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Fulltext Test-Retest Reliability of Level-Specific CE-Chirp Auditory Brainstem Response in Normal-Hearing Adults

Jamal FN, Arafat Dzulkarnain AA, Shahrudin FA, Marzuki MN

J Audiol Otol, 2021 Jan;25(1):14-21.
PMID: 32575950 DOI: 10.7874/jao.2020.00073

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There is growing interest in the use of the Level-specific (LS) CE-Chirp® stimulus in auditory brainstem response (ABR) due to its ability to produce prominent ABR waves with robust amplitudes. There are no known studies that investigate the test-retest reliability of the ABR to the LS CE-Chirp® stimulus. The present study aims to investigate the test-retest reliability of the ABR to the LS CE-Chirp® stimulus and compare its reliability with the ABR to standard click stimulus at multiple intensity levels in normal-hearing adults.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Eleven normal-hearing adults participated. The ABR test was repeated twice in the same clinical session and conducted again in another session. The ABR was acquired using both the click and LS CE-Chirp® stimuli at 4 presentation levels (80, 60, 40, and 20 dBnHL). Only the right ear was tested using the ipsilateral electrode montage. The reliability of the ABR findings (amplitudes and latencies) to the click and LS CE-Chirp® stimuli within the same clinical session and between the two clinical sessions was calculated using an intra-class correlation coefficient analysis (ICC).
RESULTS: The results showed a significant correlation of the ABR findings (amplitude and latencies) to both stimuli within the same session and between the clinical sessions. The ICC values ranged from moderate to excellent.
CONCLUSIONS: The ABR results from both the LS CE-Chirp® and click stimuli were consistent and reliable over the two clinical sessions suggesting that both stimuli can be used for neurological diagnoses with the same reliability.

Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
Electrochemical Characteristics of a Polymer/Garnet Trilayer Composite Electrolyte for Solid-State Lithium-Metal Batteries

Walle KZ, Musuvadhi Babulal L, Wu SH, Chien WC, Jose R, Lue SJ, et al.

ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2021 Jan 20;13(2):2507-2520.
PMID: 33406841 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17422

Although solid-state Li-metal batteries (LMBs) featuring polymer-based solid electrolytes might one day replace conventional Li-ion batteries, the poor Li-ion conductivity of solid polymer electrolytes at low temperatures has hindered their practical applications. Herein, we describe the first example of using a co-precipitation method in a Taylor flow reactor to produce the metal hydroxides of both the Ga/F dual-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 (Ga/F-LLZO) ceramic electrolyte precursors and the Li2MoO4-modified Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (LMO@T-LNCM 811) cathode materials for LMBs. The Li/Nafion (LiNf)-coated Ga/F-LLZO (LiNf@Ga/F-LLZO) ceramic filler was finely dispersed in the poly(vinylidene fluoride)/polyacrylonitrile/lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide)/succinonitrile matrix to give a trilayer composite polymer electrolyte (denoted "Tri-CPE") through a simple solution-casting. The bulk ionic conductivity of the Tri-CPE at room temperature was approximately 4.50 × 10-4 S cm-1 and exhibited a high Li+ ion transference number (0.84). It also exhibits a broader electrochemical window of 1-5.04 V versus Li/Li+. A full cell based on a CR2032 coin cell containing the LMO@T-LNCM811-based composite cathode, when cycled under 1 C/1 C at room temperature for 300 cycles, achieved an average Columbic efficiency of 99.4% and a capacity retention of 89.8%. This novel fabrication strategy for Tri-CPE structures has potential applications in the preparation of highly safe high-voltage cathodes for solid-state LMBs.

Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
Fulltext Narrowband Array Processing Beamforming Technique for Electrical Impedance Tomography

Chitturi V, Farrukh N

J Electr Bioimpedance, 2019 Jan;10(1):96-102.
PMID: 33584889 DOI: 10.2478/joeb-2019-0014

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) has a large potential as a two dimensional imaging technique and is gaining attention among researchers across various fields of engineering. Beamforming techniques stem from the array signal processing field and is used for spatial filtering of array data to evaluate the location of objects. In this work the circular electrodes are treated as an array of sensors and beamforming technique is used to localize the object(s) in an electrical field. The conductivity distributions within a test tank is obtained by an EIT system in terms of electrode voltages. These voltages are then interpolated using elliptic partial differential equations. Finally, a narrowband beamformer detects the peak in the output response signal to localize the test object(s). Test results show that the beamforming technique can be used as a secondary method that may provide complementary information about accurate position of the test object(s) using an eight electrode EIT system. This method could possibly open new avenues for spatial EIT data filtering techniques with an understanding that the inverse problem is more likely considered here as a source localization algorithm instead as an image reconstruction algorithm.

Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
Fulltext Spotted hyena optimizer algorithm for capacitor allocation in radial distribution system with distributed generation and microgrid operation considering different load types

Naderipour A, Abdul-Malek Z, Hajivand M, Seifabad ZM, Farsi MA, Nowdeh SA, et al.

Sci Rep, 2021 Feb 01;11(1):2728.
PMID: 33526829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82440-9

In this paper, the optimal allocation of constant and switchable capacitors is presented simultaneously in two operation modes, grid-connected and islanded, for a microgrid. Different load levels are considered by employing non-dispatchable distributed generations. The objective function includes minimising the energy losses cost, the cost of peak power losses, and the cost of the capacitor. The optimization problem is solved using the spotted hyena optimizer (SHO) algorithm to determine the optimal size and location of capacitors, considering different loading levels and the two operation modes. In this study, a three-level load and various types of loads, including constant power, constant current, and constant impedance are considered. The proposed method is implemented on a 24-bus radial distribution network. To evaluate the performance of the SHO, the results are compared with GWO and the genetic algorithm (GA). The simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of the SHO in reducing the cost of losses and improving the voltage profile during injection and non-injection of reactive power by distributed generations in two operation modes. The total cost and net saving values for DGs only with the capability of active power injection is achieved 105,780 $ and 100,560.54 $, respectively and for DGs with the capability of active and reactive power injection is obtained 89,568 $ and 76,850.46 $, respectively using the SHO. The proposed method has achieved more annual net savings due to the lower cost of losses than other optimization methods.

Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
Fulltext TECHNO-ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY STUDY OF AN OFF-GRID HYBRID POWER SYSTEM FOR AN AQUA-TOURISM RESORT IN TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA

MUHAMMAD FAKHRURAZI MD YUNOS, NUR FARIZAN MUNAJAT, WAN MARIAM WAN MUDA

UMT Journal of Undergraduate Research, 2019;1(2):103-110.
MyJurnal

This study focused on feasibility analysis of hybrid electrification system for an aqua-tourism resort located remotely from the grid connection in Terengganu. There were four standalone systems used in this study: diesel/PV/biomass/battery, diesel/PV/battery, biomass/diesel/battery, and diesel only. The design and analysis of these systems were done using Hybrid Optimization of MultipleEnergy Resources (HOMER) software. The results showed that the diesel/PV/battery system was the optimum solution in terms of net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE). This system comprises 20 % of PV penetration with NPC and COE of USD 57,823 (RM 241, 729.90) and 0.428 USD/kWh (1.79 RM/kWh), respectively. Meanwhile, the diesel/PV/biomass/battery system with NPC of USD 65,388 (RM 273, 355.49) and COE of 0.484 USD/kWh (2.02 RM/kWh) was found to be the best among all systems in terms of greenhouse emissions. This system was able to reduce almost 70 % of carbon dioxide if compared with diesel only system and about 15 % lower than the diesel/PV/battery system with a renewable energy fraction of 44 %.

Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
Fulltext ACTIVATED CARBON FROM FRUIT-BASED BIOMASS FOR SUPERCAPACITOR – MINI REVIEW

Norha Abdul Hadi, Mawar Hasyikin Abu Seman, Madhiyah Yahaya Bermakai

Journal of Academia Universiti Teknologi MARA Negeri Sembilan, 2021;9(1):117-126.
MyJurnal

Derivation of activated carbon from biomass wastes for energy storage applications such as fuel cells and supercapacitors are attracting wide attractions as the world is now demand for other sustainable energy that can help to explore new technologies especially for energy conversion and storage. This is important because the world now is facing a rapid depletion of fossil energy. In this review, an outline of recent trends towards biomass-derived specifically from fruit-based biomass wastes is explained in a holistic manner. Thanks to their high carbon content, high specific surface area and developed porous structure, biomass-derived chars can be treated and converted into carbon. The performance of activated carbon in terms of Brunette Emmet Teller (BET) surface area, micropore volume, total pore volume and specific capacitance has been reported. This review showed that higher BET surface will contribute to higher pore volume in the activated carbon that makes them good candidates for the fabrication of electrodes in supercapacitor applications. This study was focused on providing a detailed comparison of published studies that utilized different physical and chemical routes and their effect of modification such as various activation temperatures and the ratio of activating agents towards the performance of the activated carbon under different parameters. Implementing chemical routes with an ideal 600°C – 850°C and inclusion ratio might be effective to produce high performance activated carbon.

Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
Fulltext Environmental hazard assessment of industrial and municipal waste materials with the applications of RES2-D method and 3-D Oasis Montaj modeling: A case study at Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, Peninsula Malaysia

Arifin MH, Kayode JS, Ismail MKI, Abdullah AM, Embrandiri A, Nazer NSM, et al.

J Hazard Mater, 2021 03 15;406:124282.
PMID: 33199149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124282

Environmental hazards, industrial, and municipal wastes geochemical and geophysical assessments were carried out at an industrial waste disposal (IWD) site at Bukit Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. RES2-D geophysical method was applied, capable of identification and quantification of the industrial wastes; buried hazardous materials (BHM) and their effects on the subsurface stratum, from the moderately saturated zones, to fully saturated zones housing the aquifer units underneath the water table. Six RES2-D survey profiles were respectively acquired along E-W, and N-S directions. The perpendicular arrangement of the RES2-D survey lines, was tenaciously designed to make possible, the industrial waste materials (IWM)and municipal solid waste (MSW) quantification, with sufficient length of survey lines set at 200 m, and electrode spacing of 5 m, to cover as much details segments of the IWM and MSW as possible. The six RES2-D inversion results, helped in the subsurface stratum classification into three layers, namely; soft layers, which encompasses the waste materials, with varied resistivity values i.e., 0-100 Ω-m, at 10-15 m depths. The consolidated layers produced varied resistivity values i.e., 101-400 Ω-m, at 15-20 m depths. The bedrock has the highest resistivity values i.e., 401-2000 Ω-m, at depths > 20 m. The estimated volume of the waste materials was 312,000 m 3, using 3-D Oasis Montaj modeling via rectangular prism model generated from the inverted RES2-D. Results from the geochemical analysis helped in the validation of the site as a potential contaminated zone with severe health effects.

Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
Advancement in biosensor: "Telediagnosis" and "remote digital imaging"

Gopinath SCB, Ismail ZH, Shapiai MI, Yasin MNM

Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2021 May 19.
PMID: 34009645 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2196

Current developments in sensors and actuators are heralding a new era to facilitate things to happen effortlessly and efficiently with proper communication. On the other hand, Internet of Things (IoT) has been boomed up with er potential and occupies a wide range of disciplines. This study has choreographed to design of an algorithm and a smart data-processing scheme to implement the obtained data from the sensing system to transmit to the receivers. Technically, it is called "telediagnosis" and "remote digital monitoring," a revolution in the field of medicine and artificial intelligence. For the proof of concept, an algorithmic approach has been implemented for telediagnosis with one of the degenerative diseases, that is, Parkinson's disease. Using the data acquired from an improved interdigitated electrode, sensing surface was evaluated with the attained sensitivity of 100 fM (n = 3), and the limit of detection was calculated with the linear regression value coefficient. By the designed algorithm and data processing with the assistance of IoT, further validation was performed and attested the coordination. This proven concept can be ideally used with all sensing strategies for immediate telemedicine by end-to-end communications.

Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
Augmentation of microbial fuel cell and photocatalytic polishing technique for the treatment of hazardous dimethyl phthalate containing wastewater

Sarmin S, Tarek M, Cheng CK, Roopan SM, Khan MMR

J Hazard Mater, 2021 08 05;415:125587.
PMID: 33721778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125587

In the present paper, the potentiality of integrating microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with a photocatalytic reactor to maximize the wastewater treatment efficiency with concurrent power generation was explored. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and acetic acid (AA) were the employed substrate and the co-substrate, respectively, using Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a biocatalyst. MFCs operated by single substrate showed the maximum power generation of 0.75-3.84 W m-3 whereas an addition of AA as the co-substrate yielded 3-12 fold higher power generation. Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced phenazine-1-carboxylic acid in DMP-fed MFC as the metabolite whereas AA along with DMP yielded pyocyanin which reduced the charge transfer resistance. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency in the MFCs was circa 62% after 11 days of operation. Thereafter, it further increased albeit with a drastic reduction in power generation. Subsequently, the MFC anolyte was treated in a photocatalytic reactor under visible light irradiation and catalyzed by CuO-gC3N4. The performance of photocatalytic reactor was evaluated, with COD and total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency of 88% and 86% after 200 min of light irradiation. The present work suggests that the MFC can be integrated with photocatalysis as a sustainable wastewater treatment method with concurrent power generation.

Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
Effect of Conductive Layer Condition on the Morphology of Anodic Aluminum Oxide Template-Assisted Indium Antimonide Nanowires

Fayyadh OA, Arifin INA, Khairudin A, Hassan J, Abubakar S, Talib ZA, et al.

J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 2020 May 01;20(5):3157-3163.
PMID: 31635660 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2020.17386

Indium antimonide nanowires were synthesized by electrochemical deposition using anodic aluminum oxide template in the presence of gold film as conductive layers. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry measurements were carried out to investigate the effect of adhesive insulated tape covered below the conductive layer. Results showed that the anodic aluminum oxide template covered with insulating tapes had better morphology with less presence of overgrown rough film on the topside of the anodic aluminum oxide template and it exhibited a smoother nanowire sidewall as compared to the uncovered ones. Additionally, the unique properties of anodic aluminum oxide were controllable pore diameter with a narrow size distribution at some intervals. It was evident from the energy dispersive X-ray spectrum that the nanowires synthesized from the covered template condition exhibited better InSb composition and stoichiometric ratio compared to the uncovered template condition.

Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
Solution Processed Bi-Based Sensitized Solar Cell: Effects of Post Heat Treatment

Chai YC, Jun HK

J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 2019 Jun 01;19(6):3505-3510.
PMID: 30744778 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2019.16099

Nanosize semiconductors have been used as active sensitizers for the application of quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSC). "Green" sensitizers are introduced as an alternative for the toxic Cd and Pb based compounds. In this work, Bi₂S₃ quantum dots (QDs) were fabricated and used as sensitizers in QDSSC. QDs were grown on TiO₂ electrode via solution dipping process. Although the performance of "green" QDSSC is not as high as that of CdS or CdSe based QDSSCs, its performance can be enhanced with post heat treatment. The effect is dependent on the heat treatment temperature profile where gradual increase of sintering temperature is preferred. The effects of post heat treatment on Bi₂S₃ sensitized TiO₂ electrodes are investigated and discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
Fulltext Ultrasonication-mediated nitrogen-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes involving carboxy methylcellulose composite for solid-state supercapacitor applications

Basivi PK, Ramesh S, Kakani V, Yadav HM, Bathula C, Afsar N, et al.

