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Fulltext Transferable antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in Malaysia

Khor SY, Jegathesan M

Med J Malaysia, 1983 Mar;38(1):19-22.
PMID: 6633328

Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical sources were examined for antibiotic resistance and the ability to transfer resistance to Escherichia coli. Twenty-nine out of 80 strains tested transferred part or all oftheir resistance genes. The strains carrying R plasmids included the genera Escherichia, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Enterobacter, Proteus, Providencia and Citrobacter. These results indicate that R plasmids possibly play a major role in the emergence of antibiotic resistance among clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.

Matched MeSH terms: R Factors*
Antibiotic resistance and R plasmids in coliforms isolated from some Malaysian cooked foods

Khor SY, Lim YS, Jegathesan M

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1982 Jun;13(2):270-4.
PMID: 7147009

Forty samples of Malaysian cooked foods were examined for the presence of antibiotic-resistant coliforms and R plasmids. Twenty seven (68%) of the foods had antibiotic-resistant coliforms and 5 (13%) had R plasmids. Nineteen samples (48%) had total bacterial counts over 10(6) per gm and in 5 samples, no coliforms were detected. Our findings show that cooked food may be one possible way by which R plasmids are spread. The control of the spread of R plasmids is discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: R Factors*
Fulltext R plasmid-borne transferable multiple antibiotic resistance in a clinical isolate of Proteus sp in Peninsular Malaysia

Koh CL, Tay SH

Singapore Med J, 1984 Oct;25(5):300-3.
PMID: 6523137

A clinical isolate of Proteus sp., resistant to ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephaloridine, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, gentamicin,
kanamycin and tetracycline, was examined for the presence of conjugative R plasmids. Results from conjugation, agarose gel
electrophoresis and transformation experiments showed that it harboured a large self-transmissible R plasmid which coded for all
the resistance traits.

Matched MeSH terms: R Factors*
Fulltext Plasmids in penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Peninsular Malaysia

Koh CL, Kalaimathee KK, Ngeow YF

Med J Malaysia, 1984 Dec;39(4):269-71.
PMID: 6443581

The plasmid profiles of 66 strains of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG), isolated in Peninsular Malaysia, were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis. All the isolates harboured two common plasmid species, a 4.4 x 10 6 Far-East type R plasmid associated with beta-lactamase production and a 2.6 x 106 plasmid of unknown function. In addition to these two plasmids, 51 (77%) PPNG isolates also carried a 24.5 x 106 conjugative plasmid.

Matched MeSH terms: R Factors
Distribution of sasX, qacA/B and mupA genes and determination of genetic relatedness of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among clinical isolates and nasal swab samples from the same patients in a hospital in Malaysia

Nurhafiza NNBA, Siti Asma H, Azian H, Foo PC, Yasmin KMI, Chan YY

Singapore Med J, 2020 12 02.
PMID: 33264563 DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2020166

INTRODUCTION: This study determined the distribution of sasX, qacA/B and mupA genes from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from clinical samples and nasal swab samples of the same patients and analysed their genetic relatedness.
METHODS: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the presence of sasX, qacA/B and mupA genes from 47 paired MRSA isolates. A paired isolate was defined as one nasal swab (colonising) isolate and clinical isolate that caused infection in the same patient. 22 selected paired isolates were subjected to multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The genetic relatedness among the isolates and association between the putative genes with epidemic sequence types (STs) were investigated.
RESULTS: 7 (14.9%, n = 14) paired isolates were positive for the sasX gene. qacA/B genes were positive in 7.4% (n = 7) of the isolates, from three paired isolates and one clinical isolate whose paired colonising isolate was negative. The paired sample of three patients were positive for both genes. The mupA gene was not detected in all the isolates. MLST revealed two epidemic STs, ST22 and ST239, and a novel ST4649. sasX and qacA/B genes were found in ST239 in 29.5% (n = 13) and 13.6% (n = 6) of cases, respectively. Gene co-existence occurred in 13.6% (n = 6) of MRSA ST239 and 2.3% (n = 1) of MRSA ST4649.
CONCLUSION: sasX and qacA/B genes were present in the MRSA isolates, while the mupA gene was undetected. ST22 and ST239 were the major MRSA clones. The circulating MRSA genotypes conferred different virulence and resistance determinants in our healthcare settings.

Matched MeSH terms: R Factors
Nonconjugative R plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from animals in Peninsular Malaysia

Koh CL, Kok CH

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1984 Sep;15(3):313-6.
PMID: 6395350

Four of the five veterinary E. coli strains, which were unable to transfer their antibiotic resistance by conjugation, were found to harbour plasmids. Evidence from transformation, agarose gel electrophoresis and curing experiments showed that in strains KE-3, KE-4 and KE-14 a nonconjugative R plasmid carried the gene for resistance to tetracycline. The plasmids in KE-9 were cryptic.

