Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 46 in total

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  1. Preparation and characterization of curdlan/nanocellulose blended film and its application to chilled meat preservation
    Qian Y, Bian L, Wang K, Chia WY, Khoo KS, Zhang C, et al.
    Chemosphere, 2021 Mar;266:128948.
    PMID: 33220979 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128948
    In this study, to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of curdlan film, a curdlan/nanocellulose (NC) blended film was prepared and characterized for the first time. NC was successfully prepared from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) with NaOH/urea treatment. The particle size of NC was observed to be 70-140 nm by cryo-electron microscope (cryo-EM). The blended film was prepared by adding the NC to curdlan solution. The tensile strength (TS) of the blended film reached the maximum value of 38.6 MPa, and the elongation at break (EB) was 40%. The DSC curve showed that the heat absorption peak of the film was 240 °C, indicating that the blended film has good temperature stability. Additionally, some other film properties were also improved, including gas barrier properties and transparency. Obvious morphological and molecular differences between the blended film and the pure curdlan film were discovered by SEM and FTIR analysis. Finally, the blended film was used for the preservation of chilled meat and extended the storage time of meat to 12 days. These results provided a theoretical basis for future application and development of biodegradable film.
    Matched MeSH terms: beta-Glucans*
  2. Fulltext Ingestion of beta-glucans could stimulate longer-lasting cellular immunity upon administration of COVID-19 vaccines
    Kow CS, Ramachandram DS, Hasan SS
    J Food Biochem, 2021 Nov;45(11):e13959.
    PMID: 34608650 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13959
    Matched MeSH terms: beta-Glucans*
  3. Molecular interactions of trichoderma β-1,4-glucosidase (ThBglT12) with mycelial cell wall components of phytopathogenic Macrophomina phaseolina
    Mohammad Hood MH, Tengku Abdul Hamid TH, Abdul Wahab RA, Huyop FZ, Kaya Y, Abdul Hamid AAA
    J Biomol Struct Dyn, 2023 Apr;41(7):2831-2847.
    PMID: 35174777 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2039772
    Efficacy of a β-1,4-glucosidase from Trichoderma harzianum T12 (ThBglT12) in disrupting the cell wall of the phytopathogenic fungus M. phaseolina (Macrophomina phaseolina) was studied, as the underlying molecular mechanisms of cell wall recognition remains elusive. In this study, the binding location identified by a consensus of residues predicted by COACH tool, blind docking, and multiple sequence alignment revealed that molecular recognition by ThBglT12 occurred through interactions between the α-1,3-glucan, β-1,3-glucan, β-1,3/1,4-glucan, and chitin components of M. phaseolina, with corresponding binding energies of -7.4, -7.6, -7.5 and -7.8 kcal/mol. The residue consensus verified the participation of Glu172, Tyr304, Trp345, Glu373, Glu430, and Trp431 in the active site pocket of ThBglT12 to bind the ligands, of which Trp345 was the common interacting residue. Root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), total energy, and minimum distance calculation from molecular dynamics (MD) simulation further confirmed the stability and the closeness of the binding ligands into the ThBglT12 active site pocket. The h-bond occupancy by Glu373 and Trp431 instated the role of the nucleophile for substrate recognition and specificity, crucial for cleaving the β-1,4 linkage. Further investigation showed that the proximity of Glu373 to the anomeric carbon of β-1,3/1,4-glucan (3.5 Å) and chitin (5.5 Å) indicates the nucleophiles' readiness to form enzyme-substrate intermediates. Plus, the neighboring water molecule appeared to be correctly positioned and oriented towards the anomeric carbon to hydrolyze the β-1,3/1,4-glucan and chitin, in less than 4.0 Å. In a nutshell, the study verified that the ThBglT12 is a good alternative fungicide to inhibit the growth of M. phaseolina.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glucans/chemistry
  4. Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using pullulan-mediated porous zinc oxide microflowers
    Mohamed Isa ED, Che Jusoh NW, Hazan R, Shameli K
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021 Feb;28(5):5774-5785.
