people in developing nations. One significant disease that contributes to substantial morbidity in endemic areas is schistosomiasis, caused by infection with one of five species of blood fluke belonging to the trematode genus Schistosoma. Although there is one drug available for treatment of affected individuals in clinics, or for mass administration in endemic regions, there is a need for new therapies. A prominent target organ of schistosomes, either for drug or vaccine development, is the peculiar epithelial syncytium that forms the body wall (tegument) of this parasite. This dynamic layer is maintained and organized by concerted activity of a range of proteins, among which are the abundant tegumentary annexins. In this review, we will outline advances in structure-function analyses of these annexins, as a means to understanding tegument cell biology in host-parasite interaction and their potential exploitation as targets for anti-schistosomiasis therapies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines
  17. Hepatitis B vaccine
    Wilkinson IE
    Med J Aust, 1992 May 18;156(10):741.
    PMID: 1535682
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Synthetic; Viral Hepatitis Vaccines*; Hepatitis B Vaccines
  18. Development of a sandwich ELISA to detect virus-like-particles in enterovirus A71 vaccines
    Lim PY, Cardosa MJ
    J Virol Methods, 2019 08;270:113-119.
    PMID: 31100287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.05.005
    The goal of this paper was to develop a sandwich ELISA that can detect intact human enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) virus-like particles (VLPs) in vaccines. This assay specifically detected EV-A71 viruses from different sub-genogroups as well as EV-A71 VLPs, and treatment of VLPs with high heat and low pH reduced or completely abolished detection of the VLPs suggesting that the ELISA detected assembled particles. Using a purified VLP as a reference standard, a quantitative sandwich ELISA (Q-ELISA) was established which was used to monitor the yield and purity of the VLPs during manufacturing. Coupled with immunogenicity studies, the Q-ELISA was used to evaluate the performance of the VLPs and formalin-inactivated EV-A71 vaccine. This assay has the potential to play an important role in the development of an efficient process to produce and purify the VLPs and in examining the quality of EV-A71 vaccines.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Inactivated/standards; Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/standards*
  19. Immunohistochemical, histological and ultrastructural evaluation of protection provided by cholera vaccine against V. cholerae O139
    Murugaiah C, Nik Mohd Noor NZ, Al-Talib H, Mustafa S, Manickam R, Pattabhiraman L
    Microb Pathog, 2020 Mar;140:103964.
    PMID: 31904450 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.103964
    In our previous study, complete protection was observed in rabbit immunized with 1 × 1010 CFU of live attenuated VCUSM21P vaccine against challenge with 1 × 109 CFU Vibrio cholerae O139. In the present study, we investigated whether the vaccines can effectively protect immunized animals from any pathologic changes using histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural techniques. Severe pathology is evident in wild type injected ileum in non-immunized, showing extensive villous destruction, edema, necrosis and inflammation with infiltration of large numbers of inflammatory cells, extensive damage to the villi and microvilli with pore formation. Histology of ileum injected with wild type in immunized rabbit shows no significant pathological changes except for a few inflammatory cells in lamina propria with mild edema in mucosa and submucosa. immunohistochemical staining revealed O139 antigens of wild type are seen in the lamina propria of edematous villi, muscularis mucosa and submucosa with weak presence in the muscle coat in non-immunized rabbit after challenged with wild type in non-immunized rabbits, but in immunized rabbit localisation of the O139 LPS antigen is seen at the tips of the intact villi, within lamina propria and muscularis mucosa only. These observations suggest that the vaccine can effectively protect animals from any pathologic changes and eliminate V. cholerae O139 from the immunized animals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage; Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics; Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology; Cholera Vaccines/administration & dosage*; Cholera Vaccines/immunology
  20. Fulltext The Conserved Molecular Determinants of Virulence in Dengue Virus
    Ahmad Z, Poh CL
    Int J Med Sci, 2019;16(3):355-365.
    PMID: 30911269 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.29938
    Dengue virus belongs to the Flaviviridae family which also includes viruses such as the Zika, West Nile and yellow fever virus. Dengue virus generally causes mild disease, however, more severe forms of the dengue virus infection, dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue haemorrhagic fever with shock syndrome (DSS) can also occur, resulting in multiple organ failure and even death, especially in children. The only dengue vaccine available in the market, CYD-TDV offers limited coverage for vaccinees from 9-45 years of age and is only recommended for individuals with prior dengue exposure. A number of mutations that were shown to attenuate virulence of dengue virus in vitro and/or in vivo have been identified in the literature. The mutations which fall within the conserved regions of all four dengue serotypes are discussed. This review hopes to provide information leading to the construction of a live attenuated dengue vaccine that is suitable for all ages, irrespective of the infecting dengue serotype and prior dengue exposure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Attenuated/pharmacology; Vaccines, Synthetic/pharmacology; Dengue Vaccines/immunology; Dengue Vaccines/pharmacology*
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