Matched MeSH terms: R Factors*
Antibiotic resistance and conjugative R plasmids in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in Peninsular Malaysia

Koh CL

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1986;80(1):158-61.
PMID: 3726978

Twenty-five strains of enterobacteria, isolated from man in Peninsular Malaysia and consisting of seven Enterobacter spp., five Escherichia coli, five Salmonella spp., four Klebsiella spp., two Shigella spp., one Proteus sp. and and one Providencia sp., were tested for antibiotic resistance and conjugative R plasmids. They were all sensitive to nalidixic acid and resistant to at least three antibiotics. The number of resistances ranged from 3 to 11 antibiotics, including cefoperazone and sisomicin (two) newly released antibiotics), in addition to common drugs of current use. Of the 25 isolates, 19 (76%) conjugally transferred, at varied frequencies, at least two resistance determinants. Results from equilibrium density gradient centrifugation, agarose gel electrophoresis and transformation experiments provided proof that the transferable resistances were plasmid-mediated. Restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns showed that the plasmids from Proteus strain K005 and Providencia strain K001 may be identical.

Matched MeSH terms: R Factors*
Fulltext Plasmid-mediated transferable chloramphenicol and tetracycline resistance in Salmonella typhi (Vi phage type 25) isolated in Peninsular Malaysia

Koh CL, Lim ME, Wong YH

Med J Malaysia, 1983 Dec;38(4):320-4.
PMID: 6599991

A clinical isolate of Salmonella typhi (Vi phage type 25), resistant to chloramphenicol, streptomycin and tetracycline, was examined for the presence of R plasmids. Results from conjugation, agarose gel electrophoresis and transformation experiments indicated that it harboured a single large self-transmissible R plasmid which coded for both the chloramphenicol and tetracycline resistance traits.

Matched MeSH terms: R Factors/genetics*
Molecular characterization of Salmonella weltevreden isolated from poultry: evidence of conjugal transfer of plasmid and antibiotic resistance

Radu S, Mutalib SA, Rusul G, Hassan Z, Yeang LK

Microbios, 2001;104(407):39-47.
PMID: 11229656

Ten strains of Salmonella weltevreden isolated from poultry sources were examined and found to contain plasmid DNA ranging in size from 1.8 to 68.5 MD. All isolates were susceptible to carbenicillin, cephalothin, ceftriazone, gentamicin, kanamycin and nalidixic acid, but resistance to bacitracin (100%), penicillin G (100%), rifampicin (100%), sulphamethoxazole (100%), cefuroxime (80%) and tetracycline (60%) was recorded. The 55 MD plasmid of strain SW5 determined resistance to penicillin G and tetracycline, which was transmissible to the E. coli K12 recipient at a frequency of 3.52 x 10(-5) transconjugants per input donor cell. The results of arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR), using two 10-mer oligonucleotides and PCR-ribotyping to differentiate between the ten strains of S. weltevreden were compared. The strains were separated into ten different genome types by AP-PCR but were indistinguishable by PCR-ribotyping. These results suggest that poultry may constitute a reservoir for disseminating antibiotic resistance and that AP-PCR may be a valuable tool for epidemiological studies.

Matched MeSH terms: R Factors/genetics*; R Factors/chemistry
Antibiotic resistance and plasmid profile of Aeromonas hydrophila isolates from cultured fish, Telapia (Telapia mossambica)

Son R, Rusul G, Sahilah AM, Zainuri A, Raha AR, Salmah I

Lett Appl Microbiol, 1997 Jun;24(6):479-82.
PMID: 9203404

Strains of Aeromonas hydrophila isolates from skin lesions of the common freshwater fish, Telapia mossambica, were screened for the presence of plasmid DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis and tested for susceptibility to 10 antimicrobial agents. Of the 21 fish isolates examined, all were resistant to ampicillin and sensitive to gentamycin. Most isolates were resistant to streptomycin (57%), tetracycline (48%) and erythromycin (43%). While seven of 21 isolates harboured plasmids, with sizes ranging from 3 to 63.4 kilobase pair (kb), it was only possible to associate the presence of a plasmid with antibiotic resistance (ampicillin and tetracycline) in strain AH11. Both the plasmid and the associated antimicrobial resistance could be transferred to an Escherichia coli recipient by single-step conjugation at a frequency of 4.3 x 10(-3) transconjugants per donor cell.