    PMID: 32975756 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10939-1
    One of mankind's biggest concerns is water pollution. Textile industry emerged as one of the main contributors with dyes as the main pollutant. Presence of dyes in water is very dangerous due to their toxicity; thus, it is important to remove them from water. In these recent years, heterogeneous advance oxidation process surfaced as a possible dyes' removal technique. This process utilizes semiconductor as photocatalyst to degrade the dyes in presence of light and zinc oxide (ZnO) appears to be a promising photocatalyst for this process. In this study, pullulan, a biopolymer, was used to produce porous ZnO microflowers (ZnO-MFs) through green synthesis via precipitation method. The effects of pullulan's amount on the properties of ZnO-MFs were investigated. The ZnO-MF particle size decreased with the increased of pullulan amount. Interestingly, formation of pores occurred in presence of pullulan. The synthesized ZnO-MFs have the surface area ranging from 6.22 to 25.65 m2 g-1 and pore volume up to 0.1123 cm3 g-1. The ZnO-MF with the highest surface area was chosen for photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO). The highest degradation occurred in 300 min with 150 mg catalyst dosage, 10 ppm initial dye concentration, and pH 7 experimental conditions. However, through comparison of photodegradation of MO with all synthesized ZnO-MFs, 25PZ exhibited the highest degradation rate. This shows that photocatalytic activity is not dependent on surface area alone. Based on these results, ZnO-MF has the potential to be applied in wastewater treatment. However, further improvement is needed to increase its photocatalytic activity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glucans
  5. Surface properties of chitin-glucan nanopapers from Agaricus bisporus
    Nawawi WMFW, Lee KY, Kontturi E, Bismarck A, Mautner A
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2020 Apr 01;148:677-687.
    PMID: 31954796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.141
    The structural component of fungal cell walls comprises of chitin covalently bonded to glucan; this constitutes a native composite material (chitin-glucan, CG) combining the strength of chitin and the toughness of glucan. It has a native nano-fibrous structure in contrast to nanocellulose, for which further nanofibrillation is required. Nanopapers can be manufactured from fungal chitin nanofibrils (FChNFs). FChNF nanopapers are potentially applicable in packaging films, composites, or membranes for water treatment due to their distinct surface properties inherited from the composition of chitin and glucan. Here, chitin-glucan nanofibrils were extracted from common mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) cell walls utilizing a mild isolation procedure to preserve the native quality of the chitin-glucan complex. These extracts were readily disintegrated into nanofibre dimensions by a low-energy mechanical blending, thus making the extract dispersion directly suitable for nanopaper preparation using a simple vacuum filtration process. Chitin-glucan nanopaper morphology, mechanical, chemical, and surface properties were studied and compared to chitin nanopapers of crustacean (Cancer pagurus) origin. It was found that fungal extract nanopapers had distinct physico-chemical surface properties, being more hydrophobic than crustacean chitin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glucans/chemistry*
  6. Fulltext Development of reduced calorie chocolate cake with jackfruit seed (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) flour and polydextrose using response surface methodology (RSM)
    Siti Faridah, M.A., Noor Aziah, A.A.
    International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(2):515-519.
    MyJurnal
    Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) was performed in this study to develop an acceptable reduced calorie chocolate cake. The range of the independent variables, namely Jackfruit Seed (JFS) flour (20-25% replacement of wheat flour) and polydextrose (10-15% replacement of sucrose) were identified which affect the volume, specific volume, symmetry and uniformity of the chocolate cake. The coefficient of determination, R2 values for volume, specific volume, symmetry and uniformity were greater than 0.900. The optimum level for replacement of sugar with polydextrose was at 11% and wheat flour with JFS flour was at 16% with calorie reduction approximately 34% from the control cake formulation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glucans
  7. Fulltext Effect of different types of low sweetness sugar on physicochemical properties of threadfin bream surimi (Nemipterus spp.) during frozen storage
    Nopianti, R., Huda, N., Fazilah, A., Ismail, N., Easa, A. M.
    International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(3):1011-1021.
