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  1. Endemic fluorosis among 14-year-old Yemeni adolescents: an exploratory survey
    Kadir RA, Al-Maqtari RA
    Int Dent J, 2010 Dec;60(6):407-10.
    PMID: 21302739
    To assess the extent of fluorosis in a representative sample of 14-year-old Yemeni adolescents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
  2. Lupus organ damage: what is damaged in Asian patients?
    Kuan WP, Li EK, Tam LS
    Lupus, 2010 Oct;19(12):1436-41.
    PMID: 20947554 DOI: 10.1177/0961203310370050
    Assessment of organ damage has become the standard outcome measure for morbidity and mortality in patients with lupus. Ethnicity is thought to be a marker for genetic, environmental, behavioral, and other variables that may affect disease outcomes. Previous studies suggest that Asians residing in western countries had significantly higher prevalence of damage compared with Whites. In contrast, studies performed in Chinese, Korean and Arab patients showed that the overall prevalence of damage and the most commonly involved organs (neuropsychiatric and musculoskeletal) were similar to Whites. Compared with their Asian counterparts, Pakistani and Jewish patients appeared to have a higher prevalence of damage, most likely secondary to longer disease duration. Chinese patients had an increased prevalence of premature gonadal failure, whereas patients residing in western and southern Asia had more skin damage. When compared with Whites, Asian patients had more renal damage but less ocular and cardiovascular damage. Risk factors associated with organ damage in Asian lupus patients included older age, higher disease activity, and the use of cyclophosphamide and steroids. Further investigations into other determinants such as genetic predisposition, socioeconomic factors, prevalence and severity of disease manifestations, and treatment, is needed in order to understand the variation in damage accrual in lupus patients from different ethnicities.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
  3. Fulltext Prevalence and factors associated with stress among secondary school teachers in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
    Abdul Hadi A, Naing NN, Daud A, Nordin R, Sulong MR
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2009 Nov;40(6):1359-70.
    PMID: 20578472
    The teaching profession is an occupation at high risk for stress. This research attempted to determine the prevalence of stress and the associated factors contributing to stress among teachers in Malaysia. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 580 secondary school teachers in Kota Bharu District. The instrument used to carry out the study was adopted and modified from the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS 21) and Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). The questionnaire consisted of two parts: Part I consisting non-job factors (socio-demographic characteristics) and Part II consisting of psychosocial factors contributing to stress. Simple and multiple linear regression analysis were carried out. The prevalence of stress was reported as 34.0%. Seventeen point four percent of teachers experienced mild stress. Age, duration of work and psychological job demands were significantly associated with stress level. This study indicates job-related factors did not contribute much to stress among secondary school teachers. Non-job-related factors should be further studied to determine methods for stress reduction in teachers in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
  4. Fulltext Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in Malaysia--observations in a multiracial Asian population
    Goh KL
    Med J Malaysia, 2009 Sep;64(3):187-92.
    PMID: 20527265
    Observations of racial differences in the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Malaysia have been intriguing. The Indians and Chinese consistently have a higher prevalence compared to the Malays. The racial cohort theory has been proposed to explain these differences where transmission and perpetuation of infection takes place within a racial group rather than between races, races being separate owing to the low rate of interracial marriages. Studies have demonstrated distinctive bacterial strains between races. Phylogenetic studies have shown that H. pylori isolates amongst Chinese and Indians are distinctive while Malays have Indian and other strains suggesting a more recent acquisition of the bacterium from Indians. H. pylori is recognized as the major causative factor in peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. Despite the high prevalence of H. pylori, Indians have a relatively low prevalence of peptic ulcer disease and a low incidence of gastric cancer. This paradox with regards to gastric cancer has been termed the "Indian enigma". Bacterial strain differences between races may be putative but this observation may also indicate gastroprotective environmental factors or a lower genetic susceptibility to develop cancer in the Indians.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
  5. Fulltext Hypertensive retinopathy and visual outcome in hypertensive disorders in pregnancy
    Rasdi AR, Nik-Ahmad-Zuky NL, Bakiah S, Shatriah I
    Med J Malaysia, 2011 Mar;66(1):42-7.
    PMID: 23765142 MyJurnal
    The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hypertensive retinopathy, features of hypertensive retinopathy and visual outcome in hypertensive disorders in pregnancy in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia. A prospective observational hospital based study involving 154 patients (308 eyes) with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy was conducted. All subjects were examined once during antenatal period, at a minimum of 35 weeks of gestation for blood pressure, visual acuity and funduscopy. The similar protocol was repeated at six weeks postnatal period. Thirty-two point five percent had hypertensive retinopathy. Ninety eight percent had visual acuity 6/6 during antenatal assessment, while 100.00% gained 6/6 at postnatal period. Generalized arteriolar narrowing was the most common retinopathy observed. There was no statistically significant association between presence of hypertensive retinopathy and maternal age, presenting visual acuity, systolic/diastolic blood pressure (p>0.05). We conclude that prevalence of hypertensive retinopathy is 32.5%, and majority had good visual acuity during antenatal and postnatal period. Hypertensive retinopathy is insignificantly associated with maternal age, presenting visual acuity and blood pressure.
    Study site: Ophthalmology Clinic, Antenatal Clinic and Obstetric Ward of Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Kelantan, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
