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A preliminary note on a case of salmonella bacteriaemia

Sen NK

Malayan Medical Journal, 1931;6:92-4.

Matched MeSH terms: Agglutination Tests
Evaluation of a Rapid Kit for Detection of IgM against Leptospira in Human

Rao M, Amran F, Aqilla N

Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol, 2019;2019:5763595.
PMID: 30881530 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5763595

Introduction: Leptospirosis is an acute febrile illness, known for its protean clinical manifestations and the challenge in differentiating from other infectious diseases. Standardized confirmatory test is antibody dependent and not accessible by the suburban community. This study measures efficiency of an immune-chromatographic assay, Leptocheck WB, in detecting acute leptospirosis.
Methods: A total of 142 sera were used for kit evaluation. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated by comparing rapid kit results with gold standard laboratory, microscopic agglutination test (MAT).
Results: We found this rapid kit to have a sensitivity and specificity of 66.6% and 78.9%, respectively, whereas the PPV and NPV of the kit appeared to be 73.3% and 73.2%, respectively.
Discussion: Test efficiency of this rapid kit is reasonable. It is specific in detecting leptospiral antibody and assures clinician of accurate diagnosis by having higher PPV and NPV. It is prompt and efficient in comparison with conventional methods in assisting differential diagnosis. High sensitivity and specificity leptospirosis rapid test is indeed a crucial measure to assist the diagnosis of acute undifferentiated febrile illnesses.

Matched MeSH terms: Agglutination Tests
Recent advances in the serological diagnosis of typhoid fever

Yu H

Journal of the Malaya Branch of the British Medical Association, 1939;3:279-82.

Matched MeSH terms: Agglutination Tests
Significance and value of the Widal test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever in an endemic area

Pang T, Puthucheary SD

J Clin Pathol, 1983 Apr;36(4):471-5.
PMID: 6833514

The diagnostic value of the Widal test was assessed in an endemic area. The test was done on 300 normal individuals, 297 non-typhoidal fevers and 275 bacteriologically proven cases of typhoid. Of 300 normal individuals, 2% had an H agglutinin titre of 1/160 and 5% had an O agglutinin titre of 1/160. On the basis of these criteria a significant H and/or O agglutinin titre of 1/320 or more was observed in 93-97% of typhoid cases and in only 3% of patients with non-typhoidal fever. Of the sera from typhoid cases which gave a significant Widal reaction, the majority (79.9%) showed increases in both H and O agglutinins and 51 of 234 (21.8%) of these sera were collected in the first week of illness. The significance and implications of these findings are discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Agglutination Tests*
Evaluation of Leptospira biflexa antigens for screening human sera by the microscopic agglutination (MA) test in comparison with the sensitized-erythrocyte-lysis (SEL) test

Tan DS, Welch QB

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1974 Mar;5(1):12-6.
PMID: 4839075
Matched MeSH terms: Agglutination Tests*
A case of modified A antigen in acute leukaemia

Antoni A, Case J

Med J Malaysia, 1974 Jun;28(4):290-2.
PMID: 4278976
Matched MeSH terms: Agglutination Tests
Fulltext Seroprevalence and Distribution of Leptospiral Serovars in Livestock (cattle, Goats, and Sheep) in Flood-prone Kelantan, Malaysia

Sabri Abdul Rahman M, Khairani Bejo S, Zakaria Z, Hassan L, Azri Roslan M

J Vet Res, 2021 Mar;65(1):53-58.
PMID: 33817395 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0003

Introduction: Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects both humans and animals, the occurrence of which increases markedly during and after heavy rainfall and flooding. The aim of this study was to determine the serological prevalence of leptospiral infection in livestock after a voluminous flood in 10 districts of the Malaysian state of Kelantan.
Material and Methods: In December 2014, Kelantan was hit by an extensive flood. A total of 1,728 serum samples were collected from livestock from the state, comprised of 1,024 from cattle, 366 from goats and 338 from sheep, and they were tested using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT).
Results: Altogether, 203 (11.75%; 203/1728; 95% CI: 10.20%-13.30%) of the tested sera were found to be positive serologically. Cattle had the highest prevalence of 14.16% (145/1024), while goats and sheep had 11.20% (41/366) and 5.03% (17/338) respectively. The most frequent serovars detected were Hardjo-bovis (3.70%; 64/1728), Hebdomadis (2.08%; 36/1728) and Pomona (1.04%; 18/1728). There was a statistically significant association (P < 0.05) between livestock that were exposed to the flood and seropositivity.
Conclusion: This study showed that flood is a risk factor that can play a role in the epidemiology of leptospiral infection in livestock.

