Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 79 in total

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  1. Fulltext Formulation and characterisation of alginate hydrocolloid film dressing loaded with gallic acid for potential chronic wound healing
    Gan JE, Chin CY
    F1000Res, 2021;10:451.
    PMID: 34249341 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.52528.1
    Background: A dramatic growth in the prevalence of chronic wounds due to diabetes has represented serious global health care and economic issues. Hence, there is an imperative need to develop an effective and affordable wound dressing for chronic wounds. Recent research has featured the potential of bioactive compound gallic acid (GA) in the context of wound recovery due to their safety and comparatively low cost. However, there is a scarcity of research that focuses on formulating GA into a stable and functional hydrocolloid film dressing. Thus, this present study aimed to formulate and characterise GA-loaded alginate-based hydrocolloid film dressing which is potentially used as low to medium suppurating chronic wound treatment. Methods: The hydrocolloid composite films were pre-formulated by blending sodium alginate (SA) with different combinations of polymers. The hydrocolloid films were developed using solvent-casting method and the most satisfactory film formulation was further incorporated with various GA concentrations (0.1%, 0.5% and 1%). The drug-loaded films were then characterised for their physicochemical properties to assess their potential use as drug delivery systems for chronic wound treatment. Results: In the pre-formulation studies, sodium alginate-pectin (SA-PC) based hydrocolloid film was found to be the most satisfactory, for being homogenous and retaining smoothness on surface along with satisfactory film flexibility. The SA-PC film was chosen for further loading with GA in 0.1%, 0.5% and 1%. The characterisation studies revealed that all GA-loaded films possess superior wound dressing properties of acidic pH range (3.97-4.04), moderate viscosity (1600 mPa-s-3198 mPa-s), optimal  moisture vapor transmission rate (1195 g/m 2/day, 1237g/m 2/day and 1112 g/m 2/day), slower moisture absorption and film expansion rate and no chemical interaction between the GA and polymers under FTIR analysis. Conclusion: An SA-PC hydrocolloid film incorporated with gallic acid as a potentially applicable wound dressing for low to medium suppurating chronic wounds was successfully developed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gallic Acid*
  2. Ultrasound and enzyme assisted preparation of novel lactoferrin-cereal phenolic acid conjugates: structural, physicochemical and functional properties
    Li Y, Dong L, Liu Y, Chen Q, Wu Z, Liu L, et al.
    Food Chem, 2024 Mar 01;435:137572.
    PMID: 37778268 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137572
    The effects of covalent binding of protocatechuic acid (PA) and gallic acid (GA) to lactoferrin (LF) on the structure, functional, and antioxidant properties of the protein conjugate were investigated. These protein-phenolic conjugates were produced by laccase cross-linking and ultrasound-assisted free radical grafting, which were characterized using turbidity, particle size, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analyses. Structural changes in conjugates were monitored by endogenous fluorescence spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and circular dichroism (CD). The antioxidant capacities and pH stability were determined using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and potentiometric analysis. The enzymatic cross-linking and free radical grafting yielded LF-PA/GA conjugates with altered hydrodynamic diameter and zeta-potential. Spectroscopic and chromatographic analyses revealed that binding to PA/GA altered the molecular structure of LF, with a decrease in LF isoelectric point post binding to PA/GA, without affecting antioxidant activities. In conclusion, LF-PA/GA conjugates present potential applications in the food industry.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gallic Acid
  3. Fulltext Stability, Toxicity, and Antibacterial Potential of Gallic Acid-Loaded Graphene Oxide (GAGO) Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Strains
    Shamsi S, Abdul Ghafor AAH, Norjoshukrudin NH, Ng IMJ, Abdullah SNS, Sarchio SNE, et al.
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2022;17:5781-5807.
    PMID: 36474524 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S369373
    BACKGROUND: The impetuous usage of antibiotics has led to the perpetual rise of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which has garnered the interest of potential drug alternatives, including nanomaterials.

