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Fulltext Consumption pattern and consumers’ opinion toward street food in Nakhon Si Thammarat province, Thailand

Khongtong, J., Ab Karim, S., Othman, M., Bolong, J.

International Food Research Journal, 2014;21(1):125-130.
MyJurnal

Street food in NST province is crucial for the people due to the changing of lifestyles. The
consumers demand enhances the number of street vendors in the province. Nevertheless, there
are vendors that are not practicing good hygienic compared to other province. The objectives
of this study are to identify the pattern of street food consumption, and consumers’ opinion
towards the street food. Observation and in-depth interview were used to collect data. Ten
respondents with various demographic backgrounds were interviewed on their experiences,
and opinions toward street food. The data found that the street food consuming pattern was
formed in six major themes: consumer characteristic, type of food, location, time of consuming,
ways to consume and reasons of consuming. Additionally, the study also declared consumer’s
opinion on the problems related to street food. The finding aims local authority to have more
understanding on the culture of street food consumption, and the problems that have been
existed to find the appropriate improvement, and do not induce any conflict between local
authority with street vendors and authority with consumers.
Fulltext University foodservice: An overview of factors influencing the customers' dining choice

Nadzirah, S., Ab Karim, S., Ghazali, H., Othman, M.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(3):1459-1468.
MyJurnal

On-campus foodservices were thought to be the first choice for university students to dine in. However, these seemingly captive consumers have been opting for off-campus foodservice as their preferred outlet. This paper aims to uncover specific factors that motivate undergraduate students to dine-in at university foodservice facilities using Profile Accumulation Technique (PAT). PAT is a semi-quantitative method that provides freedom for informants to answer in their own terms and words, alternatively the data could be analyzed statistically. 115 questionnaires were distributed to students and staff of a local university. Findings include a list of factors (positive perception, negative perception and expectations) that the students considered to be significant in determining their choice of food outlet. These factors are then descriptively analyzed to determine attributes influencing university customer preferences. This paper significantly contributes in providing a deeper insight into factors that influences dining choice of university foodservice's customers in Malaysia.
Fulltext Anthropometric characteristics of Malaysian competitive powerlifters with physical disabilities

A. Hamid M.S., Shariff-Ghazali S., Abdul Karim S.

JUMMEC, 2019;22(2):49-55.
MyJurnal

Background: Studies on the anthropometric, physical and physiological characteristics among Malaysian Paralympic powerlifters are limited. This study examined the sociodemographic, clinical information and anthropometric physical parameters of Paralympic powerlifters in Malaysia.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during a Powerlifting Workshop and National Championship in 2016. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on powerlifters’ sociodemographic, sports participation history and medical information. All participants underwent a structured physical medical examination and anthropometric assessments.

Results: Fifty-two powerlifters participated in this study. Mean age of participants was 24.50±SD8.25 year. The majority of the participants were men (82.7%) and most had spinal cord injury (34.6%) or amputation of the lower limb (26.9%). Most of the powerlifters competed at district and state level championships and 42.3% had represented Malaysia at international competitions. Women powerlifters had a significantly higher amount of body fat compared to men (35.61% vs 19.80%; p=0.003). Male power-lifters had significantly longer arm and forearm length (30.10±IQR3.00 cm vs 23.00±IQR2.13 cm; p=0.020). A significantly positive relationship was found between age, experience, weight, BMI, LBM, arm circumferences (relaxed and tensed) and the powerlifter’s best lift. Age, experience, body weight, BMI, lean body mass, body fat, hip circumference and arm circumferences (relaxed and tensed) met the criteria for inclusion in a multivariate model. Years of experience and non-dominant arm circumference (tensed) were significant predictors of best lifts among powerlifters.