Matched MeSH terms: Agglutination Tests
Fulltext Serotyping of Flavobacterium meningosepticum by co-agglutination method

Salasawati H, Ramelah M, Pitt TL, Holmes B

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1998 Dec;29(4):872-7.
PMID: 10772579

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the usefulness of a co-agglutination procedure for the typing of Flavobacterium meningosepticum. The sensitivity and specificity of the co-agglutination test was compared to the slide agglutination test using reference strains of the bacterial species. Antisera were characterized by both technics to determine their titer and working dilution. The specificity of the sera was assessed by performing tests which include strains of other species and serotypes. A collection of 47 strains of F. meningosepticum isolated from clinical specimens were typed by both co-agglutination and slide agglutination methods. Co-agglutination proved to be markedly more specific than the slide procedure although both methods were similar in sensitivity. It was concluded that co-agglutination proved to be an excellent method for the serotyping of F. meningosepticum.

Matched MeSH terms: Agglutination Tests/methods*
An evaluation of the staphylococcal co-agglutination test for the detection of group A rotavirus in human faeces

Yap KL, Ooi YE, Khor CM, Wong SH

Malays J Pathol, 1992 Dec;14(2):105-10.
PMID: 1338997

The group A rotavirus staphylococcal co-agglutination test was evaluated and its sensitivity and specificity compared with an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a commercial latex agglutination test (Rotalex). In addition, the storage stability of the staphylococcal reagents was ascertained. Examination of 136 clarified suspensions of diarrhoeal faeces by the staphylococcal co-agglutination test revealed a high proportion of false positives (26%) and uninterpretable results (34%) due to non-specific agglutination. Non-specific agglutination could be removed effectively by prior absorption of the clarified faecal specimens with unsensitized staphylococci. The staphylococcal co-agglutination test was less sensitive and specific than the in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay but was comparable to the Rotalex slide latex agglutination test. The staphylococcal reagents have a shelf life of at least 29 weeks.

Matched MeSH terms: Agglutination Tests/methods*
Fulltext A preliminary study on the use of counterimmunoelectrophoresis and coagglutination methods in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis

Cheong YM, Jegathesan M, Lo SB

Med J Malaysia, 1984 Mar;39(1):38-41.
PMID: 6513838

The usefulness of counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) and coagglutination (COAG) methods in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis was evaluated. Out of the 31 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens which had a cell count of >5 x10^6 wbc/l and were negative on gram stain and culture, pneumococcal antigens were detected in four specimens and Haemophilus influenzae type b antigen was detected in one specimen by both the methods. No false positives were detected in 10 specimens obtained from cases of febrile fits whose CSF showed no evidence of meningitis. One CSF sample, from which Klebsiella spp. was isolated, cross reacted with the meningococcal polyvalent group A-D antiserum in the CIEP test. From this study we found that these methods are rapid, simple and useful adjunctive tests In the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis, especially in the partially treated cases.

Matched MeSH terms: Agglutination Tests/methods*
Evaluation of IgM LAT and IgM ELISA as compared to microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for early diagnosis of Leptospira sp