  6. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in Asia: A historical perspective and present challenges
    Goh KL
    J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2011 Jan;26 Suppl 1:2-10.
    PMID: 21199509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06534.x
    Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), previously uncommon in Asia, has now become an important disease in the region. Although much variability exists between studies, most endoscopy-based studies show a prevalence of erosive esophagitis of more than 10%. Symptom-based studies also show a prevalence of 6-10%. Two longitudinal follow-up studies on GERD symptoms have shown an increase with time, and several endoscopy-based time trend studies have also shown a significant increase in erosive reflux esophagitis. Studies on Barrett's esophagus have been confounded by the description of short (SSBE) and long segment (LSBE) Barrett's esophagus. Great variation in prevalence rates has been reported. SSBE vary from 0.1% to more than 20% while LSBE vary from 1-2%. Of the putative causative factors, obesity has been the most important. Many studies have linked GERD-esophagitis as well as occurrence of reflux symptoms with an increase in body mass index (BMI), obesity, especially visceral or central obesity, and metabolic syndrome. A decline in Helicobacter pylori infection with growing affluence in Asia has been broadly thought to result in healthier stomachs and a higher gastric acid output resulting in reflux disease. However, variable results have been obtained from association and H. pylori eradication studies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
  7. Fulltext Prevalence and correlates of physical disability and functional limitation among community dwelling older people in rural Malaysia, a middle income country
    Hairi NN, Bulgiba A, Cumming RG, Naganathan V, Mudla I
    BMC Public Health, 2010;10:492.
    PMID: 20716377 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-492
    The prevalence and correlates of physical disability and functional limitation among older people have been studied in many developed countries but not in a middle income country such as Malaysia. The present study investigated the epidemiology of physical disability and functional limitation among older people in Malaysia and compares findings to other countries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
  8. Adolescent tobacco use and health in Southeast Asia
    Al-Sadat N, Misau AY, Zarihah Z, Maznah D, Tin Tin Su
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2010 Jul;22(3 Suppl):175S-180S.
    PMID: 20566551 DOI: 10.1177/1010539510372835
    The use of tobacco by adolescents is a major public health concern worldwide. There are 1.2 billion smokers globally, of which more than 50% are young people. The Southeast Asian countries have about 600 million tobacco smokers within the global burden of tobacco users. Most smokers begin at early stage of life and persist through adulthood. Malaysia alone has about 5 million smokers, 20% of whom are younger than 18 years old. Many factors are implicated in the continuous rising trend of tobacco use among adolescents in Southeast Asia. A triad of family, environmental, and individual factors synergistically acts to motivate adolescents toward smoking. This article discusses the current trends of tobacco use and implications of increasing rise in adolescent smoking in the Southeast Asia region.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
  9. The prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 in the general population is unknown
    Hlela C, Shepperd S, Khumalo NP, Taylor GP
    AIDS Rev, 2009 Oct-Dec;11(4):205-14.
    PMID: 19940947
    Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 prevalence estimates are usually based on serological screening of blood donors, pregnant women, and other selected population groups. Previously, data on the global epidemiology of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection have been summarized unsystematically and without a focus on general populations. To assess the implications of the virus for healthcare systems it is essential to know its past and present prevalence. The widely cited estimate that 10-20 million people are infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 worldwide was calculated from data that are now 25 years old. This estimate may therefore no longer reflect the global epidemiology. The objective of this study was to collate published data that are truly representative of the general population through a systematic review of the literature. Fifty-nine relevant studies were identified and the 17 that met the inclusion criteria were all cross-sectional designs; none reported incidence. The prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 was highest in the two studies of Japanese islands (36.4%; 95% CI: 29.9-42.8) and lowest in studies from Mongolia, Malaysia and India. In Haiti the prevalence was 3.8% (95% CI: 1.78-5.86); in Africa between 6.6% (95% CI: 4.0-9.9) and 8.5% (95% CI: 6.99-10.10) in Gabon, and 1.05% (95% CI: 0.63-1.47) in Guinea. Only three studies were from West Africa and none were from the South; the only study from India was from the north of the country. We conclude that there is a paucity of general population data from countries in which human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 is endemic, and that new studies are required to reevaluate the global burden of infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
  10. Sleep disturbances in Malaysian patients with Parkinson's disease using polysomnography and PDSS
    Norlinah MI, Afidah KN, Noradina AT, Shamsul AS, Hamidon BB, Sahathevan R, et al.
    Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 2009 Nov;15(9):670-4.
    PMID: 19362875 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.02.012
    Sleep disturbances such as sleep fragmentation, sleep disordered breathing (SDB), periodic limb movements (PLM), excessive daytime somnolence (EDS) and insomnia are prevalent in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, studies in the Asian population are limited.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
  11. Fulltext The prevalence and factors associated with obesity among adult women in Selangor, Malaysia
    Sidik SM, Rampal L
    Asia Pac Fam Med, 2009 Apr 09;8(1):2.
    PMID: 19358728 DOI: 10.1186/1447-056X-8-2
    INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of obesity in developing countries especially among women is on the rise. This matter should be taken seriously because it can burden the health care systems and lower the quality of life.