    MyJurnal
    The effects of different types of low-sweetness sugar (lactitol, maltodexrin, palatinit, polydextrose,
    trehalose) on the physicochemical properties of threadfin bream (Nemipterus spp.) surimi during six months of frozen storage were investigated. The characteristics analyzed were moisture content, pH, water-holding capacity, whiteness, folding test, gel strength, expressible moisture, and texture profile analyses. Generally, the cryoprotective effectiveness decreased as the storage time increased. Polydextrose was able to maintain a water-holding capacity of 77.0%, 98.6% whiteness, a folding test value of 100%, and a gel strength of 53.6% compared with its initial value during six months of frozen storage. Meanwhile, sucrose was able to maintain a water-holding capacity of 80.3%, 98.6% whiteness, a folding test value of 75%, and a gel strength of 56.8%
    compared with its initial value. Raw surimi was able to maintain water holding capacity of 62.2%, 98.7% whiteness, a folding test value of 75%, and a gel strength of 36.0% compared with its initial value. It is suggested that, polydextrose as a potential alternative cryoprotectant to replace other low-sweetness sugars.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glucans
  8. Ultrasonically extracted β-d-glucan from artificially cultivated mushroom, characteristic properties and antioxidant activity
    Alzorqi I, Sudheer S, Lu TJ, Manickam S
    Ultrason Sonochem, 2017 Mar;35(Pt B):531-540.
    PMID: 27161557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.04.017
    Ganoderma mushroom cultivated recently in Malaysia to produce chemically different nutritional fibers has attracted the attention of the local market. The extraction methods, molecular weight and degree of branching of (1-3; 1-6)-β-d-glucan polysaccharides is of prime importance to determine its antioxidant bioactivity. Therefore three extraction methods i.e. hot water extraction (HWE), soxhlet extraction (SE) and ultrasound assisted extraction (US) were employed to study the total content of (1-3; 1-6)-β-d-glucans, degree of branching, structural characteristics, monosaccharides composition, as well as the total yield of polysaccharides that could be obtained from the artificially cultivated Ganoderma. The physical characteristics by HPAEC-PAD, HPGPC and FTIR, as well as the antioxidant in vitro assays of DPPH scavenging activity and ferric reducing power (FRAP) indicated that (1-3; 1-6)-β-d-glucans of Malaysian mushroom have better antioxidant activity, higher molecular weight and optimal degree of branching when extracted by US in comparison with conventional methods.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glucans/isolation & purification*; Glucans/chemistry*
  9. The Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma neo-japonicum (Agaricomycetes) from Malaysia: Nutritional Composition and Potentiation of Insulin-Like Activity in 3T3-L1 Cells
    Subramaniam S, Sabaratnam V, Heng CK, Kuppusamy UR
    Int J Med Mushrooms, 2020;22(1):65-78.
    PMID: 32463999 DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2020033250
    Ganoderma neo-japonicum is an annual polypore mushroom that is consumed by Malaysian indigenous tribes to treat various ailments including diabetes. The present study aimed to investigate the nutritive composition and in vitro antihyperglycemic effects of G. neo-japonicum extracts on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Nutritional analysis of G. neo-japonicum basidiocarps indicated a predominant presence of carbohydrates, proteins, dietary fiber, and microelements. Hot aqueous extract (AE) and its isolated (1,3)(1,6)-β-D-glucan polysaccharide (GNJP) from basidiocarps of G. neo-japonicum were evaluated for their ability to stimulate insulin independent adipogenesis, glucose uptake, adiponectin secretion, and regulate gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. GNJP showed a dose dependent stimulation of glucose uptake and adiponectin secretion but attenuated lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. It upregulated the expressions of adiponectin, Aktl (protein kinase B), PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma), PRKAG2 (protein kinase, AMP activated), and Slc2a4 (glucose transporter) genes to stimulate glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells, which may have contributed to the insulin-mimicking activities observed in this study. In summary, the nutritive compositions and significant glucose uptake stimulatory activities of GNJP indicated that it may have potential use in the formulation of functional food for the management of hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and related complications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glucans/pharmacology; Glucans/chemistry
  10. Functional polysaccharides of fucoidan, laminaran and alginate from Malaysian brown seaweeds (Sargassum polycystum, Turbinaria ornata and Padina boryana)
    Mohd Fauziee NA, Chang LS, Wan Mustapha WA, Md Nor AR, Lim SJ
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2021 Jan 15;167:1135-1145.
