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Fulltext The effect of human salivary exosome on the basic fibroblast growth factor and collagen type I gene expressions from human periodontal fibroblast cells

Long, Tuan Kechik TSM, Berahim Z., Shahidan WNS

Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, 2018;3(1):39-43.
MyJurnal

Gene expression is the most fundamental level at which the
genotype gives rise to phenotype. The development of human salivary
exosomes has become one of the promising researches to improve cell-based
tissue engineering but their functions in human periodontal ligament fibroblast
(HPdLF) cells are not well studied. To study the effect of human salivary
derived exosomes on the gene expression of HPdLF cells. In vitro, HPdLF
cells were cultured for 24 hours with 10 µg/ml of human salivary exosomes.
Determination of gene expression levels of basic fibroblast growth factor
(bFGF) and collagen type I (COL1) in the presence and absence of human
salivary exosomes in HPdLF culture was performed using quantitative reverse
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Human salivary
exosomes significantly upregulated bFGF gene expression but not COL1
gene in HPdLF cells after 24 hours of culture. Human salivary exosomes are
able to upregulate bFGF gene in HPdLF cells. Thus, they might have potential
to be used as an alternative biomaterial in tissue engineering for periodontal
regeneration.
Fulltext Establishment of the collection, storage and preservation methods and their influence on stability of human salivary exosome

Long, Tuan Kechik TSM, Berahim Z., Shahidan WNS

Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, 2018;3(1):44-52.
MyJurnal

Abstract—The functions displayed by exosomes derived from saliva and
other body fluids have been established. This paper studied the stability of
human salivary exosome beginning from the collection mode, storage, and its
preservation methods. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from
healthy subjects. Protease inhibitor was added into each samples and stored
under different temperatures and at varying periods of time. The exosomes
were isolated by ultracentrifugation and confirmed by using Western Blot.
Exosome morphology was inspected by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
and the protein concentration was determined using the Protein (Bradford)
Assay. The exosome particle size distribution and concentration were
calculated using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA). The protein assay
showed no significant differences in the exosome protein concentration values
for all conditions. Western Blot analysis also showed no differences in the
presence of exosome and all the samples were positive for protein CD63.
SEM analysis showed the fine shape of exosome which is round, in vesicle
form with the size ranging between 10 nm and 100 nm. NTA determined the
individual mean and the clumping exosome size was 203 nm. Human salivary
exosomes remained intact in the absence of protease inhibitor and in different
storage temperatures.
Fulltext Evaluation of Osteogenic and Cementogenic Potential of Periodontal Ligament Fibroblast Spheroids Using a Three-Dimensional In Vitro Model of Periodontium

Berahim Z, Moharamzadeh K, Jowett AK, Rawlinson A

Int J Dent, 2015;2015:605813.
PMID: 26633971 DOI: 10.1155/2015/605813

The aim of this study was to develop a three-dimensional in vitro model of periodontium to investigate the osteogenic and cementogenic differentiation potential of the periodontal ligament fibroblast (PDLF) spheroids within a dentin-membrane complex. PDLFs were cultured in both spheroid forms and monolayers and were seeded onto two biological collagen-based and synthetic membranes. Cell-membrane composites were then transferred onto dentin slices with fibroblasts facing the dentin surface and further cultured for 20 days. The composites were then processed for histology and immunohistochemical analyses for osteocalcin, Runx2, periostin, and cementum attachment protein (CAP). Both membranes seeded with PDLF-derived cells adhered to dentin and fibroblasts were present at the dentin interface and spread within both membranes. All membrane-cell-dentine composites showed positive staining for osteocalcin, Runx2, and periostin. However, CAP was not expressed by any of the tissue composites. It can be concluded that PDLFs exhibited some osteogenic potential when cultured in a 3D matrix in the presence of dentin as shown by the expression of osteocalcin. However the interaction of cells and dentin in this study was unable to stimulate cementum formation. The type of membrane did not have a significant effect upon differentiation, but fibroblast seeded-PGA membrane demonstrated better attachment to dentin than the collagen membrane.
Biologic interaction of three-dimensional periodontal fibroblast spheroids with collagen-based and synthetic membranes

