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Fulltext Medical ethics: what you should know

Mohd Rizal Abdul Manaf

Int J Public Health Res, 2012;2(1):129-136.
MyJurnal

Introduction Medical ethics is a system of moral principles that apply values and judgments to the practice of medicine. As a scholarly discipline, medical ethics encompasses its practical application in clinical settings as well as work on its history, philosophy, theology, and sociology. The medical profession has long subscribed to a body of ethical statements developed primarily for the benefit of the patient. A physician must recognize responsibility to patients first and foremost, as well as to society, to other health professionals, and to self. This paper presents some information regarding medical ethics, including the values and principles of ethical conduct. Later the requirements of consent form is presented to guide the researchers before conducting a study.
Fulltext Analysis of fill time and injection pressure of multiple 20 gram Parisons during injection moulding process

Najiy Rizal Suriani Rizal, Azuddin Mamat, Aidah Jumahat

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2017;25(103):233-240.
MyJurnal

In recent years, injection moulding process is one of the most advanced and efficient manufacturing processes for mass production of plastic bottles. However, a good quality of parison is difficult to achieve due to uncontrollable humidity, pressure inlet and water inlet velocity. This paper investigates the effect of using multiple mould cavities to improve the process fill time and injection pressure in the production of PET plastic bottles using MoldFlow software. The modelling of parison was developed using CATIA with the consideration of every part of the parison. MoldFlow software was used to analyse the flow of 20 g parison with different cavity numbers (1, 8, 16, 24 cavity), as well as its corresponding runner size towards its fill time and injection pressure. Other important parameters that affect the production of parison, such as melting temperature, mould temperature, atmospheric temperature and cooling time, were remained constant. The fill time required to produce 24 moulds was improved by 60% compared to using 8 mould cavity only, and this enable the production of more plastic bottles in a day. Therefore, fill time and injection pressure are two important parameters to be considered in the injection moulding process, especially to reduce parison defect and increase its production rate.
Fulltext Patients’ satisfaction in antenatal clinic Hospital University Kebangsaan Malaysia

Dyah Pitaloka, S., Rizal, A.M.

Malaysian Journal of Community Health, 2006;12(1):0-0.
MyJurnal

Background: A cross sectional study was carried out to identify the level and factors associated with patients’ satisfaction in antenatal clinic at Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Methods: A total of 150 respondents were selected by using convenience sampling method. Data was collected via structured questionnaire with face to face interview. The obtained data was analyzed by using SPSS version 11.5.
Results: Majority of the respondents were Malay (72%), while Chinese (18%) and Indian (10%).
Age of the respondents around 19 to 40 years old with tertiary education level (50.7%) and most of them are working (76.4%). More than half of the respondents were satisfied with the service that they received (56.7%), while the others (43.3%) not satisfied. Generally, most of the respondents were satisfied with interpersonal aspects from the staff (62%), technical quality of the doctors (79.3%), efficacy (78%), availability (50.7%), and the financial aspect (70%). Meanwhile, the respondents were not satisfied with the several aspects i.e. accessibility (61.3%), convenience (51.3%), and continuity of care (81.3%). In bivariate analysis, the result of this study showed that there were only two factors significantly related with level of satisfaction (p

Study site: Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM)
Fulltext Chest x-ray as an essential part of routine medical examination: is it necessary?

Izamin I, Rizal AM

Med J Malaysia, 2012 Dec;67(6):606-9.
PMID: 23770954 MyJurnal

INTRODUCTION: Various studies in primary care and hospitalized patients have discouraged routine use of chest x-ray (CXR) in medical examination.
PURPOSE: The study aims to determine the prevalence of abnormal routine CXR and cost of one CXR at a public health clinic and discuss the rationale of CXR in routine medical examination.
METHODOLOGY: Data of patients who visited Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Kota Bharu (KKBKB), a public health clinic, from 1 January until 31 December 2010 were examined. The study used cross-sectional design. All patients who came for medical examination and CXR at KKBKB were included. Cost analysis was performed from the perspective of provider.
FINDINGS: About 63.1% of 8315 CXR films in KKBKB were produced as part of routine medical examination. Prevalence of abnormal CXR was 0.25%. The cost of producing one CXR ranges from RM15.87 to RM32.34.
DISCUSSION: Low yield from CXR screening and high cost of CXR are the main concern. CXR screening would also lead to unnecessary radiation; and false-positive screening resulting in physical risk, unwarranted anxiety and more expenditure. CXR screening is appropriately reserved for high-risk patients and those with relevant clinical findings.
Urinary tract infection and bacteriuria in children performing clean intermittent catheterization with reused catheters