    AIM: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of obesity among adult women in Selangor and to determine factors associated with obesity among these women.

    METHODS: This community based cross sectional study was conducted in Selangor in January 2004. Multi stage stratified proportionate to size sampling method was used. Women aged 20-59 years old were included in this study. Data was collected using a questionnaire-guided interview method. The questionnaire consisted of questions on socio-demographic (age, ethnicity, religion, education level, occupation, monthly income, marital status), Obstetric & Gynaecology history, body mass index (BMI), and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9).

    RESULTS: Out of 1032 women, 972 agreed to participate in this study, giving a response rate of 94.2%. The mean age was 37.91 +/- 10.91. The prevalence of obesity among the respondents was 16.7% (mean = 1.83 +/- 0.373). Obesity was found to be significantly associated with age (p = 0.013), ethnicity (p = 0.001), religion (p = 0.002), schooling (p = 0.020), educational level (p = 0.016), marital status (p = 0.001) and the history of suffering a miscarriage within the past 6 months (p = 0.023).

    CONCLUSION: The prevalence of obesity among adult women in this study was high. This problem needs to be emphasized as the prevalence of obesity keeps increasing, and will continue to worsen unless appropriate preventive measures are taken.

    Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
  12. Anxiety and depression in hyperemesis gravidarum: prevalence, risk factors and correlation with clinical severity
    Tan PC, Vani S, Lim BK, Omar SZ
    Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2010 Apr;149(2):153-8.
    PMID: 20097465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2009.12.031
    To evaluate prevalence, risk factors and clinical severity correlates of anxiety and depression caseness in hyperemesis gravidarum (HG).
    Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
  13. Fulltext Prevalence of depression and its associated factors among elderly patients in outpatient clinic of Universiti Sains Malaysia Hospital
    Imran A, Azidah AK, Asrenee AR, Rosediani M
    Med J Malaysia, 2009 Jun;64(2):134-9.
    PMID: 20058573 MyJurnal
    Depression among elderly primary care patients is a serious problem with significant morbidity and mortality. This is a cross sectional study to determine the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among the elderly patients attending the outpatient clinic, Universiti Sains Malaysia Hospital. This study utilized Malay version Geriatric Depression Scale 14 (M-GDS 14) to screen for elderly depression among Malaysian population. It also looked into associated risk factors for elderly depression using sociodemographic, family dynamics, and medically related questionnaires. Out of 244 subjects, 34 or 13.9% were found to have depression. Three variables were found to be significantly associated with depression. Elderly patient with any illness that limits the patient's activity or mobility has more risk of developing depression (OR 2.68 CI 1.15 - 6.24). Elderly patients who were satisfied with their personal incomes (OR 0.29 CI 0.10 - 0.85), and who had children or son/daughter-in-law to take care of them when they are sick (OR 0.10 CI 0.01 - 0.83) have a lower chance of having depression. Screening the elderly for depression, would help in diagnosing the elderly depression better and offer them the treatment needed.