Berahim Z, Moharamzadeh K, Rawlinson A, Jowett AK

J. Periodontol., 2011 May;82(5):790-7.
PMID: 21080786 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2010.100533

Cell-based therapy using autologous cells has been suggested as a potential approach for periodontal tissue regeneration. Spheroid systems are a form of three-dimensional cell culture that promotes cell matrix interaction, which could recapitulate the aspect of cell homeostasis in vivo. The aim of this study is to assess the interaction of periodontal fibroblast spheroids with synthetic and collagen-based membranes that have been used in guided tissue regeneration.
Fulltext Biological Interaction Between Human Gingival Fibroblasts and Vascular Endothelial Cells for Angiogenesis: A Co-culture Perspective

Um Min Allah N, Berahim Z, Ahmad A, Kannan TP

Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2017 Oct;14(5):495-505.
PMID: 30603504 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-017-0065-y

Advancement in cell culture protocols, multidisciplinary research approach, and the need of clinical implication to reconstruct damaged or diseased tissues has led to the establishment of three-dimensional (3D) test systems for regeneration and repair. Regenerative therapies, including dental tissue engineering, have been pursued as a new prospect to repair and rebuild the diseased/lost oral tissues. Interactions between the different cell types, growth factors, and extracellular matrix components involved in angiogenesis are vital in the mechanisms of new vessel formation for tissue regeneration. In vitro pre-vascularization is one of the leading scopes in the tissue-engineering field. Vascularization strategies that are associated with co-culture systems have proved that there is communication between different cell types with mutual beneficial effects in vascularization and tissue regeneration in two-dimensional or 3D cultures. Endothelial cells with different cell populations, including osteoblasts, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts in a co-culture have shown their ability to advocate pre-vascularization. In this review, a co-culture perspective of human gingival fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells is discussed with the main focus on vascularization and future perspective of this model in regeneration and repair.
Properties of Cell Sources in Tissue-Engineered Three-dimensional Oral Mucosa Model: A Review

Mohd Nor NH, Berahim Z, Ahmad A, Kannan TP

Curr Stem Cell Res Ther, 2017;12(1):52-60.
PMID: 27538403

Oral mucosa is a mucous membrane lining the oral cavity. Its main function is to protect the deeper structures against the external factors; thermal, chemical, mechanical and biological stimuli. Apart from that, it also plays a significant role during mastication, deglutition and speech. Some oral diseases or injuries to oral mucosa lead to impairment of the oral functions and aesthetics which eventually result in permanent defect of oral mucosa. In order to overcome this defect, different approaches for the development of reconstructed oral mucosa models have been employed including skin/autologous grafts, guided tissue replacement, vestibuloplasty etc. However, the finding of an acceptable source for the transplantations or autologous grafts seems a bit challenging. To overcome this problem, the development of oral mucosa using tissue engineering approach has been widely studied involving various cell lines from different sources. This paper aims to highlight various cell sources used in the development of tissueengineered oral mucosa models based on articles retrieved from PubMed and MEDLINE databases using the search terms "oral mucosa tissue engineering", regardless of time when published.
Identification of novel fibroblast-like cells from stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth

Mohd Nor NH, Berahim Z, Azlina A, Kannan TP

Clin Oral Investig, 2019 Nov;23(11):3959-3966.
PMID: 30847574 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-02827-x

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to differentiate and characterize fibroblast-like cells from stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The differentiation of fibroblast-like cells from SHED was carried out by using specific human recombinant connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). To characterize fibroblastic differentiation, the induced cells were subjected to morphological changes, proliferation rate, gene expression analysis using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence staining. The commercial primary human gingival fibroblasts served as positive control in this study.
RESULTS: The results from characterization analysis were compared with that of commercial cells to ensure that the cells differentiated from SHED were fibroblast-like cells. The results showed the inductive effect of CTGF for fibroblastic differentiation in SHED. SHED-derived fibroblasts were successfully characterized despite having similar morphological appearance, i.e., (i) significant proliferation rate between fibroblast-like cells and SHED, (ii) high expression of fibroblast-associated markers in qRT-PCR analysis, and (iii) positive staining against collagen type 1, fibroblast-specific protein 1, and human thymic fibroblasts in flow cytometry analysis and immunofluorescence staining. The same expression patterns were found in primary human gingival fibroblasts, respectively. SHED as negative control showed lower expression or no signal, thus confirming the cells differentiated from SHED were fibroblast-like cells.
CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the protocol adopted in this study suggests CTGF to be an appropriate inducer in the differentiation of SHED into fibroblast-like cells.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The fibroblast-like cells differentiated from SHED could be used in future in vitro and in vivo dental tissue regeneration studies as well as in clinical applications where these cells are needed.
Fulltext Application of neurotransmitters and dental stem cells for pulp regeneration: A review