Sci Rep, 2021 May 10;11(1):9918.
PMID: 33972653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89430-x

In this study, a novel nanohybrid composite containing nitrogen-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes/carboxymethylcellulose (N-MWCNT/CMC) was synthesized for supercapacitor applications. The synthesized composite materials were subjected to an ultrasonication-mediated solvothermal hydrothermal reaction. The synthesized nanohybrid composite electrode material was characterized using analytical methods to confirm its structure and morphology. The electrochemical properties of the composite electrode were investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanic charge-discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using a 3 M KOH electrolyte. The fabricated composite material exhibited unique electrochemical properties by delivering a maximum specific capacitance of approximately 274 F g-1 at a current density of 2 A g-1. The composite electrode displayed high cycling stability of 96% after 4000 cycles at 2 A g-1, indicating that it is favorable for supercapacitor applications.

Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
Fulltext A Multitasking Electrical Impedance Tomography System Using Titanium Alloy Electrode

Salama A, Malekmohammadi A, Mohanna S, Rajkumar R

Int J Biomed Imaging, 2017;2017:3589324.
PMID: 29225613 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3589324

This paper presents a multitasking electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system designed to improve the flexibility and durability of an existing EIT system. The ability of the present EIT system to detect, locate, and reshape objects was evaluated by four different experiments. The results of the study show that the system can detect and locate an object with a diameter as small as 1.5 mm in a testing tank with a diameter of 134 mm. Moreover, the results demonstrate the ability of the current system to reconstruct an image of several dielectric object shapes. Based on the results of the experiments, the programmable EIT system can adapt the EIT system for different applications without the need to implement a new EIT system, which may help to save time and cost. The setup for all the experiments consisted of a testing tank with an attached 16-electrode array made of titanium alloy grade 2. The titanium alloy electrode was used to enhance EIT system's durability and lifespan.

Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
Bioelectricity production and xylene biodegradation through double chamber benthic microbial fuel cells fed with sugarcane waste as a substrate

Umar MF, Rafatullah M, Abbas SZ, Ibrahim MNM, Ismail N

J Hazard Mater, 2021 10 05;419:126469.
PMID: 34192640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126469

Xylene, a recalcitrant compound present in wastewater from activities of petrochemical and chemical industries causes chronic problems for living organisms and the environment. Xylene contaminated wastewater may be biodegraded through a benthic microbial fuel cell (BMFC) as seen in this study. Xylene was oxidized into intermediate 3-methyl benzoic acid and entirely converted into non-toxic carbon dioxide. The highest voltage of the BMFC reactor was generated at 410 mV between 23 and 90 days when cell potential was 1 kΩ. The reactor achieved a maximum power density of about 63 mW/m2, and a current of 0.4 mA which was optimized from variable resistance (20 Ω - 1 kΩ). However, the maximum biodegradation efficiency of the BMFC was at 87.8%. The cyclic voltammetry curve helped to determine that the specific capacitance was 0.124 F/g after 30 days of the BMFC operation. Furthermore, the fitting equivalent circuit was observed with the help of Nyquist plot for calculating overall internal resistance of 65.82 Ω on 30th day and 124.5 Ω on 80th day. Staphylococcus edaphicus and Staphylococcus sparophiticus were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing as the dominant species in the control and BMFC electrode, presumably associated with xylene biodegradation.

Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
Sensitive identification of prostate-specific antigen by iron oxide nanoparticle antibody conjugates on the gap-finger electrode surface

Zhang W, Li K, Guo J, Ma T, Wang D, Shi S, et al.

Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2021 Aug;68(4):896-901.
PMID: 32822079 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2012

Researches have proved that increasing level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an indicator for the progression of prostate cancer. The present study was focused to determine the PSA level by using anti-PSA antibody conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles, as the probe immobilized on the gap-fingered electrode sensing surface. The detection limit and sensitivity were found at the level of 1.9 pg/mL on the linear regression curve (y = 1.6939x - 0.5671; R² = 0.9878). A dose-dependent liner range was found from 1.9 until 60 pg/mL. Further, PSA was spiked in human serum and did not affect the interaction of PSA and its antibody. This method of detection quantifies the level of PSA, which helps to diagnose prostate cancer at its earlier stage.

Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
Fulltext Mass production of highly-porous graphene for high-performance supercapacitors

Amiri A, Shanbedi M, Ahmadi G, Eshghi H, Kazi SN, Chew BT, et al.

Sci Rep, 2016 09 08;6:32686.
PMID: 27604639 DOI: 10.1038/srep32686

This study reports on a facile and economical method for the scalable synthesis of few-layered graphene sheets by the microwave-assisted functionalization. Herein, single-layered and few-layered graphene sheets were produced by dispersion and exfoliation of functionalized graphite in ethylene glycol. Thermal treatment was used to prepare pure graphene without functional groups, and the pure graphene was labeled as thermally-treated graphene (T-GR). The morphological and statistical studies about the distribution of the number of layers showed that more than 90% of the flakes of T-GR had less than two layers and about 84% of T-GR were single-layered. The microwave-assisted exfoliation approach presents us with a possibility for a mass production of graphene at low cost and great potentials in energy storage applications of graphene-based materials. Owing to unique surface chemistry, the T-GR demonstrates an excellent energy storage performance, and the electrochemical capacitance is much higher than that of the other carbon-based nanostructures. The nanoscopic porous morphology of the T-GR-based electrodes made a significant contribution in increasing the BET surface as well as the specific capacitance of graphene. T-GR, with a capacitance of 354.1 Fg(-1) at 5 mVs(-1) and 264 Fg(-1) at 100 mVs(-1), exhibits excellent performance as a supercapacitor.

Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
Fulltext Method optimization on the process of Iontophoresis with laser doppler fluximetry in the assessment of microvascular endothelial function

Belqes Abdullah, A. T., Yvonne, T. G. B., Ahmad, S. H., Abdul Aziz, A. S. I., Aida, H. G. R.

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2011;7(1):35-40.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Iontophoresis of vasoactive substances such as acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) combined with Laser Doppler fluximetry (LDF) is a non-invasive tool used to determine microvascular endothelial function. This study aims to test the effect of sodium chloride on
non-specific vasodilatation when used as a vehicle in the process of iontophoresis. This study also aims to define the number of current pulses needed to get the maximum effect during iontophoresis with ACh and SNP using low current strength. Methods: The experiment was conducted in five healthy females. Baseline skin perfusion was taken before administration of seven current pulses. Current strength of 0.007 mA and current density of 0.01 mA/cm2 were used. Acetylcholine was used to assess endothelial dependent vasodilatation, while SNP was used to assess endothelial independent vasodilatation. The mean skin perfusion (AU) responses to the iontophoresis of ACh at the anodal and SNP at the cathode leads were recorded. Sodium chloride (0.9%) was used as a vehicle to obtain concentration of 1% for both ACh and SNP. Iontophoresis of pure vehicle (NaCl) was conducted on a separate day to observe the effect of vehicle only on the iontophoresis process at both anode and cathode. Results: Iontophoresis of NaCl showed no significant increase in perfusion compared to baseline at both anode and cathode. Significant increases in skin perfusion were observed with SNP and ACh; a plateau of ACh was reached from the 3rd pulse onwards; while the plateau of SNP was reached from the 4th pulse onwards. Conclusion: NaCl could be used as a vehicle for Ach and SNP during iontophoresis as it did not cause non-specific vasodilatation. Using five current pulses are adequate for iontophoresis of ACh and SNP to assess microvascular endothelial function.

Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
Fulltext The microstructure investigation of thionine-graphene nanocomposite using SEM

Ibrahim, M.A., Jani, N.A.M., Kudin, T.I.T., Ali, A.M.M., Yusof, R.M., Hassan, O.H.