    PMID: 33188815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.067
    Brown seaweeds are rich source of functional polysaccharides that exhibit various bioactivities. However, Malaysian seaweeds are under-utilised, leading to low revenue throughout the supply chain of the seaweed industry. The aims of this study were to extract the functional polysaccharides, namely fucoidan (F), laminaran (L) and alginate (A) from Malaysian brown seaweeds (Sargassum polycystum, Turbinaria ornata and Padina boryana) and subsequently evaluate the properties of the extracted polysaccharides. P. boryana recorded the significantly (p ≤ 0.05) highest carbohydrate content (74.78 ± 1.63%) with highest fucoidan yield (Fpad = 1.59 ± 0.16%) while T. ornata contained significantly (p ≤ 0.05) highest alginate yield (Atur = 105.19 ± 3.45%). Water activities of these extracted polysaccharides varied from 0.63-0.71 with average score of browning indexes (~40). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that the extracted polysaccharides exhibited similar spectral pattern of spectra with the respective standards. Meanwhile, laminaran extracts showed the significantly highest (p ≤ 0.05) total phenolic contents (Lsar = 43.29 ± 0.43 mgGAE/g) and superoxide anion scavenging activity (Lsig = 21.7 ± 3.6%). On the other hand, the significantly highest (p ≤ 0.05) DPPH scavenging activity was recorded in alginate with Asar at 85.3 ± 0.8%. These findings reported the properties and bioactivities of natural polysaccharides from Malaysian brown seaweeds that revealed the potential to develop high-value functional ingredients from Malaysian brown seaweeds.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glucans/isolation & purification; Glucans/chemistry*
  11. Restitution of epithelial cells during intestinal mucosal wound healing: The effect of a polysaccharide from the sclerotium of Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden
    Veeraperumal S, Qiu HM, Tan CS, Ng ST, Zhang W, Tang S, et al.
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2021 Jun 28;274:114024.
    PMID: 33727110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114024
    ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden cultivar TM02, also known as tiger's milk mushroom, is regarded as important folk medicine in Malaysia, while is used for the treatment of liver cancer, chronic hepatitis, gastric ulcer in traditional Chinese medicine. However, there is no compilation of scientific evidence that its protection for gastric, and no attempts have been made to understand how polysaccharides in Lignosus rhinocerotis might promote intestinal mucosal wound healing.

    AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of β-glucan prepared from L. rhinocerotis using an enzymatic method on epithelial restitution during intestinal mucosal damage.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on FT-IR, MALDI-TOF-MS, HPSEC-MALLS-RID, and AFM, the structure of polysaccharides from L. rhinocerotis was analysed. In addition, polysaccharides were used to test for wound healing activity in IEC-6 cells by measuring cell migration, proliferation, and expression of cell division control protein 42, Rac-1, RhoA, and Par-3.

    RESULTS: β-glucan was extracted using enzyme-assisted extraction, and a yield of approximately 8.5 ± 0.8% was obtained from the dried biomass. The β-glucan extracted by enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) of polysaccharides was composed entirely of D-glucose with a total carbohydrate content of 95.5 ± 3.2%. The results of HPLC, FTIR, and MALDI-TOF-MS analyses revealed EAEP to be confirmed as β-glucan. The molecular weight of prepared β-glucan was found to be 5.315 × 104 g/mol by HPSEC-MALLS-RID. Furthermore, mucosal wound healing studies showed that the treatment of IEC-6 with a β-glucan concentration of 200 μg/mL promoted cell migration and proliferation, and it enhanced the protein expression of cell division control protein 42, Rac-1, RhoA, and Par-3.

    CONCLUSIONS: The present study reveals that the prepared β-glucan accelerates intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and migration via activation of Rho-dependent pathway. Hence, β-glucan can be employed as a prospective therapeutic agent for the treatment of diseases associated with gastrointestinal mucosal damage, such as peptic ulcers and inflammatory bowel disease.

    Matched MeSH terms: beta-Glucans/analysis; beta-Glucans/pharmacology*; beta-Glucans/chemistry
  12. Fulltext The ability of oyster mushroom in improving nutritional composition, β-glucan and textural properties of chicken frankfurter
    Wan Rosli, W.I., Nor Maihiza, M.S., Raushan, M.
    International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(1):311-317.