    PURPOSE: The present study investigates the stability, toxicity, and antibacterial potential of gallic acid-loaded graphene oxide (GAGO) on several MRSA strains.

    METHODS: The stability of a synthesized and characterized GAGO was monitored in different physiological media. The toxicity profile of GAGO was evaluated in 3T3 murine fibroblast cells and the embryonic zebrafish model. The antibacterial activity of GAGO against MRSA, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), and community-acquired MRSA; with or without Panton-valentine leucocidin gene (MRSA-pvl+ and MRSA-pvl-) was investigated through disk diffusion, CFU counting method, time-kill experiment, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observation.

    RESULTS: A stable GAGO nanocomposite has shown an improved toxicity profile in 3T3 murine fibroblast cells and zebrafish embryos, besides exhibiting normal ROS levels than graphene oxide (GO) and GA (gallic acid). The nanocomposite inhibited the growth of all bacterial strains employed. The effectiveness of the GAGO nanocomposite was comparable to cefoxitin (CFX), at ≥150 µg/mL in MRSA and MSSA. GAGO exhibited a significantly delayed response towards MRSA-pvl+ and MRSA-pvl-, with increased inhibition following 8 to 24 h of exposure, while comparable activity to native GA was only achieved at 24 h. Meanwhile, for MRSA and MSSA, GAGO had a comparable activity with native GA and GO as early as 2 h of exposure. HRTEM observation further reveals that GAGO-exposed cells were membrane compromised.

    CONCLUSION: In summary, the present study indicates the antibacterial potential of GAGO against MRSA strains, but further study is warranted to understand the mechanism of action of GAGO and its resistance in MRSA strains.

    Matched MeSH terms: Gallic Acid/pharmacology
  4. Reactivity of phenolic compounds towards free radicals under in vitro conditions
    Mathew S, Abraham TE, Zakaria ZA
    J Food Sci Technol, 2015 Sep;52(9):5790-8.
    PMID: 26344993 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1704-0
    The free radical scavenging activity and reducing power of 16 phenolic compounds including four hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives namely ferulic acid, caffeic acid, sinapic acid and p-coumaric acid, benzoic acid and its derivatives namely protocatechuic acid, gallic acid and vanillic acid, benzene derivatives namely vanillin, vanillyl alcohol, veratryl alcohol, veratraldehyde, pyrogallol, guaiacol and two synthetic antioxidants, butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) and propyl gallate were evaluated using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH(•)), 2,2'-Azinobis-3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical (ABTS(+•)), Hydroxyl radical ((•)OH) and Superoxide radical (O2 (•-)) scavenging assays and reduction potential assay. By virtue of their hydrogen donating ability, phenolic compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups such as protocatechuic acid, pyrogallol, caffeic acid, gallic acid and propyl gallate exhibited higher free radical scavenging activity especially against DPPH(•) and O2 (•-). The hydroxylated cinnamates such as ferulic acid and caffeic acid were in general better scavengers than their benzoic acid counter parts such as vanillic acid and protocatechuic acid. All the phenolic compounds tested exhibited more than 85 % scavenging due to the high reactivity of the hydroxyl radical. Phenolic compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups also exhibited high redox potential. Exploring the radical scavenging and reducing properties of antioxidants especially those which are found naturally in plant sources are of great interest due to their protective roles in biological systems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gallic Acid
  5. Optimisation of microwave-assisted extraction and functional elucidation of bioactive compounds from Cola nitida pod
    Olalere OA, Gan CY, Akintomiwa OE, Adeyi O, Adeyi A
    Phytochem Anal, 2021 Sep;32(5):850-858.
    PMID: 33583076 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3030
    INTRODUCTION: The quality characteristics and stability of phenolic by-products from Cola nitida wastes are critical factors for drug formulation and food nutraceutical applications.

    OBJECTIVES: In this study, the effect of electromagnetic-based microwave-reflux extraction on the total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, morphological characteristics, physisorption and chromatographic phenolic profiles were successfully investigated. These physicochemical analyses are often employed in the standardisation of dried herbal and food nutraceutical products.

    MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, the electromagnetic-based extraction process was optimised using the Box-Behnken design. The oleoresin bio-products were subsequently characterised to determine the total phenolic content, morphological and microstructural degradation. These analyses were conducted to elucidate the effect of the microwave heating on the C. nitida pod powder.

    RESULTS: From the predicted response, the optimal percentage yield was achieved at 26.20% under 5.39 min of irradiation time, 440 W microwave power and oven temperature of 55°C. Moreover, the rapid estimation of the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were recorded at 124.84 ± 0.064 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight (d.w.) and 6.93 ± 0.34 μg/mL, respectively. The physicochemical characterisation results from the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and physisorption analyses showed remarkable changes in the micro-surface area (13.66%) characteristics.

    CONCLUSION: The recorded optimal conditions established a basis for future scale-up of microwave extraction parameters with a potential for maximum yield. The physiochemical characterisation revealed the functional characteristics of C. nitida and their tolerance to microwave heating.

    Matched MeSH terms: Gallic Acid
  6. Unlocking the growth potential: harnessing the power of synbiotics to enhance cultivation of Pleurotus spp
    Patil R, Ramli ANM, Xuan AS, Xin NZ, Azelee NIW, Bhuyar P
    J Zhejiang Univ Sci B, 2024 Apr 15;25(4):293-306.
    PMID: 38584092 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.B2300383
    The oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) is one of the most widely cultivated mushroom species globally. The present study investigated the effect of synbiotics on the growth and quality of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus pulmonarius. Different synbiotics formulations were applied by spraying mushroom samples daily and measuring their growth parameters, yield, biological efficiency, proximate composition, mineral content, total phenolic content (TPC), and diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Results demonstrated that the most significant yield of oyster mushrooms was harvested from synbiotics sprayed with inulin and Lactobacillus casei (56.92 g). Likewise, the highest biological efficiency obtained with a similar synbiotic was 12.65%. Combining inulin and L. casei was the most effective method of improving the mushrooms' growth performance and nutrient content in both samples. Furthermore, synbiotics that combined inulin and L. casei resulted in the highest TPC (20.550 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry extract (DE)) in white oyster mushrooms (P. ostreatus). In comparison, in grey mushroom (P. pulmonarius) the highest TPC was yielded by L. casei (1.098 mg GAE/g DE) followed by inulin and L. casei (1.079 mg GAE/g DE). The DPPH results indicated that the oyster mushroom could be an efficient antioxidant. The results revealed that applying synbiotics improved the mushrooms' quality by increasing their antioxidant capacity with higher amounts of phenolic compounds and offering better health benefits with the increased levels of mineral elements. Together, these studies demonstrated the potential of using synbiotics as a biofertilizer, which is helpful for mushroom cultivation; therefore, it might solve the challenge of inconsistent quality mushroom growers face.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gallic Acid
  7. Characterization of alcohol/salt aqueous two-phase system for optimal separation of gallic acids
    Ng HS, Kee PE, Yim HS, Tan JS, Chow YH, Lan JC
    J Biosci Bioeng, 2021 May;131(5):537-542.
    PMID: 33674222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.01.004
    Gallic acid (GA) is a hydrophilic polyphenol which is noteworthy for strong antioxidant capacity. The drawbacks of conventional extraction approaches such as time-consuming and high processing cost are often viewed as a hurdle to extract GA from plant sources in industrial scale. Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) is a separation approach which can be employed as an alternative to the conventional approaches. The partition behaviour of GA in an alcohol/salt ATPS was investigated in this study to aid the development of industrial scale ATPS to extract GA from natural sources. The separation of GA was characterized by determining the types of alcohol and salt, phase composition, sample load, pH of the system and addition of adjuvants applied in the alcohol/salt ATPS construction. The hydrophilic GA was targeted to the salt-rich phase of the alcohol/salt ATPS with a partition coefficient (KGA) of 25.00 ± 0.00. The optimum condition of ATPS for the maximum partition of GA was achieved in ATPS comprised of 24% (w/w) 1-propanol and 22% (w/w) phosphate salt at pH 8 with 5% (w/w) of 1 mg/mL sample loading and 2% (w/w) NaCl addition. The findings suggest that ATPS can be applied for separation of GA from various natural sources.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gallic Acid/isolation & purification*; Gallic Acid/chemistry
  8. Permeability of the ellagitannin geraniin and its metabolites in a human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cell culture model
    Elendran S, Muniyandy S, Lee WW, Palanisamy UD
    Food Funct, 2019 Feb 20;10(2):602-615.