Ramli H, Yusop N, Ramli R, Berahim Z, Peiris R, Ghani N

Saudi Dent J, 2023 Jul;35(5):387-394.
PMID: 37520592 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2023.05.004

INTRODUCTION: Although there have been many studies on stem cells, few have investigated how neurotransmitters and stem cell proliferation interact to regenerate dental pulp. Dental pulp regeneration is an innovative procedure for reviving dental pulp, if feasible for the entire tooth. Upon tooth injury, activated platelets release serotonin and dopamine in bulk to mobilize dental pulp stem cells to mediate natural dental repair. This has induced research on the role of neurotransmitters in increasing the proliferation rate of stem cells. This review also covers prospective future treatments for dental pulp regeneration.
METHODS: A literature search was performed via PubMed and ScienceDirect from 2001 to 2022, using the keywords "neurotransmitter," "stem cell," "tooth regeneration," "tooth repair," "regenerative dentistry," and "dental pulp." Different inclusion/exclusion criteria were used, and the search was restricted to English articles.
RESULTS: Nine publications reporting neurotransmitter interactions with stem cells for tooth and pulp regeneration were selected.
CONCLUSION: Neurotransmitters were found to interact with dental stem cells. Evidence pointing to neurotransmitters as a factor in the increased proliferation of stem cells was found. This review thus gives hope for tooth pulp regeneration and repair.
Biodegradability of Amniotic Membrane as Potential Scaffold for Periodontal Regeneration

Ling KE, Roslan SM, Taib H, Berahim Z

Cureus, 2023 Sep;15(9):e45394.
PMID: 37854737 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45394

Background In the periodontal regenerative procedure, the membrane used should possess good mechanical stability with suitable resorption time to allow restoration of the lost periodontium. Amniotic membrane (AM) has regenerative potential as a scaffold or barrier membrane due to its various beneficial properties. However, its degradation rate is not clearly reported. Methodology This study aimed to evaluate the resorption capacity of AM and its surface architecture after being subjected to hydrolytic degradation analysis in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). AM was cut into sizes of 10 × 10 mm2 for three replicates. The membranes were weighed before and at different time intervals (days 7, 14, 21, and 28) after immersion in PBS. The degradation rate was determined by the percentage of mean weight loss from the initial weight at different time intervals. The AM surface profile was observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after 28 days of immersion. Results The result shows a 92% loss of weight over 28 days with the highest attained in the first seven days (67%), followed by 7%, 17%, and 1% after days 14, 21, and 28, respectively. SEM of the AM surface before the degradation test showed a polygonal shape forming a well-arranged mosaic pattern covered with microvilli. At day 28, the remaining AM appears as porous surface architecture, irregularly arranged fibers, and no microvilli seen. Conclusions This study demonstrated that over four weeks of degradation analysis, AM was not entirely degraded but had lost some of the microstructure. The biodegradability of AM should be further evaluated to elucidate its stability within adequate time parallel with the tissue healing process in periodontal tissue regeneration.
Synergistic effects of chitosan scaffold and TGFβ1 on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells derived from human exfoliated deciduous teeth

Farea M, Husein A, Halim AS, Abdullah NA, Mokhtar KI, Lim CK, et al.

Arch Oral Biol, 2014 Dec;59(12):1400-11.
PMID: 25222336 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.08.015

Multipotent stem cells derived from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) represent a promising cell source for tissue regeneration. In the present study we decided to test the inductive effect of chitosan and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) as a scaffold/factor combination on SHED proliferation and osteogenic differentiation.
Cementoblastic lineage formation in the cross-talk between stem cells of human exfoliated deciduous teeth and epithelial rests of Malassez cells

Farea M, Husein A, Halim AS, Berahim Z, Nurul AA, Mokhtar KI, et al.

Clin Oral Investig, 2016 Jul;20(6):1181-91.
PMID: 26392396 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1601-6

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the synergistic effect of epithelial rests of Malassez cells (ERM) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) on proliferation, cementogenic and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells derived from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED).
Fulltext Silicon Improves Yield Performance by Enhancement in Physiological Responses, Crop Imagery, and Leaf and Culm Sheath Morphology in New Rice Line, PadiU Putra

Berahim Z, Omar MH, Zakaria NI, Ismail MR, Rosle R, Roslin NA, et al.