    MyJurnal
    This study was focused on the effect of incorporation of oyster mushroom, Pleurotus sajor- caju (PSC) powder to partially replace chicken meat in frankfurters on nutritional composition, β-glucan content and textural properties. The frankfurters were formulated with either 0 (control), 2, 4 or 6% of PSC powder. The results show control chicken frankfurter had the highest fat content (11.60%) while 6% PSC frankfurter had the lowest value (10.74%). In other nutrient, ash, moisture and carbohydrate content in all samples ranged from 1.55 to 1.92%, 59.36 to 61.98% and 8.84 to 13.09%, respectively. Apparently, total dietary fiber of chicken frankfurter was increased in line with the levels of PSC powder (0.08 - 6.20%). All samples recorded β-glucan in the range from 0.16 to 1.43%, except for control sample. The texture profile showed that both adhesiveness and cohesiveness attributes were not significantly different among all mushroom-based frankfurters. However, frankfurter added with 6% mushroom was more cohesive and springier than the control formulation. In summary, partial replacement of chicken meat with PSC powder resulted in enhancement of dietary fibres up to 6.20% and β-glucan up to 14.30% significantly, lowering fat content but unchanged adhesiveness and cohesiveness attributes. Therefore, PSC powder can be considered to be used as an alternative functional ingredient to improve nutritional values of processed food products.
    Matched MeSH terms: beta-Glucans
  13. The preparation of graphene ink from the exfoliation of graphite in pullulan, chitosan and alginate for strain-sensitive paper
    Kasim NFA, W Idris WF, Abdullah AH, Yusoh K, Ismail Z
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2020 Jun 15;153:1211-1219.
    PMID: 31756469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.251
    A sonication of graphite in polysaccharide (pullulan, chitosan and alginate) is one of the viable methods for the preparation of few-layer graphene. However, the effect of these adsorbed polysaccharides on the electrical performance of the produced graphene so far is not yet clear. In order to investigate the present effect of pullulan, chitosan and alginate on the electrical characteristic of resulted graphene, we have produced few-layer graphene using bath sonication of graphite in pullulan, chitosan and alginate medium for the application as electrical conductive ink in strain-sensitive. Data from the TEM reveals the appearance of folded few-layer graphene flakes after sonication for 150 min while the XPS data shows that the chitosan-based graphene possesses the highest carbon-oxygen ratio of 7.2 as compared to that of the pullulan and alginate-based graphene. By subjecting the produced graphene as the ink for paper-based strain sensor, we have discovered that the chitosan-graphene has the best resistivity value (1.66 × 10-3 Ω⋅cm) and demonstrate the highest sensitivity towards strain (GF: 18.6). This result interestingly implies the potential of the reported chitosan-based conductive ink as a strain-sensitive material for future food packaging.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glucans
  14. Nutritional composition and sensory properties of oyster mushroom-based patties packed with biodegradable packaging
    Wan Rosli W, Solihah M
    Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:65-71.
    The increase use of synthetic packaging films in food products has led to serious environmental problems due to their total non-biodegradability property. Nutrient composition and sensory acceptability of chicken patties formulated with various levels of Pleurotus sajor-caju popularly known as grey oyster mushroom (oM) and wrapped with degradable plastic were studied. The chicken patties were formulated with either 0, 25 or 50% of fresh oM. The results showed that chicken patty formulated with 25% PSC has protein content of 17.46% lower than the control patty which had 18.13% but it was not significant (p>0.05). After storage, cooked chicken patty formulated with 25% oM had protein content of 21.53% lower than the control patty (23 .90%) but it was not significant (p>0 .05). However, incorporation of oM in chicken patties resulted in decreasing of fat content significantly (p0 .05) from 15.58 (control) to 13.33% after storage. On the other nutrient, the concentration of f3-glucan were detected at values ranged between 0.70 and 0.76 (g1100 g) after 6 month. Other results showed that patty formulated with 25% oM received the highest scores for all attributes except for aroma. Meanwhile, patty prepared with 50% oM received the highest score of aroma attribute after 6 month of storage. However, the score values for all attributes of all oM-based patties were not statistically different with control patty (p> 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of oM at 25% can be recommended for the purpose of lowering fat content while keeping protein and f3-glucan unchanged without jeopardizing sensorial properties. This investigation therefore, suggested that biodegradable plastic can be used in packing any type of processed meat-based products.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glucans
  15. Fulltext The stability of nutritional composition and physical traits of chicken patty containing oyster mushroom packed with biodegradable and non-degradable packaging materials
    Wan Rosli, W. I., Solihah, M. A., Shazwan, Z.
    International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(2):783-789.