Scientific Research Journal, 2015;12(2):0-0.
MyJurnal

Materials that can enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of a biosensor are greatly in demand. The nanocomposition of thionine (Th) and graphene can increase the electroconductivity of the working electrode used. Graphene is a very good electrical conductor but is also hydrophobic in nature. Composition with thionine gives it the capability to disperse well in water. Plus, thionine provides the opportunity for DNA probes to be immobilized due to the presence of the amino group in its structure. In this research, the thionine-graphene (Th-G) nanocomposite was synthesized through filtration and characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to distinguish different elements coexist in the nanocomposite and to investigate the microstructure changes of the nanocomposite to confirm the composition. Different elements were analyzed to test the presence of both thionine and graphene in the composition. Physical characterisation through SEM proved the nanocomposition was a success.

Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
Fulltext High Thermal Gradient in Thermo-electrochemical Cells by Insertion of a Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Membrane

Hasan SW, Said SM, Sabri MF, Bakar AS, Hashim NA, Hasnan MM, et al.

Sci Rep, 2016 07 06;6:29328.
PMID: 27381946 DOI: 10.1038/srep29328

Thermo-Electrochemical cells (Thermocells/TECs) transform thermal energy into electricity by means of electrochemical potential disequilibrium between electrodes induced by a temperature gradient (ΔT). Heat conduction across the terminals of the cell is one of the primary reasons for device inefficiency. Herein, we embed Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF) membrane in thermocells to mitigate the heat transfer effects - we refer to these membrane-thermocells as MTECs. At a ΔT of 12 K, an improvement in the open circuit voltage (Voc) of the TEC from 1.3 mV to 2.8 mV is obtained by employment of the membrane. The PVDF membrane is employed at three different locations between the electrodes i.e. x = 2 mm, 5 mm, and 8 mm where 'x' defines the distance between the cathode and PVDF membrane. We found that the membrane position at x = 5 mm achieves the closest internal ∆T (i.e. 8.8 K) to the externally applied ΔT of 10 K and corresponding power density is 254 nWcm(-2); 78% higher than the conventional TEC. Finally, a thermal resistivity model based on infrared thermography explains mass and heat transfer within the thermocells.

Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
Single chamber microbial fuel cell (SCMFC) with a cathodic microalgal biofilm: A preliminary assessment of the generation of bioelectricity and biodegradation of real dye textile wastewater

Logroño W, Pérez M, Urquizo G, Kadier A, Echeverría M, Recalde C, et al.

Chemosphere, 2017 Mar 01;176:378-388.
PMID: 28278426 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.099

An air exposed single-chamber microbial fuel cell (SCMFC) using microalgal biocathodes was designed. The reactors were tested for the simultaneous biodegradation of real dye textile wastewater (RTW) and the generation of bioelectricity. The results of digital image processing revealed a maximum coverage area on the biocathodes by microalgal cells of 42%. The atmospheric and diffused CO2 could enable good algal growth and its immobilized operation on the cathode electrode. The biocathode-SCMFCs outperformed an open circuit voltage (OCV), which was 18%-43% higher than the control. Furthermore, the maximum volumetric power density achieved was 123.2 ± 27.5 mW m(-3). The system was suitable for the treatment of RTW and the removal/decrease of COD, colour and heavy metals. High removal efficiencies were observed in the SCMFCs for Zn (98%) and COD (92-98%), but the removal efficiencies were considerably lower for Cr (54-80%). We observed that this single chamber MFC simplifies a double chamber system. The bioelectrochemical performance was relatively low, but the treatment capacity of the system seems encouraging in contrast to previous studies. A proof-of-concept experiment demonstrated that the microalgal biocathode could operate in air exposed conditions, seems to be a promising alternative to a Pt cathode and is an efficient and cost-effective approach to improve the performance of single chamber MFCs.

Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes

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