Biomed Res Int, 2021;2021:6679787.
PMID: 34159198 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6679787

The PadiU Putra rice line is a blast-resistant and high-yield rice line with high potential. The application of topdressing and the foliar applied method of silicon (Si) treatments could strengthen the culm to resist breakage and ultimately increase yield production. Treatments which consisted of a control, a Si topdressing, and a Si foliar applied were arranged in a randomised complete block design. At 55 days after transplanting (DAT), the foliar applied Si treatments had 59% higher dry matter partitioning to the roots. Meanwhile, at 75 DAT, both Si foliar applied and topdressing method showed increased assimilate partitioning into the culm sheath by 29% and 49%, respectively. Dark green and light yellowish colours were obtained in both Si treatments using UAV, indicating similar results to physiological responses. Remarkably, Si foliar applied treatments enhanced the diameter and width of the outer and inner layers of the diameter of vascular bundles at 75 DAT by 58, 181, and 80%, respectively. The yield production of rice increased by 53% in the Si foliar applied, compared to the control, and produced a 1.63 benefit-cost ratio.
Fulltext Spermine mediated improvements on stomatal features, growth, grain filling and yield of rice under differing water availability

Berahim Z, Dorairaj D, Omar MH, Saud HM, Ismail MR

Sci Rep, 2021 05 21;11(1):10669.
PMID: 34021188 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89812-1

Rice which belongs to the grass family is vulnerable to water stress. As water resources get limited, the productivity of rice is affected especially in granaries located at drought prone areas. It would be even worse in granaries located in drought prone areas such as KADA that receives the lowest rainfall in Malaysia. Spermine (SPM), a polyamine compound that is found ubiquitiosly in plants is involved in adaptation of biotic and abiotic stresses. The effect of SPM on growth,grain filling and yield of rice at three main granaries namely, IADA BLS, MADA and KADA representing unlimited water, limited water and water stress conditions respectively, were tested during the main season. Additinally, the growth enhancer was also tested during off season at KADA. Spermine increased plant height, number of tillers per hill and chlorophyll content in all three granaries. Application of SPM improved yield by 38, 29 and 20% in MADA, KADA and IADA BLS, respectively. Harvest index showed 2.6, 6 and 16% increases at IADA BLS, KADA and MADA, respectively in SPM treated plants as compared to untreated. Except for KADA which showed a reduction in yield at 2.54 tha-1, SPM improved yield at MADA, 7.21 tha-1 and IADA BLS, 9.13 tha-1 as compared to the average yield at these respective granaries. In the second trial, SPM increased the yield to 7.0 and 6.4 tha-1 during main and off seasons, respectively, indicating that it was significantly higher than control and the average yield reported by KADA. The yield of SPM treatments improved by 25 and 33% with an increment of farmer's income at main and off seasons, respectively. Stomatal width was significantly higher than control at 11.89 µm. In conclusion, irrespective of the tested granaries and rice variety, spermine mediated plots displayed increment in grain yield.
Identification and Characterization of Intraoral and Dermal Fibroblasts Revisited

Mohd Nor NH, Berahim Z, Azlina A, Mokhtar KI, Kannan TP

Curr Stem Cell Res Ther, 2017;12(8):675-681.
PMID: 28969579 DOI: 10.2174/1574888X12666170929124621

BACKGROUND: Fibroblasts are the common cells used in clinical regenerative medicine and dentistry. These cells are known to appear heterogeneous in vivo. Previous studies have only investigated the biological properties of these cell subpopulations in vitro. Despite sharing similarity in their spindle-shaped appearance, previous literatures revealed that they play distinguished functional and biological activities in the body.
OBJECTIVE: This paper highlights the similarities and differences among these cell subpopulations, particularly between intraoral fibroblasts (human periodontal ligament, gingival and oral mucosa fibroblasts) and dermal fibroblasts based on several factors including their morphology, growth and proliferation rate.
RESULTS: It could be suggested that each subpopulation of fibroblasts demonstrate different positionspecified gene signatures and responses towards extracellular signals. These dissimilarities are crucial to be taken into consideration to employ specific methodologies in stimulating these cells in vivo.
CONCLUSION: A comparison of the characteristics of these cell subpopulations is desired for identifying appropriate cellular applications.
Fulltext Physiological and biochemical responses of selected weed and crop species to the plant-based bioherbicide WeedLock

Hasan M, Mokhtar AS, Mahmud K, Berahim Z, Rosli AM, Hamdan H, et al.