    MyJurnal
    Extensive use of synthetic-based polymer plastic as packaging medium to pack food products has led to serious environmental problems due to their total non-biodegradability property. The stability of nutritional composition and physical traits of chicken patties containing oyster mushroom packed with biodegradable and non-degradable packaging materials were studied. The chicken patties containing oyster mushroom were packed with either biodegradable plastic (BP), paper box (PB) or non-biodegradable high density polyethylene (HDPE). Generally, there were no significant (P>0.05) different in all nutrient analyzed except for carbohydrate after 6 months of storage for chicken patties packed with different types of packaging. The chicken burger packed with both BP and PB packagings were able to retain the moisture and fat without jeopardizing the diameter reduction and cooking yield during storage. There were no differences in all nutrient analyzed after 6 months of storage of chicken patties packed with either biodegradable packagings (BP and PB) or non-degradable packaging. In addition, frozen storage does not significantly affect the concentration of of β-glucan in both BP and PB packagings. In summary, these results indicate that biodegradable packagings applied in packing chicken patty frozen for 6 months were effective in controlling the microbial growth and provide wholesomeness and safety to the chicken patty containing oyster mushroom.
    Matched MeSH terms: beta-Glucans
  16. AMP-activated protein kinase mediates insulin-like and lipo-mobilising effects of β-glucan-rich polysaccharides isolated from Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.), Singer mushroom, in 3T3-L1 cells
    Kanagasabapathy G, Chua KH, Malek SN, Vikineswary S, Kuppusamy UR
    Food Chem, 2014 Feb 15;145:198-204.
    PMID: 24128468 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.051
    Mushrooms have been used to treat various diseases for thousands of years. In the present study, the effects of Pleurotus sajor-caju mushroom on lipogenesis, lipolysis and oxidative stress in 3T3-L1 cells were investigated. The β-glucan-rich polysaccharides (GE) from P. sajor-caju stimulated lipogenesis and lipolysis but attenuated protein carbonyl and lipid hydroperoxide levels in 3T3-L1 cells. This extract caused an increase in the expression of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit γ-2 (PKRAG2) and 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit γ-3 (PKRAG3) when compared to control (untreated) cells. Moreover, GE induced the expressions of hormone-sensitive lipase, adipose triglyceride lipase enzymes, leptin, adiponectin and glucose transporter-4 in 3T3-L1 cells which may have contributed to the lipolytic and insulin-like activities observed in this study. These findings suggest that GE is a novel AMPK activator that may be valuable in the formulation of nutraceuticals and functional food for the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus.
    Matched MeSH terms: beta-Glucans/analysis*
  17. Isolation and characterization of pullulan-degrading Anoxybacillus species isolated from Malaysian hot springs
    Chai YY, Kahar UM, Md Salleh M, Md Illias R, Goh KM
    Environ Technol, 2012 Jun;33(10-12):1231-8.
    PMID: 22856294
    Two thermophilic bacteria (SK3-4 and DT3-1) were isolated from the Sungai Klah (SK) and Dusun Tua (DT) hot springs in Malaysia. The cells from both strains were rod-shaped, stained Gram positive and formed endospores. The optimal growth of both strains was observed at 55 degrees C and pH 7. Strain DT3-1 exhibited a higher tolerance to chloramphenicol (100 microg ml(-1)) but showed a lower tolerance to sodium chloride (2%, w/v) compared to strain SK3-4. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that both strains belong to the genus Anoxybacillus. High concentrations of 15:0 iso in the fatty acid profiles support the conclusion that both strains belong to the genus Anoxybacillus and exhibit unique fatty acid compositions and percentages compared to other Anoxybacillus species. The DNA G + C contents were 42.0 mol% and 41.8 mol% for strains SK3-4 and DT3-1, respectively. Strains SK3-4 and DT3-1 were able to degrade pullulan and to produce maltotriose and glucose, respectively, as their main end products. Based on phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, 16S rRNA gene sequences, and the DNA G + C content, we propose that strains SK3-4 and DT3-1 are new pullulan-degrading Anoxybacillus strains.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glucans/metabolism*
  18. Optimization of carbon and nitrogen sources for phytase production by Mitsuokella jalaludinii, a new rumen bacterial species
    Lan GQ, Abdullah N, Jalaludin S, Ho Y
    Lett Appl Microbiol, 2002;35(2):157-61.