    Study site: Outpatient clinics, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM)
    Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
  14. Fulltext Proportion of dementia and its associated factors among elderly patients attending outpatient clinics of Universiti Sains Malaysia Hospital
    Norlaily H, Azidah AK, Asrenee AR, Rohayah H, Juwita S
    Med J Malaysia, 2009 Jun;64(2):140-5.
    PMID: 20058574 MyJurnal
    The increase in life expectancy observed over the last decade has particular relevance for conditions such as cognitive decline and dementia. This is a cross sectional study to determine the rate of dementia and to identify its associated factors among 399 elderly patients attending outpatient clinics of Universiti Sains Malaysia Hospital. This study was conducted in 2 phases. In the first phase, the literate subjects were screened using validated Malay version of Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the illiterate subjects with Malay version of Elderly Cognitive Assessment Questionnaire (ECAQ). All subjects suspected to have dementia were selected for further evaluation in phase 2 of this study. The second phase involved full clinical examination in order to establish clinical diagnosis of dementia. The proportion of dementia in this study was 2.5% (10). Although history of exposure to pesticide (p < 0.05) and history of stroke (p < 0.05) were significant, they were not significant factors. These were because vast discrepancy in number between those exposed to pesticide and having stroke between dementia and non dementia.

    Study site: Outpatient clinics, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM)
    Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
  15. Dysmenorrhea in a multiethnic population of adolescent Asian girls
    Wong LP, Khoo EM
    Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 2010 Feb;108(2):139-42.
    PMID: 19944416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2009.09.018
    Objective: To determine the prevalence of dysmenorrhea, its impact, and the treatment-seeking behavior of adolescent Asian girls.
    Method: A cross-sectional study with 1092 girls from 15 public secondary schools and 3 ethnic groups in the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
    Results: Overall, 74.5% of the girls who had reached menarche had dysmenorrhea; 51.7% of these girls reported that it affected their concentration in class; 50.2% that it restricted their social activities; 21.5% that it caused them to miss school; and 12.0% that it caused poor school performance. Ethnicity and form at school were significantly associated with the
    poor concentration, absenteeism, and restriction of social and recreational activities attributed to dysmenorrhea. Only 12.0% had consulted a physician, and 53.3% did nothing about their conditions. There were ethnic differences in the prevalence, impact, and management of dysmenorrhea.
    Conclusion: There is a need for culture-specific education regarding menstruation-related conditions in the school curriculum.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
  16. Prevalence and impact of physical disability on Malaysian school-aged children: a population-based survey
    Khoo TB, Kassim AB, Omar MA, Hasnan N, Amin RM, Omar Z, et al.
    Disabil Rehabil, 2009;31(21):1753-61.
    PMID: 19479558 DOI: 10.1080/09638280902751964
    To determine the magnitude and impact of physical disability on Malaysian school-aged children between 7 and less than 18 years old.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
  17. Fulltext Helicobacter pylori related dyspepsia: prevalence and treatment outcomes at University Kebangsaan Malaysia-Primary Care Centre
    Abdul Aziz AF, Hamzah Z, Tong SF, Nadeson S, Wan Puteh SE
    Asia Pac Fam Med, 2009 May 12;8(1):4.
    PMID: 19435494 DOI: 10.1186/1447-056X-8-4
    BACKGROUND: Optimum management of dyspepsia in primary care is a debatable subject. Testing for Helicobacter pylori (HP) has been recommended in primary care as this strategy will cure most underlying peptic ulcer disease and prevent future gastro duodenal disease.