Matched MeSH terms: R Factors/genetics; R Factors/isolation & purification
Genomic characterization of endemic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Salmonella enterica serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- isolated in Malaysia

Ngoi ST, Yap KP, Thong KL

Infect Genet Evol, 2018 08;62:109-121.
PMID: 29684710 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.04.027

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) and the monophasic variant Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:- are two clinically-important non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars worldwide. However, the genomic information of these two organisms, especially the monophasic variant, is still lacking in Malaysia. The objective of the study was to compare the genomic features of a monophasic variant and two endemic S. Typhimurium strains isolated from humans. All three strains were subjected to whole genome sequencing followed by comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses. Extensive genomic deletion in the fljAB operon (from STM2757 to iroB) is responsible for the monophasic phenotype of STM032/04. The two S. Typhimurium genomes (STM001/70 and STM057/05) were essentially identical, despite being isolated 35 years apart. All three strains were of sequence type ST19. Both S. Typhimurium genomes shared unique prophage regions not identified in the monophasic STM032/04 genome. Core genome phylogenetic analyses showed that the monophasic STM032/04 was closely-related to the S. Typhimurium LT2, forming a distinctive clade separated from the two endemic S. Typhimurium strains in Malaysia. The presence of serovar Typhimurium-specific mdh gene, conserved Gifsy and Fels-1 prophages, and the close genomic resemblance with S. Typhimurium LT2 suggested that the monophasic STM032/04 was originated from an LT2-like S. Typhimurium ancestor in Malaysia, following an evolutionary path different from the S. Typhimurium strains. In conclusion, the monophasic Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:- and the S. Typhimurium strains isolated in Malaysia descended from different phylogenetic lineages. The high genomic resemblance between the two S. Typhimurium strains isolated for at least 35 years apart indicated their successful evolutionary lineage. The identification of multiple virulence and antimicrobial resistance determinants in the Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:- and S. Typhimurium genomes explained the pathogenic nature of the organisms.

Matched MeSH terms: R Factors
Fulltext Draft genome sequencing data of a pathogenic Pantoea stewartii subspecies stewartii strain SQT1 causing bronzing disease of jackfruit in Malaysia

Ibrahim R, Ismail-Suhaimy NW, Shu-Qing T, Ismail SI, Ina-Salwany MY, Yusof MT, et al.

Data Brief, 2020 Jun;30:105634.
PMID: 32395592 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105634

A Gram-negative bacterium, Pantoea stewartii subspecies stewartii (P. stewartii subsp. stewartii) has been recognized as the causative agent for jackfruit bronzing disease in Malaysia. Here, we report the whole genome sequencing dataset of P. stewartii subsp. stewartii strain SQT1 isolated from local infected jackfruit. The paired-end libraries with an insert size of 350 bp was subjected to the Illumina Hiseq 4000, generating a genome size of 4,783,993 bp with a G+C content of 53.7%. A total protein of 4,671 was identified including virulence factors, resistance factors and secretion systems. Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii strain DC283 (NCBI accession no. CP017581.1) was used as a reference genome, where the query hit 72% coverage and average sequencing depth of 68. In total, 28,717 nucleotide polymorphisms, 520 small insertion/deletions and 142 structure variants were identified. The complete genome was deposited at the European Nucleotide Archive under the sample accession number ERP119356 and study accession number PRJEB36196.

Matched MeSH terms: R Factors
The patterns and transmissibility of antibiotic resistance among clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Palillo ES, Salleh MA

Microbiol. Immunol., 1992;36(11):1195-200.
PMID: 1491621

Four hundred and ninety-eight predominantly pyocin-type 10 clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were analyzed for resistance to carbenicillin, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, gentamicin, amikacin and netilmicin. Based on NCCLS-recommended MIC breakpoints, 245 strains were found to be resistant, of which 41.6% were resistant to carbenicillin, 38% to gentamicin, 37.8% to netilmicin, 26.3% to cefoperazone, 17.9% to cefotaxime, 0.6% to amikacin and none to ceftazidime. Quadruple resistance to carbenicillin, cefoperazone, gentamicin and netilmicin was the most frequent pattern observed. Resistance to older antibiotics (kanamycin, streptomycin and tetracycline) and to mercuric chloride were also common. Conjugation experiments suggested that self-transmissible and non-transmissible plasmids occurred in at least 66 strains.