Conclusion: In conclusion, assessment of anthropometric measures could be useful in monitoring athletes’ progress with training and have a role in the talent identification program for Paralympic powerlifters.
Fulltext Validity and Reliability of the Malay Version of the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability (IdFAI-M) Questionnaire among Malaysian University Athletes

Omar MK, Abdul-Karim S

Malays Orthop J, 2021 Mar;15(1):32-42.
PMID: 33880146 DOI: 10.5704/MOJ.2103.006

Introduction: This study was designed to produce a validated and reliable Malay version of the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability (IdFAI-M) questionnaire.
Materials and method: The cross-cultural adaptation was conducted based on standard guidelines to produce the Malay version of the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability (IdFAI-M) questionnaire. The reliability and validity testing were then performed among one hundred and twenty-three physically active University of Malaya students. Among them, twenty-two students also participated in the second return of the questionnaire over a two-week interval, which was then evaluated for test-retest reliability testing.
Results: The content validity for item-level (I-CVI) and Kappa values for all items were more than 0.7, respectively and the all scales-level (S-CVI) values were 0.983 (consistency), 0.967 (representativeness), 1.00 (relevance) and 0.983 (clarity). The questionnaire also demonstrated excellent reliability with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2.1) above 0.850 for all items. It was observed that outer loading of most items were more than the minimum acceptable value (0.7). Fornell-Larcker criterion demonstrate all values for each reflective construct was larger than the correlations with other constructs, indicating discriminant. The cross-loading values of each item has shown a weak correlation with all other constructs, except for the one to which it was theoretically associated.
Conclusions: The Malay version of the IdFAI (IdFAI-M) is a reliable and valid instrument that can be readily utilised to subjectively assess ankle instability.
Fulltext Microbial and quality attributes of thermally processed chili shrimp paste

Sobhi, B., Noranizan, M., Ab Karim, S., Abdul Rahman, R., Bakar, J., Ghazali, Z.

International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(4):1705-1712.
MyJurnal

Chili shrimp paste (CSP) is a favorite condiment in Southeast Asia. Microbial spoilage makes CSP unsuitable for consumption within several days. Thermal treatment was applied to produce microbiologically safe CSP. The effect of heating process on physicochemical and sensorial properties of CSP was studied. Heating at the optimum condition (21.6 min, 80 ˚C) has been shown effective and reliable in controlling microorganisms in CSP. Complete inactivation of peroxidase activities could not be accomplished at the optimal point, and significant reduction of the total phenolic and capsaicinoids contents was observed. Sensorial evaluation indicated that thermally processed CSP was less preferred by panelists when compared to freshly prepared samples of dry weight respectively.
Fulltext Perceptions and acceptance of ‘belacan’ in Malaysian dishes

Leong, Q.L., Ab Karim, S., Selamat, J., Mohd Adzahan, N., Karim, R., Rosita, J.

International Food Research Journal, 2009;16(4):539-546.
MyJurnal

This study aimed to analyze consumers’ perceptions and acceptance toward ‘belacan’. Results
showed internal reliability of above 0.7 for sections analyzed. Factor analysis found two underlying factors in the section designed to examine consumers’ perceptions. The overall consumers’ perception had a positive and moderate correlation with their acceptance and was significant at .01. Results also showed that ‘belacan’ consumption level was relatively frequent and well accepted by all races in Malaysia. The findings of the study would be noteworthy to the fishery industry and the small and medium industry (SME) in Malaysia in meeting consumers’ needs.
Incidence of Football and Futsal Injuries Among Youth in Malaysian Games 2018

Ahmad-Shushami AH, Abdul-Karim S

Malays Orthop J, 2020 Mar;14(1):28-33.
PMID: 32296479 DOI: 10.5704/MOJ.2003.005

Introduction: Football and futsal were the main sports in the Malaysian Games. However, they were associated with a risk of injury. The purpose of the study was to analyse the incidence, circumstances, and characteristics of football and futsal injuries during the Malaysian Games of 2018.
Materials and method: During the tournament, 14 teams participated in men's football, 12 teams in men's futsal and 11 teams in women's futsal. The biannual event involved athletes aged under 21 years. A medical report form used by FIFA Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-Marc), was provided to the physiotherapists and team doctors of all the teams to report all injuries after each match.
Results: The response rate was 84.62% in football and 59.76% in futsal. A total of 48 injuries were reported from 26 football matches, equivalent to 64.64 injuries per 1000 match hours (95%CI 46.35 to 82.93). In futsal, a total of 48 injuries from 41 matches were reported, equivalent to 292.42 injuries per 1000 match hours (95% CI 209.7 to 375.14). The rate of injury in women futsal players was higher compared to men: 358.21 versus 247.04 injuries per 1000 match hours (p=0.224). Futsal recorded higher injuries per 1000 match hours than football (p<0.001).
Conclusion: The rate of severe injury in futsal and football recorded in the study as compared to previous studies gave rise to serious concerns. Hence, there was an urgent need to pay more attention to injury prevention strategies.
Fulltext Impact of COVID-19 on the connectedness across global hospitality stocks