Zin NM, Othman SN, Abd Rahman FR, Abdul Rachman AR

Trop Biomed, 2019 Dec 01;36(4):1071-1080.
PMID: 33597476

Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. The clinical manifestation of leptospirosis is non-specific and frequently misdiagnosed as other illnesses. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracies of two commercial tests for early diagnosis of Leptospira species: the IgM latex agglutination test (IgM LAT) and the IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgM ELISA). A total of 140 serum samples were obtained from patients suspected of leptospirosis at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC). These serum samples were tested for the presence of Leptospira sp. using IgM LAT, IgM ELISA and MAT. From Table 1, IgM LAT showed 21% (n = 29) positive, 18% (n = 25) inconclusive and 61% (n = 86) negative, while IgM ELISA showed 6% (n = 8) positive, 6% (n = 8) inconclusive, 88% (n = 124) negative and MAT showed 11% (n = 16) positive, 47% (n = 65) inconclusive, 42% (n = 59) negative. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of IgM LAT were 68.8%, 57.6%, 30.6% and 87.2% respectively, while for IgM ELISA they were 37.5%, 89.8%, 50% and 84.1%, respectively as compared to MAT (Table 2). The results showed that IgM LAT had higher sensitivity but lower specificity compared to IgM ELISA. In conclusion, IgM LAT can be useful as an early screening test for early diagnosis of Leptospira sp., while IgM ELISA is a suitable method for reducing false negative detection of Leptospira sp. As both tests show moderate percentages (~65%) in accuracy, an additional test is required for better detection of Leptospira sp.

Matched MeSH terms: Agglutination Tests*
Seroprevalence of Leptospirosis in Working Dogs

Lau SF, Wong JY, Khor KH, Roslan MA, Abdul Rahman MS, Bejo SK, et al.

Top Companion Anim Med, 2017 Dec;32(4):121-125.
PMID: 29525230 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2017.12.001

Working dogs are canine animals that have been trained to assist human beings in carrying out various tasks. They help in guarding property, performing rescues, assisting the visually impaired or physically handicapped, searching for drugs, explosives, and others. Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases in the world and a commonly occurring disease of the tropics and subtropics. In Malaysia, all working dogs are normally vaccinated with serovars, Pomona, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, and Grippotyphosa based on protocols recommended from other countries. The duration of immunity in vaccinated dogs for Leptospira can last up to 13 months; however, there is no full crossprotection between the different serovars. Five representative canine units from different government agencies in Malaysia (n = 96 dogs) were recruited in this study. For detection, the microscopic agglutination test was performed by incubating the serum from dogs with various serovars of leptospires, namely, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Pomona, Grippotyphosa, Australis, Bataviae, Javanica, Tarassovi, Hebdomadis, Lai, and Pyrogenes. The plasma obtained was used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, for the detection of 16S rRNA, and lipL 32 genes of Leptospira. Out of the 96 dogs sampled, only 3 dogs were positive toward serovars, Australis, Bataviae, and Javanica, based on the cutoff point at 1:80. The seroprevalence of canine leptospirosis in this population was 3.1% (n = 3/96). However, all 96 blood samples of working dogs tested negative for both pathogenic and nonpathogenic Leptospira genes. The results revealed that, by vaccination alone, working dogs were not fully protected against leptospirosis and could pose a risk to dog handlers. A preventative and control protocol for leptospirosis is warranted, and its implementation should be monitored and improved accordingly from time to time, in order to maintain a healthy condition in both working dogs and their handlers.

Matched MeSH terms: Agglutination Tests/veterinary
Severe leptospirosis with unusual manifestation

Othman N, Intan HI, Yip CW, Alias M, Amran F

J Trop Pediatr, 2007 Feb;53(1):55-8.
PMID: 17237115

We report a case of an 8-year-old aborigine boy referred to our hospital for respiratory insufficiency with skin eruptions over the trunk and limbs. The skin condition was diagnosed as acquired ichthyosis. He also had a non-bleeding form of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Radiograph of the lungs showed bilateral perihilar opacities with bilateral pleural effusion. The diagnosis of leptospirosis was confirmed by a 4-fold rise in microagglutinating titre and polymerase chain reaction assay.

Matched MeSH terms: Agglutination Tests
Fulltext Leptospirosis: recent incidents and available diagnostics - a review

Yuszniahyati Y, Kenneth FR, Daisy Vanitha J

Med J Malaysia, 2015 Dec;70(6):351-5.
PMID: 26988208

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article was to review published research articles on leptospirosis, in particular the recent incidence of leptospirosis in Malaysia and the currently available diagnostic methods for the detection of leptospirosis.

METHODS: PubMed, Google Scholar and Google Search databases were searched using the key words Leptospira and leptospirosis. A total of seventy-six references were reviewed including sixty-seven research articles, three annual reports from Ministry of Health and six online newspaper articles. This review includes the following five sub-headings: introduction, leptospirosis transmission, leptospirosis incidents, laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis and treatment and prevention of leptospirosis.