    PMID: 12100593
    The effects of different carbon and nitrogen sources on phytase production by Mitsuokella jalaludinii were evaluated and the optimization of rice bran (RB) and soybean milk (SM) concentrations in the medium for phytase production was also determined.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glucans/analysis
  19. Fulltext Pectin and Xyloglucan Influence the Attachment of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes to Bacterial Cellulose-Derived Plant Cell Wall Models
    Tan MS, Rahman S, Dykes GA
    Appl Environ Microbiol, 2016 01 15;82(2):680-8.
    PMID: 26567310 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02609-15
    Minimally processed fresh produce has been implicated as a major source of foodborne microbial pathogens globally. These pathogens must attach to the produce in order to be transmitted. Cut surfaces of produce that expose cell walls are particularly vulnerable. Little is known about the roles that different structural components (cellulose, pectin, and xyloglucan) of plant cell walls play in the attachment of foodborne bacterial pathogens. Using bacterial cellulose-derived plant cell wall models, we showed that the presence of pectin alone or xyloglucan alone affected the attachment of three Salmonella enterica strains (Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis ATCC 13076, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028, and Salmonella enterica subsp. indica M4) and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644. In addition, we showed that this effect was modulated in the presence of both polysaccharides. Assays using pairwise combinations of S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028 and L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 showed that bacterial attachment to all plant cell wall models was dependent on the characteristics of the individual bacterial strains and was not directly proportional to the initial concentration of the bacterial inoculum. This work showed that bacterial attachment was not determined directly by the plant cell wall model or bacterial physicochemical properties. We suggest that attachment of the Salmonella strains may be influenced by the effects of these polysaccharides on physical and structural properties of the plant cell wall model. Our findings improve the understanding of how Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes attach to plant cell walls, which may facilitate the development of better ways to prevent the attachment of these pathogens to such surfaces.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glucans/analysis*
  20. Fulltext Attachment of Salmonella strains to a plant cell wall model is modulated by surface characteristics and not by specific carbohydrate interactions
    Tan MS, Moore SC, Tabor RF, Fegan N, Rahman S, Dykes GA
    BMC Microbiol, 2016 09 15;16:212.
    PMID: 27629769 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0832-2
    BACKGROUND: Processing of fresh produce exposes cut surfaces of plant cell walls that then become vulnerable to human foodborne pathogen attachment and contamination, particularly by Salmonella enterica. Plant cell walls are mainly composed of the polysaccharides cellulose, pectin and hemicelluloses (predominantly xyloglucan). Our previous work used bacterial cellulose-based plant cell wall models to study the interaction between Salmonella and the various plant cell wall components. We demonstrated that Salmonella attachment was favoured in the presence of pectin while xyloglucan had no effect on its attachment. Xyloglucan significantly increased the attachment of Salmonella cells to the plant cell wall model only when it was in association with pectin. In this study, we investigate whether the plant cell wall polysaccharides mediate Salmonella attachment to the bacterial cellulose-based plant cell wall models through specific carbohydrate interactions or through the effects of carbohydrates on the physical characteristics of the attachment surface.

    RESULTS: We found that none of the monosaccharides that make up the plant cell wall polysaccharides specifically inhibit Salmonella attachment to the bacterial cellulose-based plant cell wall models. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that Salmonella cells can penetrate and attach within the tightly arranged bacterial cellulose network. Analysis of images obtained from atomic force microscopy revealed that the bacterial cellulose-pectin-xyloglucan composite with 0.3 % (w/v) xyloglucan, previously shown to have the highest number of Salmonella cells attached to it, had significantly thicker cellulose fibrils compared to other composites. Scanning electron microscopy images also showed that the bacterial cellulose and bacterial cellulose-xyloglucan composites were more porous when compared to the other composites containing pectin.

    CONCLUSIONS: Our study found that the attachment of Salmonella cells to cut plant cell walls was not mediated by specific carbohydrate interactions. This suggests that the attachment of Salmonella strains to the plant cell wall models were more dependent on the structural characteristics of the attachment surface. Pectin reduces the porosity and space between cellulose fibrils, which then forms a matrix that is able to retain Salmonella cells within the bacterial cellulose network. When present with pectin, xyloglucan provides a greater surface for Salmonella cells to attach through the thickening of cellulose fibrils.

    Matched MeSH terms: Glucans/biosynthesis; Glucans/chemistry
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