    PMID: 30566155 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01927d
    Ellagitannins, found abundantly in berries, pomegranates, walnuts and almonds, have been increasingly investigated for their health benefits. Geraniin (GE), an ellagitannin, found predominantly in herbal plants, as well has been shown to exhibit a number of biological activities. Like many hydrolysable tannins, geraniin is water-soluble and readily undergoes hydrolysis in the presence of hot water, weak acids and weak bases to yield several metabolites including corilagin (CO), ellagic acid (EA) and gallic acid (GA). There are numerous studies on the pharmacological effectiveness of GE, CO and GA. However, the intestinal permeability of GE and CO has never been investigated before. Caco-2 cell transport assay was utilized to evaluate the in vitro permeability of GE and its metabolites. GE, CO and EA were found to have no apparent permeability (Papp) while GA displayed a Papp value of 31.3 ± 1.1 × 10-6 cm s-1. Mass balance studies showed a loss of geraniin and its metabolites during transport. Chemical stability studies in the transport buffers revealed that GE and CO were hydrolyzed in the HBSS buffers. Experiments using lysed cells revealed that GE and its metabolites were metabolized during transport. Absorption and desorption studies confirmed the accumulation of EA inside the cells. The above results indicate that the compounds have poor oral absorption. To consider these compounds or their natural extracts as oral nutraceutical candidates, formulation strategies are mandatory.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gallic Acid/metabolism; Gallic Acid/chemistry
  9. Fulltext PLGA nanoparticles loaded with Gallic acid- a constituent of Leea indica against Acanthamoeba triangularis
    Mahboob T, Nawaz M, de Lourdes Pereira M, Tian-Chye T, Samudi C, Sekaran SD, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2020 06 02;10(1):8954.
    PMID: 32488154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65728-0
    Acanthamoeba, a genus that contains at least 24 species of free-living protozoa, is ubiquitous in nature. Successful treatment of Acanthamoeba infections is always very difficult and not always effective. More effective drugs must be developed, and medicinal plants may have a pivotal part in the future of drug discovery. Our research focused on investigating the in vitro anti- acanthamoebic potential of Leea indica and its constituent gallic acid in different concentrations. Water and butanol fractions exhibited significant amoebicidal activity against trophozoites and cysts. Gallic acid (100 µg/mL) revealed 83% inhibition of trophozoites and 69% inhibition of cysts. The butanol fraction induced apoptosis in trophozoites, which was observed using tunnel assay. The cytotoxicity of the fractions and gallic acid was investigated against MRC-5 and no adverse effects were observed. Gallic acid was successfully loaded within poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles with 82.86% encapsulation efficiency, while gallic acid showed 98.24% in vitro release at 48 hours. Moreover, the gallic acid encapsulated in the PLGA nanoparticles exhibited 90% inhibition against trophozoites. In addition, gallic acid encapsulated nanoparticles showed reduced cytotoxicity towards MRC-5 compared to gallic acid, which evidenced that natural product nanoencapsulation in polymeric nanoparticles could play an important role in the delivery of natural products.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gallic Acid/metabolism; Gallic Acid/pharmacology*
  10. Fulltext In vitro sustained release study of gallic acid coated with magnetite-PEG and magnetite-PVA for drug delivery system
    Dorniani D, Kura AU, Hussein-Al-Ali SH, Bin Hussein MZ, Fakurazi S, Shaari AH, et al.