Sci Rep, 2022 Nov 15;12(1):19602.
PMID: 36379972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24144-2

WeedLock is a broad-spectrum plant-based bioherbicide that is currently on the market as a ready-to-use formulation. In this study, we investigated the physiological and biochemical effects of WeedLock (672.75 L ha-1) on Ageratum conyzoides L., Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn, Zea mays L., and Amaranthus gangeticus L. at four different time points. WeedLock caused significant reductions in chlorophyll pigment content and disrupted photosynthetic processes in all test plants. The greatest inhibition in photosynthesis was recorded in A. conyzoides at 24 h post-treatment with a 74.88% inhibition. Plants treated with WeedLock showed increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline production, which is indicative of phytotoxic stress. Remarkably, MDA contents of all treated plants increased by more than 100% in comparison to untreated. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) was elevated following treatment with WeedLock. Significant increases were observed in the SOD activity of A. conyzoides ranging from 69.66 to 118.24% from 6 to 72 h post-treatment. Our findings confirm that WeedLock disrupts the normal physiological and biochemical processes in plants following exposure and that its mode of action is associated with ROS (reactive oxygen species) production, similar to that of PPO (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitors, although specific site-of-action of this novel bioherbicide warrants further investigation.
Fulltext Phytochemical Compounds of Raw Versus Methanol-Extracted Kelulut, Tualang, and Manuka Honeys

Chu LI, Berahim Z, Mohamad S, Shahidan WNS, Yhaya MF, Zainuddin SLA

Cureus, 2023 Apr;15(4):e38297.
PMID: 37255896 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38297

Honey has been widely used for medicinal purposes since ancient times. It is produced by stinging bees or stingless bees by processing the collected nectar or plant sap in their bodies into raw honey. Extraction of honey will result in the pooling of crude volatile bioactive materials that could enhance its benefits. This work aims to compare the phytochemical characteristics of raw and methanol-extracted honeys in the Kelulut, Tualang and Manuka honeys. All types of raw honey samples were extracted by using the methanol extraction method and both groups were analysed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) at the National Poison Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. The findings showed that 23 compounds were identified in raw Kelulut honey and 18 compounds in methanol-extracted Kelulut honey; 28 compounds were identified in raw Tualang honey and 29 compounds in methanol-extracted Tualang honey; 19 compounds in raw Manuka honey and 22 compounds in methanol-extracted Manuka honey. There were differences in the phytochemical substances detected in raw and methanol-extracted honeys. The major compounds in raw honeys were mostly from the ketone, alcohol, and ester groups, whereas the ketone group was dominant in methanol-extracted honeys. Most bioactive substances identified in the methanol-extracted variant of honeys were more concentrated than the raw variant. A majority of these substances have antimicrobial characteristics.
Fulltext Effect of Root Restriction on the Growth, Photosynthesis Rate, and Source and Sink Relationship of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) Grown in Soilless Culture

Zakaria NI, Ismail MR, Awang Y, Megat Wahab PE, Berahim Z

Biomed Res Int, 2020;2020:2706937.
PMID: 32090071 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2706937

Chilli (Capsicum annum L.) plant is a high economic value vegetable in Malaysia, cultivated in soilless culture containers. In soilless culture, the adoption of small container sizes to optimize the volume of the growing substrate could potentially reduce the production cost, but will lead to a reduction of plant growth and yield. By understanding the physiological mechanism of the growth reduction, several potential measures could be adopted to improve yield under restricted root conditions. The mechanism of growth reduction of plants subjected to root restriction remains unclear. This study was conducted to determine the physiological mechanism of growth reduction of root-restricted chilli plants grown in polyvinyl-chloride (PVC) column of two different volumes, 2392 cm3(root-restricted) and 9570 cm3(control) in soilless culture. Root restriction affected plant growth, physiological process, and yield of chilli plants. Root restriction reduced the photosynthesis rate and photochemical activity of PSII, and increased relative chlorophyll content. Limited root growth in root restriction caused an accumulation of high levels of sucrose in the stem and suggested a transition of the stem as a major sink organ for photoassimilate. Growth reduction in root restriction was not related to limited carbohydrate production, but due to the low sink demand from the roots. Reduction of the total yield per plant about, 23% in root restriction was concomitant, with a slightly increased harvest index which reflected an increased photoassimilate partitioning to the fruit production and suggested more efficient fruits production in the given small plant size of root restriction.
Fulltext Isolation and enhancement of a homogenous in vitro human Hertwig's epithelial root sheath cell population

Farea M, Halim AS, Abdullah NA, Lim CK, Mokhtar KI, Berahim Z, et al.