Kanaheswari Y, Kavitha R, Rizal AMM

Spinal Cord, 2015 Mar;53(3):209-212.
PMID: 25420498 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2014.210

STUDY DESIGN: This study was designed as a comparative cross-sectional cross-over trial on children performing clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) with reused catheters for 1 or 3 weeks.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) and bacteriuria (defined as colony count of ⩾105 colony forming units per ml of a single strain of organism) in these two different frequencies of catheter change.
SETTING: Multidisciplinary children's neurogenic bladder clinics at two tertiary care hospitals in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.
METHODS: Forty children aged between 2 and 16 years performing CIC for at last 3 years were recruited. Medical and social data were obtained from case files. Baseline urine cultures were taken. All children changed CIC catheters once in 3 week for the first 9 weeks followed by once a week for the next 9 weeks. Three-weekly urine cultures were obtained throughout the study. Standardization of specimen collection, retrieval and culture was ensured between the two centers.
RESULTS: At baseline, 65% of children had bacteriuria. This prevalence rose to 74% during the 3-weekly catheter change and dropped to 34% during the weekly catheter change (Z-score 6.218; P<0.001). Persistence of bacteriuria (all three specimens in each 9-week period) changed significantly from 60 to 12.5%, respectively (P<0.005). There was no episode of UTI during the 18-week study period.
CONCLUSION: Reuse of CIC catheters for up to 3 weeks in children with neurogenic bladders appears to increase the prevalence of bacteriuria but does not increase the incidence of symptomatic UTI.
Fulltext Bis(μ-cyclo-hexane-1,3-dicarboxyl-ato)-κO:O,O;κO,O:O-bis-[aqua-(1,10-phenanthroline-κN,N')zinc(II)]

Rizal MR, Ng SW

Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2009;65(Pt 10):m1178.
PMID: 21577713 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536809035144

The cyclo-hexane-1,3-dicarboxyl-ate dianion in the dinuclear centrosymmetric title compound, [Zn(2)(C(8)H(10)O(4))(2)(C(12)H(8)N(2))(2)(H(2)O)(2)], has a chair conformation with both carboxyl-ate groups in equatorial positions. One carboxyl-ate group chelates a Zn(II) atom, whereas the other binds through one O atom only to confer a six-coordinate status to the N-heterocycle-chelated water-coordinated Zn(II) atom. Adjacent dinuclear mol-ecules are linked by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a linear chain.
Fulltext Poly[(μ(2)-4,4'-bipyridine-κN:N')bis-(μ(4)-cyclo-hexane-1,3-dicarboxyl-ato-κO:O':O'':O''')dizinc(II)]

Rizal MR, Ng SW

Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2009;65(Pt 10):m1179.
PMID: 21577714 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536809035168

The cyclo-hexane-1,3-dicarboxyl-ate dianion in the title three-dimensional coordination polymer, [Zn(2)(C(8)H(10)O(4))(2)(C(10)H(8)N(2))](n), has one carboxyl-ate group in an equatorial position and the other in an axial position of the cyclo-hexane ring, which adopts a chair conformation. The carboxyl-ate groups function as bridges to two adjacent Zn(II) atoms, generating a layer motif. Adjacent layers are linked through the 4,4'-bipyridine N-heterocycle, forming a three-dimensional network; the geometry of Zn(II) is square-pyramidal with the N atom of the N-heterocycle occupying the apical position. The N-heterocycle lies about a center of inversion and is disordered in a 1:1 ratio with respect to the C atoms bearing H atoms.
Fulltext 4'-Fluoro-2'-hydroxy-acetophenone