Matched MeSH terms: R Factors*
Fulltext Molecular Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance Determinants and Plasmids in Malaysian Isolates of Multidrug Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae

Al-Marzooq F, Mohd Yusof MY, Tay ST

PLoS One, 2015;10(7):e0133654.
PMID: 26203651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133654

Infections caused by multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae have been increasingly reported in many parts of the world. A total of 93 Malaysian multidrug resistant K. pneumoniae isolated from patients attending to University of Malaya Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from 2010-2012 were investigated for antibiotic resistance determinants including extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), aminoglycoside and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance genes and plasmid replicons. CTX-M-15 (91.3%) was the predominant ESBL gene detected in this study. aacC2 gene (67.7%) was the most common gene detected in aminoglycoside-resistant isolates. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance (90.3%) was attributed to the presence of sul1 (53.8%) and dfrA (59.1%) genes in the isolates. Multiple plasmid replicons (1-4) were detected in 95.7% of the isolates. FIIK was the dominant replicon detected together with 13 other types of plasmid replicons. Conjugative plasmids (1-3 plasmids of ~3-100 kb) were obtained from 27 of 43 K. pneumoniae isolates. An ESBL gene (either CTX-M-15, CTX-M-3 or SHV-12) was detected from each transconjugant. Co-detection with at least one of other antibiotic resistance determinants [sul1, dfrA, aacC2, aac(6')-Ib, aac(6')-Ib-cr and qnrB] was noted in most conjugative plasmids. The transconjugants were resistant to multiple antibiotics including β-lactams, gentamicin and cotrimoxazole, but not ciprofloxacin. This is the first study describing the characterization of plasmids circulating in Malaysian multidrug resistant K. pneumoniae isolates. The results of this study suggest the diffusion of highly diverse plasmids with multiple antibiotic resistance determinants among the Malaysian isolates. Effective infection control measures and antibiotic stewardship programs should be adopted to limit the spread of the multidrug resistant bacteria in healthcare settings.

Matched MeSH terms: R Factors/genetics
Fulltext Integrating multiple genomic technologies to investigate an outbreak of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter hormaechei

Roberts LW, Harris PNA, Forde BM, Ben Zakour NL, Catchpoole E, Stanton-Cook M, et al.

Nat Commun, 2020 01 24;11(1):466.
PMID: 31980604 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14139-5

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) represent an urgent threat to human health. Here we report the application of several complementary whole-genome sequencing (WGS) technologies to characterise a hospital outbreak of blaIMP-4 carbapenemase-producing E. hormaechei. Using Illumina sequencing, we determined that all outbreak strains were sequence type 90 (ST90) and near-identical. Comparison to publicly available data linked all outbreak isolates to a 2013 isolate from the same ward, suggesting an environmental source in the hospital. Using Pacific Biosciences sequencing, we resolved the complete context of the blaIMP-4 gene on a large IncHI2 plasmid carried by all IMP-4-producing strains across different hospitals. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing of environmental samples also found evidence of ST90 E. hormaechei and the IncHI2 plasmid within the hospital plumbing. Finally, Oxford Nanopore sequencing rapidly resolved the true relationship of subsequent isolates to the initial outbreak. Overall, our strategic application of three WGS technologies provided an in-depth analysis of the outbreak.

Matched MeSH terms: R Factors/genetics
Increased frequency of chloroquine resistant P. falciparum on a rubber estate in Peninsular Malaysia during two years of systematic chloroquine treatment

Dondero TJ, Parsons RE, O'Holohan DR

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1975 Dec;6(4):488-94.
PMID: 775652

Chloroquine pressure was applied over a 22 month period on a somewhat isolated, malarious rubber estate by examination of residents at 4-week intervals and treatment of parasitaemias with chloroquine. During this time the monthly attack rate for P. falciparum rose four-fold to an average of nearly 18% per month, while that of P. vivax remained relatively constant at about 8%. Eight in vivo chloroquine resistance studies, which allowed both detection of late recrudescing R-I resistance and estimation of the risk of reinfection, showed an apparent rise in the drug resistance rate, from 12% to 20% prior to the study to the range of 40-50%. Virtually all resistance encountered was R-I in nature. There was no convincing evidence of chloroquine resistance among 148 tested P. vivax infections.

Matched MeSH terms: R Factors
Combined use of ribotyping, PFGE typing and IS431 typing in the discrimination of nosocomial strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Yoshida T, Kondo N, Hanifah YA, Hiramatsu K

Microbiol. Immunol., 1997;41(9):687-95.
PMID: 9343819

We have previously reported the phenotypic characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clinical strains isolated in Malaya University Hospital in the period 1987 to 1989 using antibiogram, coagulase typing, plasmid profiles, and phage typing. Here, we report the analysis of the same strains with three genotyping methods; ribotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing, and IS431 typing (a restriction enzyme fragment length polymorphism analysis using an IS431 probe). Ribotyping could discriminate 46 clinical MRSA strains into 5 ribotypes, PFGE typing into 22 types, and IS431 typing into 15 types. Since the differences of the three genotyping patterns from strain to strain were quite independent from one another, the combined use of the three genotyping methods could discriminate 46 strains into 39 genotypes. Thus, the powerful discriminatory ability of the combination was demonstrated.

Matched MeSH terms: R Factors/genetics

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