Hadi DM, Naeem MA, Karim S

Int J Hosp Manag, 2022 Jul;104:103243.
PMID: 35571508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103243

This study investigated the connectedness of top ten hospitality stocks in the world and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on this connectedness. For this purpose, we employ the time-varying parameter vector autoregressions (TVP-VAR) to examine the return connectedness among the world's top ten hospitality stocks. We further utilize the wavelet coherence measure to test the impact of COVID-related indexes on the connectedness across the hospitality stocks from January 1, 2020 to July 16, 2021. Our findings explore a strong connectedness among the hospitality stocks, although the total connectedness index is considerably affected by the first wave, the second wave, and the approval of COVID-19 vaccines. France and UK hospitality stocks appeared to be dominant and were the highest net transmitters of spillover shocks to other sample stocks. We document that the COVID-19 pandemic is the prime driver of the hospitality stocks' connectedness during the sample period. Aside from the contribution to hospitality and finance literature, our conclusions and implications can also benefit parties such as hospitality firm managers, investors, portfolio managers, and policymakers.
Fulltext Risk Connectedness Between Green and Conventional Assets with Portfolio Implications

Naeem MA, Karim S, Tiwari AK

Comput Econ, 2022 Aug 05.
PMID: 35966025 DOI: 10.1007/s10614-022-10296-w

The increasing concerns of investors toward green bonds and their appealing nature of diversification has motivated the current research to study the risk connectedness between green and conventional assets spanning from August 2014 to December 2020. We first estimate the dynamic equi-correlations through DECO-GARCH. Next, we assess the dynamic and static risk connectedness in the median, extreme low, and extreme high quantiles arguing that spillovers vary across different time periods particularly during economically intense time periods. Finally, we analyzed the hedge ratio and hedge effectiveness between green bonds and other assets. We find that equi-correlations are intense during economic shocks such as the Shale oil crisis, Brexit, US interest rate hike, and COVID-19 pandemic. The volatility analysis at average, lower, and upper quantiles also validate time-varying attributes of green and conventional assets. Further, network figures of green and conventional assets identify potential diversification opportunities. Meanwhile, the hedge effectiveness indicates that green bonds are effective hedge for precious metals and cryptocurrencies. Our findings draw multiple implications for policymakers, green investors, financial market participants, and regulatory authorities regarding flight-to-safety during crisis times and maintaining a diverse portfolio to escape potential losses.
Anti-HCMV IgG positivity rate among renal transplant recipients in Baghdad

Al-Alousy BM, Abdul-Razak SH, Al-Ajeeli KS, Al-Jashamy KA

Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl, 2011 Nov;22(6):1269-74.
PMID: 22089802

In developing countries, the majority of infection by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) occurs during childhood and continues as a latent infection. By adulthood, almost all the population may show anti-HCMV IgG as positive. This study was undertaken to determine the correlation between the prevalence of HCMV antibodies and HCMV infection during post transplant period among renal transplant patients in Baghdad. 43 renal transplant patients attending three renal transplantation centers, and 40 healthy individuals who served as controls were enrolled in this study. 18 (41.9%) were transplanted recently and they were under post-operative follow-up and 25 (58.1%) were transplanted more than one year ago. Detection of anti-HCMV IgG was carried out using enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). The results revealed that anti-HCMV IgG was significantly higher among renal transplant recipients compared to healthy controls (97.7% vs 85%, P = 0.04). The anti-HCMV IgG positivity rate was not affected by patients' age, sex, and duration after transplantation or immunosuppressive therapy. We conclude that the high anti-HCMV IgG positivity rate among Iraqi renal transplant recipients make them prone to considerable risk of reactivation of HCMV infection.
Development and evaluation of omeprazole pellets fabricated by sieving-spheronization and extrusion - spheronization process