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:416354.
    PMID: 24737969 DOI: 10.1155/2014/416354
    The efficacy of two nanocarriers polyethylene glycol and polyvinyl alcohol magnetic nanoparticles coated with gallic acid (GA) was accomplished via X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, magnetic measurements, thermal analysis, and TEM. X-ray diffraction and TEM results showed that Fe3O4 nanoparticles were pure iron oxide having spherical shape with the average diameter of 9 nm, compared with 31 nm and 35 nm after coating with polyethylene glycol-GA (FPEGG) and polyvinyl alcohol-GA (FPVAG), respectively. Thermogravimetric analyses proved that after coating the thermal stability was markedly enhanced. Magnetic measurements and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) revealed that superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles could be successfully coated with two polymers (PEG and PVA) and gallic acid as an active drug. Release behavior of gallic acid from two nanocomposites showed that FPEGG and FPVAG nanocomposites were found to be sustained and governed by pseudo-second-order kinetics. Anticancer activity of the two nanocomposites shows that the FPEGG demonstrated higher anticancer effect on the breast cancer cell lines in almost all concentrations tested compared to FPVAG.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gallic Acid/analysis; Gallic Acid/toxicity; Gallic Acid/chemistry*
  11. Fulltext Optimization of extraction time and temperature on antioxidant activity of Schizophyllum commune aqueous extract using response surface methodology
    Yim HS, Chye FY, Rao V, Low JY, Matanjun P, How SE, et al.
    J Food Sci Technol, 2013 Apr;50(2):275-83.
    PMID: 24425917 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-011-0349-5
    Central composite design of response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the extraction time (X 1 : 99.5-290.5 min) and temperature (X 2 : 30.1-54.9 °C) of Schizophyllum commune aqueous extract with high antioxidant activities and total phenolic content (TPC). Results indicated that the data were adequately fitted into four second-order polynomial models. The extraction time and temperature were found to have significant linear, quadratic and interaction effects on antioxidant activities and TPC. The optimal extraction time and temperature were: 290.5 min and 35.7 °C (DPPH(•) scavenging ability); 180.7 min and 41.7 °C (ABTS(•+) inhibition ability); 185.2 min and 42.4 °C (ferric reducing antioxidant power, FRAP); 290.5 min and 40.3 °C (TPC). These optimum conditions yielded 85.10%; 94.31%; 0.74 mM Fe(2+) equivalent/100 g; 635.76 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g, respectively. The yields of antioxidant activities and TPC obtained experimentally were close to its predicted values. The establishment of such model provides a good experimental basis employing RSM for optimizing the extraction time and temperature on antioxidants from S. commune aqueous extract.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gallic Acid
  12. Fulltext Total phenolics contents and free radical scavenging capacity of piper sarmentosum (pucuk kaduk) extract
    Hanapi Mat Jusoh, Normah Haron, Sarah Haryati Binti Mohd Zohari
    International Journal of Allied Health Sciences, 2019;3(4):876-883.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Piper sarmentosum is one of the herbaceous plants that has been used as natural antioxidant to source to treat diseases. This study was conducted to determine the total phenolic contents (TPC) and free radical scavenging capacity in free and bound (soluble and insoluble) of P. sarmentosum. Methods: Free phenolic extract was acquired through direct methanol extraction while acidic and alkaline hydrolyses were adopted to release the bound phenolic acids. The TPC was determined by using Folin-Ciocalteu assay and is expressed as Gallic Acid equivalent (GAE) in miligrams per gram of extracts. The antioxidant scavenging capacity was determined by using DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Results: Insoluble bound phenolic extract of P. sarmentosum showed the highest TPC value (1.54 ± 0.04 mg GAE/g DW) followed by soluble phenolic extract and free extract (1.13 ± 0.10 and 0.57 ± 0.06 mg GAE/g DW, respectively). The soluble phenolic fraction has expressed the highest free radical scavenging capacity (76.57± 4.12%) followed by insoluble (69.79± 2.33 %) and free extracts (58.15± 4.44 %). The IC50 values for free, soluble and insoluble bound phenolic were 24.05 ± 3.81, 16.17 ± 1.84 and 18.49 ± 1.92 mg/ml, respectively. Conclusions: The significant differences between all the extracts and antioxidant inhibition in this present study suggested that different forms (free and bound) of extracts did influence the radical scavenging capacity as a whole.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gallic Acid