Int J Mol Sci, 2013;14(6):11157-70.
PMID: 23712356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140611157

Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) cells play a pivotal role during root formation of the tooth and are able to form cementum-like tissue. The aim of the present study was to establish a HERS cell line for molecular and biochemical studies using a selective digestion method. Selective digestion was performed by the application of trypsin-EDTA for 2 min, which led to the detachment of fibroblast-like-cells, with the rounded cells attached to the culture plate. The HERS cells displayed a typical cuboidal/squamous-shaped appearance. Characterization of the HERS cells using immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry analysis showed that these cells expressed pan-cytokeratin, E-cadherin, and p63 as epithelial markers. Moreover, RT-PCR confirmed that these cells expressed epithelial-related genes, such as cytokeratin 14, E-cadherin, and ΔNp63. Additionally, HERS cells showed low expression of CD44 and CD105 with absence of CD34 and amelogenin expressions. In conclusion, HERS cells have been successfully isolated using a selective digestion method, thus enabling future studies on the roles of these cells in the formation of cementum-like tissue in vitro.
Fulltext Shading Effects on Leaf Gas Exchange, Leaf Pigments and Secondary Metabolites of Polygonum minus Huds., an Aromatic Medicinal Herb

Mohd Yusof FF, Yaacob JS, Osman N, Ibrahim MH, Wan-Mohtar WAAQI, Berahim Z, et al.

Plants (Basel), 2021 Mar 23;10(3).
PMID: 33806923 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030608

The growing demand for high value aromatic herb Polygonum minus-based products have increased in recent years, for its antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory potentials. Although few reports have indicated the chemical profiles and antioxidative effects of Polygonum minus, no study has been conducted to assess the benefits of micro-environmental manipulation (different shading levels) on the growth, leaf gas exchange and secondary metabolites in Polygonum minus. Therefore, two shading levels (50%:T2 and 70%:T3) and one absolute control (0%:T1) were studied under eight weeks and 16 weeks of exposures on Polygonum minus after two weeks. It was found that P. minus under T2 obtained the highest photosynthesis rate (14.892 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1), followed by T3 = T1. The increase in photosynthesis rate was contributed by the enhancement of the leaf pigments content (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b). This was shown by the positive significant correlations observed between photosynthesis rate with chlorophyll a (r2 = 0.536; p ≤ 0.05) and chlorophyll b (r2 = 0.540; p ≤ 0.05). As the shading levels and time interval increased, the production of total anthocyanin content (TAC) and antioxidant properties of Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) also increased. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were also significantly enhanced under T2 and T3. The current study suggested that P.minus induce the production of more leaf pigments and secondary metabolites as their special adaptation mechanism under low light condition. Although the biomass was affected under low light, the purpose of conducting the study to boost the bioactive properties in Polygonum minus has been fulfilled by 50% shading under 16 weeks' exposure.
Fulltext Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Ageratum conyzoides, Oryza sativa f. spontanea (Weedy Rice) and Cyperus iria to Parthenium hysterophorus Methanol Extract

Motmainna M, Juraimi AS, Uddin MK, Asib NB, Islam AKMM, Ahmad-Hamdani MS, et al.

Plants (Basel), 2021 Jun 14;10(6).
PMID: 34198474 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061205

The current study was designed to investigate the effect of Parthenium hysterophorus L. methanol extract on Ageratum conyzoides L., Oryza sativa f. spontanea (weedy rice) and Cyperus iria L. in glasshouse condition. Here, Parthenium hysterophorus methanol extract at 20, 40, and 60 g L-1 concentrations was applied on the test species to examine their physiological and biochemical responses at 6, 24, 48 and 72 h after spraying (HAS). The phytotoxicity of P. hysterophorus was strong on A. conyzoides compared to weedy rice and Cyperus iria at different concentrations and exposure times. There was a reduction in photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration, chlorophyll content and carotenoid content when plants were treated with P. hysterophorus extract concentrations. Exposure to P. hysterophorus (60 g L-1) at 24 HAS increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline content by 152% and 130%, respectively, in A. conyzoides compared with control. The activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD)) were also increased in the presence of P. hysterophorus extract. Present findings confirm that the methanol extract of P. hysterophorus can disrupt the physiological and biochemical mechanism of target weeds and could be used as an alternative to chemical herbicides.

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