Rizal MR, Ng SW

Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2008;64(Pt 5):o916.
PMID: 21202398 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536808011173

The title compound, C(8)H(7)FO(2), crystallizes as discrete mol-ecules, the conformation of which may be influenced by an intra-molecular hydr-oxy-carbonyl O-H⋯O hydrogen bond.
Fulltext Low-temperature redetermination of trans-cyclo-hexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid

Rizal MR, Ng SW

Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2008;64(Pt 6):o992.
PMID: 21202717 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536808012592

The mol-ecule of the title compound, C(8)H(12)O(4), lies on a twofold rotation axis that passes through the mid-points of two opposite C-C bonds of the ring. Carboxyl groups of adjacent mol-ecules are linked by pairs of hydrogen bonds around a centre of inversion; this inter-action gives rise to a chain that runs along [101].
Renal scarring and chronic kidney disease in children with spina bifida in a multidisciplinary Malaysian centre

Kanaheswari Y, Mohd Rizal AM

J Paediatr Child Health, 2015 Dec;51(12):1175-81.
PMID: 26041512 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.12938

The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of renal cortical scarring and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children with neurogenic bladder secondary to spina bifida (SB) managed at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre. The secondary objective was to identify the clinical factors associated with these adverse outcomes.
Fulltext The relationship between mentoring program and mentees psychological and emotional support: personality as a moderator

Rizal Abu Bakar, Hii, Kong Loi

Journal of Cognitive Sciences & Human Development, 2016;1(2):84-98.
MyJurnal

This study aims to examine the relationship between mentoring program, personality and mentee outcomes. One hundred respondents from different faculties in one of the universities in East Malaysia were involved in this study. Pearson Correlation was employed to determine the relationship between mentoring program and mentee outcomes, personality and mentee outcomes, mentoring program and psychological and emotional support. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between mentoring program and mentee outcomes. Multiple Regressions was used to assess whether personality act as a moderator between mentoring program and mentee outcomes. The findings indicated that personality moderates the relationship between mentoring program and mentee outcomes. The findings of this research are beneficial for mentoring program in universities in Malaysia, especially, in ensuring better mentoring outcomes. Implication of this research on organization and individuals was also discussed.
Fulltext Revitalizing community and family case study (CFCS) programme

Fahisham Taib, Nik Mohd Rizal Mohd Fakri

Education in Medicine Journal, 2014;6(3):46-50.
MyJurnal

Community and family case study (CFCS) is a community based educational (CBE) programme commenced in 1980 at School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. It serves to help and resolve health needs of the individual patients, family and their community. This will help to develop generic skills such as organization, communication and problem solving in relation to local norms, beliefs and socio-cultural influences. Students should have good awareness, sensitivity and empathic response based on health needs and environment that they are living in. Knowledge, skills, attitudes, emotions and values are repeatedly exposed to inculcate optimal learning environment with the community, as well as triggered response by the student to give back to the community by volunteerism. CFCS activism can be revitalized within the individual and group context. This can be achieved by multi-dimensional learning, collaborative effort, effective leadership and supervision, creative programme initiation, effectual research activities and sustainable service to the community. It is hopeful with active community engagement, life experiences learning process, self-directed and reflective learning, students are able to acquire refined attributes such as skills, behaviour, knowledge and attitudes, towards successful personal growth and advancement.
Robust blimps formation using wireless sensor based on received signal strength indication (RSSI) localization method

Herdawatie Abdul Kadir, Mohd Rizal Arshad

Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:129-137.