  13. Fulltext Total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of clinacanthus nutans extract
    Hanapi Mat Jusoh, Normah Haron, Nurul Syamimi Zailani
    International Journal of Allied Health Sciences, 2019;3(4):904-913.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Clinacanthus nutans is used as natural nutraceuticals for prevention and treatment of cancer. The purpose of this study is to (i) determine the total phenolic content and antioxidant scavenging capacities of C. nutans in free and bound phenolic acid and (ii) study the relationship between TPC and antioxidant scavenging capacities of C. nutans. Methods: The total phenolic contents were measured using Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Free and bound phenolic were examined by using spectrophotometer while antioxidant capacity were evaluated using DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activity assay. Results: Insoluble phenolic acids showed the highest amount of total phenolic content in C. nutans extracts (6.09+ 0.45 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/ g DW) and exhibited highest antioxidant activity (73.3+0.82 %) as compared to free and soluble phenolic extracts. The IC50 values for free phenolic, soluble bound and insoluble bound phenolic extracts were 0.69+0.02 mg/mL, 0.64+0.04 and 0.60+0.006 mg/mL, respectively. There were positive correlation between insoluble bound phenolic content of C. nutans extracts with antioxidant radical scavenging capacity (R2 = 0.893). Conclusions: These results indicate that different phenolic acid forms affect the total phenolic content and antioxidant properties. Natural compounds such as phenolics from C. nutans could be a good source of antioxidant.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gallic Acid
  14. Fulltext Evaluation of the Enzyme Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of Entada spiralis Stem Bark and Isolation of the Active Constituents
    Roheem FO, Mat Soad SZ, Ahmed QU, Ali Shah SA, Latip J, Zakaria ZA
    Molecules, 2019 Mar 13;24(6).
    PMID: 30871172 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061006
    Digestive enzymes and free radical inhibitors are used to prevent complications resulting from diabetes. Entadaspiralis (family Leguminosae), which is a well-known medicinal plant in herbal medicine due to its various traditional and medicinal applications, was studied. Crude extracts were successively obtained from the stem bark using petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol as extracting solvents. The antioxidant activity of all the extracts, fractions and isolated compounds were estimated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), β-carotene and 2,2'-azinobis(-3-ethylbenzothiazine-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays, while digestive enzymes inhibitory activity was assessed using α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory methods. Structure elucidation of pure compounds was achieved through different spectroscopic analysis methods. Fractionation and purification of the most active methanol extract resulted in the isolation of a ferulic ester namely; (e)-hexyl 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) acrylate (FEQ-2) together with five known phenolic constituents, identified as kaempferol (FEQ-3), 5,4'-dihydroxy-3,7,3'-trimethoxyflavone (FEQ-2), gallic acid (FEQ-5), (+)-catechin (FEQ-7) and (-)-epicatechin (FEQ-8). FEQ-5 exhibited the strongest antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities followed by FEQ-3 and FEQ-4. FEQ-2 also displayed potent free radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 13.79 ± 2.13 (DPPH) and 4.69 ± 1.25 (ABTS) µg/mL, respectively. All other compounds were found active either against free radicals or digestive enzymes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gallic Acid
  15. Fulltext Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content in aqueous extracts of selected traditional Malay salads (Ulam)
    Reihani, S.F.S., Azhar, M.E.
    International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(4):1439-1444.