RESULTS: An increase in incidents of leptospirosis cases has been seen in recent years in Malaysia. The recent floods have contributed to the rise in the number of reported cases. Current diagnostic approaches such as dark field microscopy, microscopic agglutination test (MAT), Polymerase chain reaction and serological tests are inadequate as the organism is a slow grower.

CONCLUSION: There is an urgent need to develop newer techniques for rapid detection of leptospirosis. The combination of PCR and ELISA are suggested for rapid and accurate diagnosis of leptospirosis. Studies on the mechanism of pathogenesis of Leptospira are needed for the development of vaccines that are safe for human use.

Matched MeSH terms: Agglutination Tests
Fulltext Recent Developments in Transplantation and Transfusion Medicine

Edinur HA, Chambers GK, Dunn PP

Ann. Transplant., 2015;20:424-9.
PMID: 26218888 DOI: 10.12659/AOT.894003

Transplantation and transfusion are related and clinically important areas of multidisciplinary expertise, including pre-operative treatment, donor recruitment, tissue matching, and post-operative care. We have seen significant developments in these areas, especially in the late 20th and early 21st century. This paper reviews the latest advances in modern transplantation and transfusion medicine, including several new genetic markers (e.g., major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related gene A, killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, and human platelet antigens) for donor and recipient matching, genotyping platforms (e.g., next-generation sequencer and Luminex technology), donor recruitment strategies, and several clinical applications in which genotyping has advantages over agglutination tests (e.g., genotyping of weakly expressed antigens and determination of blood groups and human leukocyte antigen types in multi-transfused patients). We also highlight the roles of population studies and international collaborations in moving towards more efficient donor recruitment strategies.

Matched MeSH terms: Agglutination Tests
An ELISA-disc procedure for antibodies toPseudomonas pseudomallei: application for a serological study of melioidosis in an endemic area

Embi N, Devarajoo D, Mohamed R, Ismail G

World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 1993 Jan;9(1):91-6.
PMID: 24419848 DOI: 10.1007/BF00656525

The optimization and development of an ELISA-disc procedure for the detection of antibodies to whole cell surface antigens and purified exotoxin ofPseudomonas pseudomallei is described. Comparison of the serum agglutination test (SAT), the serum based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the ELISA-disc procedures used on goat and human sera demonstrated a high correlation in their ability to detect antibodies specific forP. pseudomallei antigens. A serological survey using the ELISA-disc method was carried out on a normal human population in Sabah, Malaysia, an area known to be endemic for melioidosis. The prevalances of antibodies towards cell surface antigens and exotoxin ofP. pseudomallei were 28% and 8%, respectively. As a procedure, the ELISA-disc technique reported here is technically simple and provides savings in costs and is thus deemed suitable for seroepidemiological surveillance of melioidosis in remote areas of South-East Asia.

Matched MeSH terms: Agglutination Tests
Fulltext Combined PCR and MAT improves the early diagnosis of the biphasic illness leptospirosis

Philip N, Affendy NB, Masri SN, Yuhana MY, Than LTL, Sekawi Z, et al.

PLoS One, 2020;15(9):e0239069.
PMID: 32915919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239069

The diagnosis of leptospirosis remains a challenge due to its non-specific symptoms and the biphasic nature of the illness. A comprehensive diagnosis that includes both molecular (polymerase chain reaction (PCR)) and serology is vital for early detection of leptospirosis and to avoid misdiagnosis. However, not all samples could be subjected to both tests (serology and molecular) due to budget limitation, infrastructure, and technical expertise at least in resource-limited countries. We evaluated the usefulness of testing the clinically suspected leptospirosis cases with both techniques on all samples collected from the patients on the day of admission. Among the 165 patient's blood/serum samples tested (from three hospitals in Central Malaysia), 43 (26%) showed positivity by microscopic agglutination test (MAT), 63 (38%) by PCR, while 14 (8%) were positive by both MAT and PCR. For PCR, we tested two molecular targets (lipL32 by qPCR and 16S rDNA or rrs by nested PCR) and detected lipL32 in 47 (29%) and rrs gene in 63 (38%) patients. The use of more than one target gene for PCR increased the detection rates. Hence, a highly sensitive multiplex PCR targeting more than one diagnostic marker is recommended for the early detection of Leptospira in suspected patients. When the frequencies for positivity detected either by MAT or PCR combined, leptospirosis was diagnosed in a total of 92 (56%) patients, a higher frequency compared to when samples were only tested by a single method (MAT or PCR). The results from this study suggest the inclusion of both serology and molecular methods for every first sample irrespective of the days post-onset of symptoms (DPO) collected from patients for early diagnosis of leptospirosis.