This paper suggests the wireless communication technique used to determine the information of blimp localization
(distance and orientation) via wireless sensor network (WSN) protocol. In cooperative decentralized system, information
exchanges between the agents are crucial. Each agent is required to share data to enable individual decision making
task. In this work, the WSN were used as the data communications protocol which provides robust communication using
the mesh networking. In order to support the multi agent communication network, the reliability of data needs to be
proved. The performances of the communication selection were studied through experimental and simulation approach.
The experimental results showed that the RSSI value from the device provided good statically data fit using the R-square
with value of 0.947. This paper also proposed a new mobile node arrangement with hexagonal anchor node arrangement
based on water particles formation. The node arrangement was simulated using the Senelex™ and showed low absolute
error position thus achieving the desired cooperative system requirement.
Serum albumin: clinical significance of drug binding and development as drug delivery vehicle

Tayyab S, Feroz SR

Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol, 2021;123:193-218.
PMID: 33485484 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2020.08.003

Human serum albumin, the primary transport and reservoir protein in the human circulatory system, interacts with numerous endogenous and exogenous ligands of varying structural characteristics. The mode of binding of drugs to albumin is central to understanding their pharmacokinetic profiles and has a major influence on their in vivo efficacy. Altered drug binding to albumin due to drug-drug interactions or abnormal physiology may result in marked changes in the active drug concentration, thus affecting its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. The propensity of drug-drug interaction to be clinically significant as well as possible exploitation of such interactions for therapeutic purposes is reviewed. Being the major organs of albumin metabolism, any impairment in the liver and kidney functions frequently alter the level of serum albumin, which affects the pharmacokinetic profiles of drugs and may have serious clinical implications. The natural function of serum albumin as a drug carrier is facilitated by its interaction with various cellular receptors. These receptors not only promote the uptake of drugs into cells but are also responsible for the extraordinarily long circulatory half-life of albumin. This property in combination with the presence of multiple ligand binding pockets have led to the emergence of serum albumin as an attractive vehicle for novel drug delivery systems. Here, we provide an overview of various albumin-based drug delivery strategies, classified according to their methods of drug attachment, and highlight their experimental and clinical successes.
Fulltext Investigation of the injection moulding plastic flows behaviour of PETCylindrical containers with multiple-cavity mould

Najiy Rizal Suriani Rizal, Muhammad Ameer Rosman, Aidah Jumahat, Noriah Yusoff

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2017;25(107):239-250.
MyJurnal

The study aims to investigate the effect of injection moulding parameters on plastic flows behaviour of the multiple-cavity polyethylene terephthalate (PET) cylindrical containers via injection moulding process. The motivation of this study is to present an alternative manufacturing solution to make cylindrical type containers that are commonly used in packaging beverages, such as the 330 ml standard size for packaging carbonated soft drink. The PET cylindrical container was modelled using CATIA drawing software and the injection moulding simulation process was done via Moldflow software. The investigation was done by varying two significant moulding parameters; the material melt temperature and the mould temperature. The effects of these two parameters on the PET plastic flow behaviour were studied. In particular, the simulations of the model were analysed and focused on the mould filling time as well as the moulded PET cylindrical container’s shrinkage occurrence. Three types of mould cavities structure were understudied; single-cavity, four-cavity and eight-cavity. Results show that the eight-cavity mould yielded higher production rate. The simulation results indicated that the production rate of 4-cavity and 8-cavity mould increased by 258.5% and 578.8% respectively. It was observed by increasing the melting temperature, the mould filling time is shorter and as a result, the production rate has increased by 7.75% per °C. But with this Mouldflow setting, the volumetric shrinkage and the maximum deflection have been significantly affected; increased by 23.15% and 29.26% respectively. The mould filling time and maximum deflection did not show a steady trend line however, the volumetric shrinkage increased by 7.28% per °C.
Family factors associated with physical activity in children with intellectual disability: A systematic review

Hao Y, Razman R

J Intellect Disabil, 2022 Sep 29.
PMID: 36172939 DOI: 10.1177/17446295221130913

This systematic review aimed to explore the influence of family factors on physical activity in children with intellectual disability. How and what family factors that specifically influence physical activity has not been compiled and reviewed previously. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic search was performed for articles published in English and Chinese without any year limits in six databases. Ten studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. All studies were qualitatively integrated to identify and compare positive and negative family factors. A total of 1135 participants, of which 497 were children with intellectual disability while the other 638 participants were family members (parents, siblings and caregivers). The family factors of 6 themes and 18 sub-themes (10 positive, 7 negative and 1 inconclusive factors) were extracted. Overall, these results highlight the importance of encouragement, support and involvement by family members, concurrently it points out that parental psychological factors, socioeconomic status, responsibilities and electronic devices could both promote and hinder engagement in physical activity for children with intellectual disability. The findings accentuate the role of the family unit in helping determine the activity levels of children with intellectual disability. Future studies should include a wider range of participants and be longitudinal in nature, utilizing more accurate monitoring tools.
Fulltext Moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity levels of children with intellectual disability during physical education classes