Karim S, Baie SH, Hay YK, Bukhari NI

Pak J Pharm Sci, 2014 May;27(3):425-38.
PMID: 24811797

Pelletized dosage forms can be prepared by different methods which, in general, are time consuming and labor intensive. The current study was carried out to investigate the feasibility of preparing the spherical pellets of omeprazole by sieving-spheronization. An optimized formulation was also prepared by extrusion-spheronization process to compare the physical parameters between these two methods. The omeprazole pellets were consisted of microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone K 30, sodium lauryl sulphate and polyethylene glycol 6000. The omeprazole delay release system was developed by coating the prepared pellets with aqueous dispersion of Kollicoat 30 DP. The moisture content, spheronization speed and residence time found to influence the final properties of omeprazole pellets prepared by extrusion-spheronization and sieving-spheronization. The Mann-Whitney test revealed that both methods produced closely similar characteristics of the pellets in terms of, friability (p=0.553), flowability (p=0.677), hardness (p=0.103) and density (bulk, p=0.514, tapped, p=0.149) except particle size distribution (p=0.004). The percent drug release from the coated formulation prepared by sieving-spheronization and extrusion spheronization was observed to be 84.12 ± 1.10% and 82.67 ± 0.96%, respectively. Dissolution profiles of both formulations were similar as indicated by values of f1 and f2, 1.52 and 89.38, respectively. The coated formulation prepared by sieving-spheronization and commercial reference product, Zimore ® also showed similar dissolution profiles (f1=1.22, f2=91.52). The pellets could be prepared using sieving-spheronization. The process is simple, easy, less time- and labor-consuming and economical as compared to extrusion-spheronization process.
Fulltext Cognitive Appraisals and Lived Experiences During Injury Rehabilitation: A Narrative Account Within Personal and Situational Backdrop

Roy J, Mokhtar AH, Abdul Karim S, Ayathupady Mohanan S

Asian J Sports Med, 2015 Sep;6(3):e24039.
PMID: 26448849 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.24039

The article highlights an athlete's cognitive appraisals form the onset to return to play. The narrative provides how an athlete constructs a sense of self within personal and situational factors and describes the subjective experiences during rehabilitation.
Fulltext Customer Restaurant Choice: An Empirical Analysis of Restaurant Types and Eating-out Occasions

Chua BL, Karim S, Lee S, Han H

Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020 08 28;17(17).
PMID: 32872267 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176276

This study investigated restaurant customers' perceived importance of key factors in accordance with dining occasions and restaurant segments. Our investigation into restaurant selection and situational factors present two types of empirical evidence regarding customers' choice of restaurant. First, menu price was customers' top priority in restaurant selections for full-service, quick-casual, and quick-service restaurants. Second, restaurant customers rated the importance level of restaurant selection criteria differently according to eating-out occasions. The importance of menu price was greatest for both quick meal/convenience and social occasion, brand reputation was the most important factor for business necessity, and word-of-mouth recommendation was greatest for celebration.
Degradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol by nano zero valent iron under different pH and dissolved oxygen levels

Karim S, Bae S, Greenwood D, Hanna K, Singhal N

Water Res, 2017 11 15;125:32-41.
PMID: 28826034 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.029

The catalytic properties of nanoparticles (e.g., nano zero valent iron, nZVI) have been used to effectively treat a wide range of environmental contaminants. Emerging contaminants such as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are susceptible to degradation by nanoparticles. Despite extensive investigations, questions remain on the transformation mechanism on the nZVI surface under different environmental conditions (redox and pH). Furthermore, in terms of the large-scale requirement for nanomaterials in field applications, the effect of polymer-stabilization used by commercial vendors on the above processes is unclear. To address these factors, we investigated the degradation of a model EDC, the steroidal estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), by commercially sourced nZVI at pH 3, 5 and 7 under different oxygen conditions. Following the use of radical scavengers, an assessment of the EE2 transformation products shows that under nitrogen purging direct reduction of EE2 by nZVI occurred at all pHs. The radicals transforming EE2 in the absence of purging and upon air purging were similar for a given pH, but the dominant radical varied with pH. Upon air purging, EE2 was transformed by the same radical species as the non-purged system at the same respective pH, but the degradation rate was lower with more oxygen - most likely due to faster nZVI oxidation upon aeration, coupled with radical scavenging. The dominant radicals were OH at pH 3 and O2- at pH 5, and while neither radical was involved at pH 7, no conclusive inferences could be made on the actual radical involved at pH 7. Similar transformation products were observed without purging and upon air purging.
Fulltext Comparing the asymmetric efficiency of dirty and clean energy markets pre and during COVID-19