Matched MeSH terms: Agglutination Tests
Fulltext Seroprevalence of Leptospira infection in occupational risk groups in North Khorasan province, Iran

Hashemi SA, Arzamani K, Abdollahpour G, Beheshti N, Alavinia M, Azimian A, et al.

Heliyon, 2021 Jan;7(1):e05983.
PMID: 33506135 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05983

Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Leptospira spp. Earlier studies from North Khorasan province (Iran) reported the presence of Leptospira in wild canines and rodents. To date, there is no data on the seroprevalence of leptospirosis among humans in this province. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of human leptospiral infection among people with different occupations. The study was conducted in urban and rural areas of the province. Among the serum samples collected from 278 subjects, 3 (1.1%) showed positive reaction with titer of 1:100 by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Positive reactions were detected against Leptospira interrogans Canicola and L. interrogans icterohemorrhagic and all these samples were from livestock farmers (n = 3/106, 2.7%). The current study revealed that, though Leptospira infection is low in North Khorasan province, regular monitoring of the livestock and the farmers are important.

Matched MeSH terms: Agglutination Tests
Pathogenic leptospiras isolated from Malaysian surface waters

Alexander AD, Evans LB, Baker MF, Baker HJ, Ellison D, Marriapan M

Appl Microbiol, 1975 Jan;29(1):30-3.
PMID: 1110490

Pathogenic leptospiras (1,424) isolated from natural waters and wet soils in Malaysia comprised 29 different serovars (synonym serotypes). All except two of the serovars had been found previously in Malaysia. The exceptional serovars were werrasingha, an Autumnalis serogroup member originally isolated in Ceylon, and a new serovar designated evansi. Serovar evansi had serological affinities with serovar ranarum which was isolated from the kidney of a frog in Iowa. The large variety of serovars found in jungle areas was consistent with similar previous findings of diverse serovar infections in troops who had operated in Malaysian jungles.

Matched MeSH terms: Agglutination Tests
Fulltext Serological prevalance of leptospiral infection in captive Malayan porcupiness (Hystrix brachyura)

Siti-Nurdyana, A.K., Bahaman, A.R., Sharma, R.S.K., Azlan, C.M., Abdul Razak, M.F.A.

Jurnal Veterinar Malaysia, 2016;28(2):1-3.
MyJurnal

Leptospirosis is recognised as one of the leading zoonotic diseases and rodents have been implicated as one of the natural reservoirs of the disease. The Malayan porcupines (Hystrix brachyura) which are also a rodent could possibly be a carrier of leptospiral organisms. This study was conducted to determine the serological prevalence of leptospiral infection among captive Malayan porcupines and to disclose the possibility of porcupines as a reservoir for leptospiral infection. Fifty serum samples were obtained from the Malayan porcupines kept in captivity at the Wildlife Conservation Centre, Sungai Dusun, Malaysia. The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was performed on the serum samples to detect the presence of agglutinating antibodies to a panel of 16 Leptospira serovars (Australis, Autumnalis, Ballum, Bataviae, Canicola, Celledoni, Djasiman, Hardjobovis, Hardjopratjino, Hebdomadis, Hurstbridge, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Javanica, Pomona, Pyrogenes and Sejroe). From the serological test, 18% (n=9/50) of the Malayan porcupines tested had leptospiral antibodies to serovars Javanica (8%), Hurstbridge (4%), Ballum (2%), Celledoni (2%) and Hardjoprajitno (2%). It is seen that this study disclosed a high prevalence of leptospiral infection in the Malayan porcupines tested and indicated that the Malayan porcupines could possibly be a source of leptospirosis to other animals including humans and that they might play an important role in the epidemiology of leptospiral infection in the country.

Matched MeSH terms: Agglutination Tests

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