    MyJurnal
    The total phenolic contents (TPC) and antioxidant activities of five popular Malay raw salads or Ulam were investigated using DPPH radical scavenging and reducing ferric ion antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The Ulam studied were the leaves of Cosmos caudatus (Ulam Raja), Oenanthe javanica (Selom), Murraya koenigii (Curry Leaf), Centella asiatica (Pegaga) and the seeds of Parkia speciosa (Petai). Ranking order of TPC (mg gallic acid equivalent per gram of plant on dry basis), TEACDPPH (µmol Trolox equivalent per gram of plant on dry basis) and TEACFRAP (µmol Trolox equivalent per gram of plant on dry basis) values were: Curry Leaf (33.18), Selom (31.8), Ulam Raja (31.3) > Pegaga (11.16) > Petai (6.45); Ulam Raja (212.8) > Selom (185.9) > Curry Leaf (82.1), Petai (67.62) > Pegaga (32.4); Selom (199.96) > Ulam Raja (183.11) > Curry Leaf (108.34) > Pegaga (65.99) > Petai (44.67), respectively. No significant correlation (p>0.05) was observed between antioxidant activities and TPC which could be due to steric hindrance or presence of other reducing agents. Interestingly, Selom showed antioxidant activities that are comparable to Ulam Raja.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gallic Acid
  16. Fulltext Evaluation of antioxidant properties in fresh and pickled papaya
    Nurul, S. R., Asmah, R.
    International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(3):1117-1124.
    MyJurnal
    Preservative fruits have gained popularity in recent years as part of food consumption, but their benefits towards human health are not known. This study compared total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC), β-carotene, lycopene, ascorbic acid (AA) contents and antioxidant properties between fresh and pickled papaya. The results indicated that mean TPC (mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g dry samples), TFC (mg rutin equivalent/100 g dry samples), β-carotene (µg/100 g edible portions), lycopene (µg/100 g edible portions) and AA content (mg/100 g edible portions) were higher in fresh papaya (141.66 ± 11.71; 57.80 ± 2.11; 793.83 ± 5.47; 779.69 ± 5.55; 70.37 ± 0.65) as compared to pickled form. Antioxidant activity (%) measured by DPPH and β-Carotene-Linoleate bleaching method was higher in fresh papaya (56.83 ± 4.68; 77.56 ± 1.40). Total phenolic, total flavonoid, ascorbic acid, beta carotene and lycopene were strongly correlated with antioxidant activity and scavenging activity (0.905 ≤ r ≤ 1.00) indicating that were important contributors to antioxidant properties in papaya extracts. The pickling process of papaya caused a significant decrease in their antioxidant component and activity
    Matched MeSH terms: Gallic Acid
  17. Fulltext Antioxidant efficacy of soybean cake extracts in soy oil protection
    Zamindar N, Bashash M, Khorshidi F, Serjouie A, Shirvani MA, Abbasi H, et al.
    J Food Sci Technol, 2017 Jun;54(7):2077-2084.
    PMID: 28720965 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2646-0
    The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence and possibility of extracting compounds with antioxidant properties of soybean cake to extend the storage stability of soybean oil. Results showed that the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity was observed for sample to solvent ratio 1:25 while extracting by 70% ethanol for 3 h). The most phenolic compounds equivalents (Gallic acid) was observed for sample to solvent ratio 1:25 while extracting by 70% methanol for 14 h. In addition, the soybean cake extract at concentrations of 50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm in soybean oil could significantly lower the peroxide, diene and p-anisidine values of soy oil during storage at 65 °C.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gallic Acid
  18. Optimization of the antioxidant-rich xanthone extract from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp via microwave-assisted extraction
    Mohammad NA, Abang Zaidel DN, Muhamad II, Abdul Hamid M, Yaakob H, Mohd Jusoh YM
    Heliyon, 2019 Oct;5(10):e02571.