Naeem MA, Karim S, Farid S, Tiwari AK

Econ Anal Policy, 2022 Sep;75:548-562.
PMID: 35789957 DOI: 10.1016/j.eap.2022.06.015

In the backdrop of the recent COVID-19 pandemic, the study examines the comparative asymmetric efficiency of dirty and clean energy markets pre and during the COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, we utilize an asymmetric multifractality detrended fluctuation analysis (A-MF-DFA). The study's findings uncover the presence of asymmetric multifractality in clean and dirty energy markets. In addition, multifractality in the energy markets is sensitive to trends, time horizon and major events. More importantly, the results suggest superior efficiency of clean-energy markets compared to conventional energies. We confirm the time-varying nature of market efficiency in the energy markets, and during the recent COVID-19 outbreak, market inefficiencies in the clean and dirty energy markets soared. In this way, the study holds meaningful insights for policymakers, energy policy practitioners, investors, and financial market participants to choose between clean (dirty) investments based on their asymmetric efficiency (inefficiency).
Examining the role of gender diversity on ownership structure-sustainable performance nexus: fresh evidence from emerging markets

Karim S, Naeem MA, Meero AA, Rabbani MR

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2023 Mar;30(15):42829-42844.
PMID: 34826080 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17459-6

The current research presents fresh insights on empirically presenting the relationship between ownership structure and corporate sustainable performance of two emerging markets: Malaysia and Pakistan. Moreover, the moderating role of gender diversity is observed on the relationship between ownership structure and corporate sustainable performance. Dynamic estimator, named system generalized method of moments, is used for estimations that control for potential dynamic endogeneity, simultaneity, and reverse causality. Findings reveal that ownership concentration and state ownership are negatively related to economic, social, and environmental indicators of CSP both in Malaysia and Pakistan, whereas directors' ownership is positively associated with all sustainability indicators. Financial institution's ownership showed a positive significant impact on CSP in Malaysia, whereas an insignificant relationship is observed in Pakistan. Meanwhile, the moderating impact of women directors on the relationship between ownership structure and corporate sustainable performance reveals a significant impact in Malaysia and an insignificant impact in Pakistan. Generally, the findings of the study have practical implications for regulatory authorities, securities commissions, and policymakers of Malaysia and Pakistan. Moreover, there is a need to bring reforms into corporate governance structures in Pakistan, where weak economic conditions leave a frail impact of ownership structure on CSP and an insignificant moderating impact of board gender diversity.
Fulltext Validity, Reliability and Responsiveness of the Malay Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (M-SPADI) for Patients with Shoulder Pain

Abdul-Karim S, Abdul-Hamid MS, Ho CA, Ling J

Malays Orthop J, 2023 Mar;17(1):160-171.
PMID: 37064621 DOI: 10.5704/MOJ.2303.019

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study is to determine the validity, reliability, and responsiveness of the Malay Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (M-SPADI) in Malay speakers suffering from shoulder pain.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The M-SPADI, the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), and measurements of shoulder active range of motion (AROM) were completed by 140 patients with shoulder pain (68 with rotator cuff pathology and 72 with other shoulder pathology). Thirty-four patients were retested for test-retest reliability with M-SPADI after an average of 9.2 days. M-SPADI was performed on twenty-one individuals three months after completing treatment for rotator cuff disorders to assess response.
RESULTS: The results of exploratory factor analysis revealed a bidimensional structure for M-SPADI. M-SPADI disability score was significantly greater in patients with rotator cuff pathologies (median = 31.87, IQR 82.50) than in patients with other shoulder pathologies (median = 20.00, IQR 23.84). In multi-group factor analysis, measurement invariance revealed no significant difference between the two groups (p>0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between M-SPADI and NRS (Pain = 0.86, Disability = 0.75, Total = 0.82, p=0.005), and a significant negative correlation between M-SPADI and shoulder AROM (Pain = -0.34 to -0.67, Disability =-0.44 to -0.73, Total =0.43 to -0.72, p=0.005). M-SPADI had a high degree of internal consistency (Cronbach's 0.92 for pain and 0.95 for disability). Test-retest reliability was moderate to excellent (ICC Pain = 0.84, ICC Disability = 0.78, ICC Total = 0.81, p=0.001), and the smallest detectable change ranges (Pain = 8.74, Disability = 3.21, Total = 3.83) were less than the minimal detectable change ranges (Pain = 21.57, Disability = 6.82, Total = 8.79). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for M-SPADI was greater than 0.90 (Pain = 0.99, Disability = 0.94, Total = 0.96).
CONCLUSION: The M-SPADI has established construct validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and responsiveness. The M-SPADI is a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating shoulder pain among Malay-speaking individuals. In addition, the M-SPADI disability subscale may be useful for monitoring functional score changes in patients with rotator cuff pathology.
Fulltext Systemic risk contagion of green and Islamic markets with conventional markets