Hao Y, Razman R

Front Public Health, 2023;11:1056191.
PMID: 38026269 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1056191

BACKGROUND: Physical education (PE) class is an excellent way to improve moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA). Increasing number of research has explored the children's PA based on movement during PE classes, but data for children with intellectual disability (ID) is still lacking.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the current status of MVPA levels of children with ID during PE classes in China, as well as differences of MVPA levels according to gender and grade.
METHODS: Accelerometers were used to record MVPA levels of fifty-three children with severe ID from 9 to 16 years of age (mean age: 12.60 ± 1.66 years) during standard PE classes.
RESULTS: The mean time spent in MVPA during PE classes was 8.00 ± 2.10 min, meaning only 22.88% of PE class time was spent in MVPA. As grade levels progresses, time spent in MVPA during PE classes tended to decrease; the fourth-grade children tended to spend more time in MVPA during PE classes compared with the fifth-grade and the sixth-grade (9.15 vs. 7.61 vs. 7.25 min, all p
Fulltext The association of socioeconomic status with sedentary behaviour and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity among children with intellectual disability

Hao Y, Razman R

Int J Dev Disabil, 2024;70(4):665-676.
PMID: 38983487 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2022.2133445

Background: While socioeconomic status (SES) has been shown to be an important determinant of sedentary behaviour (SB) and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) in typically developing children, similar data on those with intellectual disability (ID) are lacking. This study explored the association of SES with SB and MVPA among Chinese children with ID. Method: Data were collected from 275 children aged 7-16 with mild to severe ID. Children's Leisure Activities Study Survey assessed SB and MVPA for a week. SES was assessed using the six indicators. Multiple linear regression was used to analyse the associations of SES variables with SB and MVPA on schooldays and on weekends. Results: Parental education level was positively associated with SB on weekends, and MVPA on schooldays and weekends; family's combined annual income was positively associated MVPA on schooldays and weekends; parental occupation was positively associated with SB on schooldays and weekends; Family Affluence Scale was positively associated with SB on schooldays (all p
Fulltext Comparing extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and ureteroscopy for treatment of proximal ureteric calculi: a cost-effectiveness study

Izamin I, Aniza I, Rizal AM, Aljunid SM

Med J Malaysia, 2009 Mar;64(1):12-21.
PMID: 19852314

Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) and ureteroscopy (URS) are two main methods of treating proximal ureteric stones. Success rates and cost-effectiveness of the two methods were compared. A total of 67 patients who underwent treatment between January 2007 and July 2007 at a state general hospital were included in the study. The success rate for ESWL group was 81.8% and for URS group was 84.6%. ESWL technique produced a significant higher overall cost per patient than URS (RM930.02 versus RM621.95 respectively). There was no significant difference in quality of patient's life. Cost-effectiveness ratio was lower for URS. The analysis suggested that URS was more cost-effective than ESWL.
Fulltext Bis[1,5-bis-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl-ene)thio-carbazonato-κN,S]nickel(II) dimethyl sulfoxide disolvate

Rizal MR, Ali HM, Ng SW

Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2008;64(Pt 6):m755.
PMID: 21202448 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536808011975

The Ni atom in the crystal structure of the centrosymmetric title compound, [Ni(C(19)H(15)N(6)S)(2)]·2C(2)H(6)OS, is N,S-chelated by the deprotonated Schiff bases in a square-planar geometry. The -CH=N-N=C(S)-NH-N=CH- frament is planar. The two indolyl -NH (donor) sites inter-act with dimethyl sulfoxide mol-ecules to furnish a layer motif.

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