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  1. Fulltext Development of Magnesium Aluminate (MgAl2O4) Nanoparticles for refractory crucible application
    Khan SA, Mohd Zain Z, Siddiqui Z, Khan W, Aabid A, Baig M, et al.
    PLoS One, 2024;19(1):e0296793.
    PMID: 38227597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296793
    Ceramics are the oxides of metals and nonmetals with excellent compressive strength. Ceramics usually exhibit inert behavior at high temperatures. Magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4), a member of the ceramic family, possesses a high working temperature up to 2000°C, low thermal conductivity, high strength even at elevated temperatures, and good corrosion resistance. Moreover, Magnesium Aluminate Nanoparticles (MANPs) can be used in the making of refractory crucible applications. This study focuses on the thermal behavior of Magnesium Aluminate Nanoparticles (MANPs) and their application in the making of refractory crucibles. The molten salt method is used to obtain MANPs. The presence of MANPs is seen by XRD peaks ranging from 66° to 67°. The determination of the smallest crystallite size of the sample is achieved by utilizing the Scherrer formula and is found to be 15.3 nm. The SEM micrographs provided further information, indicating an average particle size of 91.2 nm. At 600°C, DSC curves show that only 0.05 W/g heat flows into the material, and the TGA curve shows only 3% weight loss, which is prominent for thermal insulation applications. To investigate the thermal properties, crucibles of pure MANPs and the different compositions of MANPs and pure alumina are prepared. During the sintering, cracks appear on the crucible of pure magnesium aluminate. To explore the reason for crack development, tablets of MgAl2O4 are made and sintered at 1150°C. Ceramography shows the crack-free surfaces of all the tablets. Results confirm the thermal stability of MANPs at high temperatures and their suitability for melting crucible applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aluminum Compounds*
  2. Fulltext The surface structure and thermal properties of novel polymer composite films based on partially phosphorylated poly(vinyl alcohol) with aluminum phosphate
    Mohamed Saat A, Johan MR
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:439839.
    PMID: 25506069 DOI: 10.1155/2014/439839
    Partially phosphorylated polyvinyl alcohol (PPVA) with aluminum phosphate (ALPO4) composites was synthesized by solution casting technique to produce (PPVA)(100-y) - (ALPO4)(y) (y = 0, 1, and 2). The surface structure and thermal properties of the films were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the films have higher thermal stability with strong bonding between PPVA and ALPO4.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aluminum Compounds/chemistry*
  3. Fulltext Open-gated pH sensor fabricated on an undoped-AlGaN/GaN HEMT structure
    Abidin MS, Hashim AM, Sharifabad ME, Rahman SF, Sadoh T
    Sensors (Basel), 2011;11(3):3067-77.
    PMID: 22163786 DOI: 10.3390/s110303067
    The sensing responses in aqueous solution of an open-gated pH sensor fabricated on an AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility-transistor (HEMT) structure are investigated. Under air-exposed ambient conditions, the open-gated undoped AlGaN/GaN HEMT only shows the presence of a linear current region. This seems to show that very low Fermi level pinning by surface states exists in the undoped AlGaN/GaN sample. In aqueous solution, typical current-voltage (I-V) characteristics with reasonably good gate controllability are observed, showing that the potential of the AlGaN surface at the open-gated area is effectively controlled via aqueous solution by the Ag/AgCl gate electrode. The open-gated undoped AlGaN/GaN HEMT structure is capable of distinguishing pH level in aqueous electrolytes and exhibits linear sensitivity, where high sensitivity of 1.9 mA/pH or 3.88 mA/mm/pH at drain-source voltage, V(DS) = 5 V is obtained. Due to the large leakage current where it increases with the negative gate voltage, Nernstian like sensitivity cannot be determined as commonly reported in the literature. This large leakage current may be caused by the technical factors rather than any characteristics of the devices. Surprisingly, although there are some imperfections in the device preparation and measurement, the fabricated devices work very well in distinguishing the pH levels. Suppression of current leakage by improving the device preparation is likely needed to improve the device performance. The fabricated device is expected to be suitable for pH sensing applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aluminum Compounds/chemistry*
  4. Efficacy of Biodentine and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate in Primary Molar Pulpotomies-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis With Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials
    Nagendrababu V, Pulikkotil SJ, Veettil SK, Jinatongthai P, Gutmann JL
    J Evid Based Dent Pract, 2019 03;19(1):17-27.
    PMID: 30926099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2018.05.002
    OBJECTIVES: Pulpotomy is the favored treatment for pulp exposure in carious primary teeth. This review aimed to compare the success rates of biodentine (BD) and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) pulpotomies in primary molars using meta-analysis (MA) and trial sequential analysis (TSA) and also to assess the quality of the results by Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE).