Naeem MA, Karim S, Yarovaya L, Lucey BM

Ann Oper Res, 2023 Apr 18.
PMID: 37361088 DOI: 10.1007/s10479-023-05330-5

Financial markets are exposed to extreme uncertain circumstances escalating their tail risk. Sustainable, religious, and conventional markets represent three different markets with various characteristics. Motivated with this, the current study measures the tail connectedness between sustainable, religious, and conventional investments by employing a neural network quantile regression approach from December 1, 2008 to May 10, 2021. The neural network recognized religious and conventional investments with maximum exposure to tail risk following the crisis periods reflecting strong diversification benefits of sustainable assets. The Systematic Network Risk Index spots Global Financial Crisis, European Debt Crisis, and COVID-19 pandemic as intensive events yielding high tail risk. The Systematic Fragility Index ranks the stock market in the pre-COVID period and Islamic stocks during the COVID sample as the most susceptible markets. Conversely, the Systematic Hazard Index nominates Islamic stocks as the chief risk contributor in the system. Given these, we portray various implications for policymakers, regulatory bodies, investors, financial market participants, and portfolio managers to diversify their risk using sustainable/green investments.
Fulltext Examining the avenues of sustainability in resources and digital blockchains backed currencies: evidence from energy metals and cryptocurrencies

Karim S, Naeem MA, Tiwari AK, Ashraf S

Ann Oper Res, 2023 May 03.
PMID: 37361090 DOI: 10.1007/s10479-023-05365-8

The sustainability issues have been surmounted in the last decades. The digital disruption caused by blockchains and other digitally backed currencies has raised several serious concerns for policymakers, governmental agencies, environmentalists, and supply chain managers. Alternatively, sustainable resources are environmentally sustainable and naturally available resources which are employable by several regulation authorities to reduce the carbon footprint and attain energy transition mechanisms to support sustainable supply chains in the ecosystem. Using the asymmetric time-varying parameters vector auto-regressions approach, the current study examines the asymmetric spillovers between blockchain-backed currencies and environmentally supported resources. We find clusters between blockchain-based currencies and resource-efficient metals, highlighting similar-class dominance of spillovers. We portrayed several implications of our study for policymakers, supply chain managers, the blockchain industry, sustainable resources mechanisms, and regulatory bodies to emphasize that natural resources play a significant role in attaining sustainable supply chains servicing the benefits to society at large and to other stakeholders.
Green horizons: Overcoming political risks with strategic environmental management and financial innovation

Khan N, Karim S, Chan LF, She L

J Environ Manage, 2024 Sep;368:122224.
PMID: 39178790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122224

The impact of political risk and financial development has been widely studied in the context of sustainable environmental practices. However, their effects on green finance and sustainable finance initiatives have not been thoroughly explored. This paper fills this gap by examining the influence of the political risk financial development index on green finance across 21 OECD economies from 1990 to 2020. Unit root and cointegration tests reveal that variables are stationary at first difference, and there is a long-run cointegration among them. For the primary analysis, we employed the novel MMQR approach, which demonstrates that the financial development index enhances green finance, while the political risk index diminishes it across all quantiles - upper, median, and lower. Robustness analysis using BSQR further confirms these findings. Policies aimed at fostering financial development and reducing political risk should acknowledge the growing significance of green finance in OECD economies.

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