    PMID: 31667409 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02571
    Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant properties of xanthone extract from mangosteen pericarp via microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The MAE extraction conditions to obtain optimum antioxidant-rich xanthone extract were at 2.24 min of irradiation time, 25 mL/g of solvent-to-solid ratio and 71% of ethanol concentration. The predicted results for four responses were as follows; 320.31 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract, 83.63% and 93.77% inhibition (DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-Azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays), and 144.56 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract (FRAP, Ferric reducing antioxidant power). The predicted and actual values were statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). Therefore, these results confirmed that the examined model was acceptable and relevant. MAE led to a slightly similar antioxidant capacity and a higher extraction of α-mangostin, a major xanthone of mangosteen pericarp as compared to water bath-maceration technique.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gallic Acid
  19. Hyaluronic acid engineered gallic acid embedded chitosan nanoparticle as an effective delivery system for treatment of psoriasis
    Sheikh A, Hazari SA, Molugulu N, Alshehri SA, Wahab S, Sahebkar A, et al.
    Environ Res, 2023 Dec 01;238(Pt 1):117086.
    PMID: 37683783 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117086
    Psoriasis is a deleterious auto-immune disorder which seriously harms the patients physical and mental health. CD44 are found to be over-expressed on psoriatic lesions which are highly responsible for epidermal hyperproliferation and inflammation. Gallic acid (GA), a phenolic acid natural compound has potential inhibitory impact on pro-inflammatory transcription factors. However, the penetration across skin and availability is low when applied topically, making the treatment extremely challenging. Considering such factors, we developed GA loaded chitosan nanoparticles and modified with hyaluronic acid (HA) (HA@CS-GA NP) to assess the therapeutic potential against psoriasis. The formulations were characterized by DSC, zetasizer and TEM for assuring the development of nanosystems. GA loaded CS NP had a particle size of 207.2 ± 0.08 nm while after coating with HA, the size increased to 220.1 ± 0.18 nm. The entrapment efficiency was 93.24 ± 0.132% and drug loading of 73.17 ± 0.23%. The in vitro cell viability assessment study confirmed enhanced anti-proliferative effect of HA@CS-GA NP over plain GA which is due to high sensitivity towards HaCaT cell. The in vivo results on imiquimod induced psoriasis model indicated that CD44 receptor mediated targeted approach of HA@CS-GA NP gel had great potential in restricting the keratinocyte hyperproliferation and circumventing psoriasis. For the therapy of further skin-related conditions, HA modified nanoparticles should be investigated extensively employing genes, antibodies, chemotherapeutics, or natural substances.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gallic Acid
  20. Fulltext Antioxidant, Metal Chelating, Anti-glucosidase Activities and Phytochemical Analysis of Selected Tropical Medicinal Plants
    Wong FC, Yong AL, Ting EP, Khoo SC, Ong HC, Chai TT
    Iran J Pharm Res, 2014;13(4):1409-15.
    PMID: 25587331
    The purpose of this investigation was to determine the antioxidant potentials and anti-glucosidase activities of six tropical medicinal plants. The levels of phenolic constituents in these medicinal plants were also quantified and compared. Antioxidation potentials were determined colorimetrically for scavenging activities against DPPH and NO radicals. Metal chelating assay was based on the measurement of iron-ferrozine absorbance at 562 nm. Anti-diabetic potentials were measured by using α-glucosidase as target enzyme. Medicinal plants' total phenolic, total flavonoid and hydroxycinnamic acid contents were determined using spectrophotometric methods, by comparison to standard plots prepared using gallic acid, quercetin and caffeic acid standards, respectively. Radical scavenging and metal chelating activities were detected in all medicinal plants, in concentration-dependent manners. Among the six plants tested, C. nutans, C. formosana and H. diffusa were found to possess α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Spectrophotometric analysis indicated that the total phenolic, total flavonoid and hydroxycinnamic acid contents ranged from 12.13-21.39 mg GAE per g of dry sample, 1.83-9.86 mg QE per g of dry sample, and 0.91-2.74 mg CAE per g of dry sample, respectively. Our results suggested that C. nutans and C. formosana could potentially be used for the isolation of potent antioxidants and anti-diabetic compounds. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first time that C. nutans (Acanthaceae family) was reported in literature with glucosidase inhibition activity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gallic Acid
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