    METHODS: A total of 98 patients completed Modified Glasgow Dyspepsia Severity Score Questionnaire (MGDSSQ) at initial presentation before undergoing the 13Carbon Urea Breath Test (UBT) for HP. Those with positive UBT received Eradication Therapy with oral Omeprazole 20 mg twice daily, Clarithromycin 500 mg daily and Amoxycillin 500 mg twice daily for one week followed by Omeprazole to be completed for another 4 to 6 weeks. Those with negative UBT received empirical treatment with oral Omeprazole 20 mg twice daily for 4 to 6 weeks. Patients were assessed again using the MGDSSQ at the completion of treatment and one month after stopping treatment.

    RESULTS: The prevalence of dyspepsia at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia-Primary Care Centre was 1.12% (124/11037), out of which 23.5% (23/98) was due to HP. Post treatment assessment in both HP (95.7%, 22/23) and non HP-related dyspepsia (86.7%, 65/75) groups showed complete or almost complete resolution of dyspepsia. Only about 4.3% (1/23) in the HP related dyspepsia and 13.3% (10/75) in the non HP group required endoscopy.

    CONCLUSION: The prevalence of dyspepsia due to HP in this primary care centre was 23.5%. Detection of HP related dyspepsia yielded good treatment outcomes (95.7%).
    Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
  18. Fulltext Brief report: Do university students have high cardiovascular risk? A pilot study from Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS)
    Lee PY, Ong TA, Muna S, Syed Alwi SAR, Kamarudin K
    Malays Fam Physician, 2010;5(1):41-3.
    PMID: 25606185
    A health screening was done in UNIMAS in August 2008 for 237 undergraduate students. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure (BP) were measured for all subjects. Total cholesterol and glucose levels were checked for those who fulfilled the screening criteria. The proportion of participants with cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors was high. The strategies for health promotion should not only be targeted to the older community but also to the younger community.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
  19. Fulltext Prevalence of clinical malaria among an Orang Asli community in Malaysia
    Kaur G
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2009 Jul;40(4):665-73.
    PMID: 19842399
    An epidemiological cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of clinical malaria among the Orang Asli population of Raub, Pahang, Malaysia. The study was conducted on a representative sample of 520 Orang Asli. Malariometric and clinical measurements were taken. The overall parasitemic rate was 24.2% (95% CI 20.7-28.1). Twenty-three point four percent (95% CI 19.5-26.9) of respondents age two years and above were clinically febrile. The prevalence of fever, chills, perspiration and body aches during a one month period prior to the survey among the same group ranged between 4.2% (95% CI 2.7-6.4) and 13.5% (95% CI 10.6-16.7). Children 2-12 years old were more likely to present with fever, and symptoms of malaria than older children. Gender was not significantly associated with fever or any of the other malaria symptoms. Presence of clinical fever and history of malaria symptoms were all strongly associated with current infection. The association was significant even after controlling for age (adjusted OR 2.8-5.1, 95% CI 1.1-8.3). Orang Asli children significantly experienced greater morbidity due to malaria compared to adults. Control and treatment of malaria should focus on children, while further research should explore the effects of malaria morbidity on the quality of life of these children.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
  20. Circulating human group A rotavirus genotypes in Malaysia
    Zuridah H, Kirkwood CD, Bogdanovic-Sakran N, Bishop RF, Yap KL
    J Med Virol, 2010 Apr;82(4):707-11.
    PMID: 20166178 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21717
    This study examined the temporal distribution of rotavirus genotypes in Malaysia. Rotaviruses from children with diarrhea admitted to hospitals in 1996 (n = 93) and 2007 (n = 12) in two different regions of Peninsular (West) Malaysia were analyzed for their G and P genotypes using a hemi-nested RT-PCR assay. In the 2007 samples, the dominant strain was G9P[8]. It was identified in 42% of the samples. Different strains all possessing the G1 genotype were identified in the rest of the samples. In contrast, 81% of the samples collected in 1996 were the G1P[8] strain. No strains with G9 genotype were detected in samples collected in 1996.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
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