    METHODS: PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Scopus databases were searched. Additional searching was performed in clinical trial registry, reference lists of systematic reviews, and textbooks. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published in the English language through October 2017 comparing the success of pulpotomies in vital primary molars with a follow-up of at least 6 months were selected. Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were performed. MA by random effects model, TSA, and GRADE were performed.

    RESULTS: Eight RCTs (n = 474) were included. Two RCTs had low risk of bias. No significant difference was observed between MTA and BD in clinical success at 6 months (risk ratio [RR], 1.00; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.97-1.02; I2 = 0%), 12 months (RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.96-1.05; I2 = 0%), and 18 months (RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.93-1.08; I2 = 0%). No difference was observed in radiographic success at follow-up of 6 months (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.96-1.02; I2 = 0%), 12 months (RR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.47-2.21; I2 = 0%), and 18 months (RR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.91-1.15; I2 = 0%). TSA indicated lack of firm evidence for the results of the meta-analytic outcomes on clinical and radiographic success. GRADE assessed the evidence from the MA comparing the effect of MTA and BD in pulpotomy to be of low quality.

    CONCLUSION: BD and MTA have similar clinical and radiographic success rates based on limited and low-quality evidence. Future high-quality RCTs between MTA and BD is required to confirm the evidence.

    Matched MeSH terms: Aluminum Compounds*
  5. Designing Calcium Silicate Cements with On-Demand Properties for Precision Endodontics
    Cahyanto A, Rath P, Teo TX, Tong SS, Malhotra R, Cavalcanti BN, et al.
    J Dent Res, 2023 Dec;102(13):1425-1433.
    PMID: 37861249 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231198185
    Calcium silicate (C3S) cements are available in kits that do not account for patients' specific needs or clinicians' preferences regarding setting time, radiopacity, mechanical, and handling properties. Moreover, slight variations in powder components and liquid content affect cement's properties and bioactivity. Unfortunately, it is virtually impossible to optimize several cement properties simultaneously via the traditional "one variable at a time" strategy, as inputs often induce trade-offs in properties (e.g., a higher water-to-powder ratio [W/P] increases flowability but decreases mechanical properties). Herein, we used Taguchi's methods and genetic algorithms (GAs) to simultaneously analyze the effect of multiple inputs (e.g., powder composition, radiopacifier concentration, and W/P) on setting time, pH, flowability, diametral tensile strength, and radiopacity, as well as prescribe recipes to produce cements with predicted properties. The properties of cements designed with GAs were experimentally tested, and the results matched the predictions. Finally, we show that the cements increased the genetic expression of odonto/osteogenic genes, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization potential of dental pulp stem cells. Hence, GAs can produce cements with tailor-made properties and differentiation potential for personalized endodontic treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aluminum Compounds/chemistry
  6. The structure of alkyl ester sulfonate surfactant micelles: The impact of different valence electrolytes and surfactant structure on micelle growth
    Wang Z, Li P, Ma K, Chen Y, Penfold J, Thomas RK, et al.
    J Colloid Interface Sci, 2019 Sep 05;557:124-134.
    PMID: 31518834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.09.016
    The ester sulfonate anionic surfactants are a potentially valuable class of sustainable surfactants. The micellar growth, associated rheological changes, and the onset of precipitation are important consequences of the addition of electrolyte and especially multi-valent electrolytes in anionic surfactants. Small angle neutron scattering, SANS, has been used to investigate the self-assembly and the impact of different valence electrolytes on the self-assembly of a range of ester sulfonate surfactants with subtly different molecular structures. The results show that in the absence of electrolyte small globular micelles form, and in the presence of NaCl, and AlCl3 relatively modest micellar growth occurs before the onset of precipitation. The micellar growth is more pronounced for the longer unbranched and branched alkyl chain lengths. Whereas changing the headgroup geometry from methyl ester to ethyl ester has in general a less profound impact. The study highlights the importance of relative counterion binding strengths and shows how the surfactant structure affects the counterion binding and hence the micelle structure. The results have important consequences for the response of such surfactants to different operational environments.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aluminum Compounds
  7. Dehydrogenation Properties and Catalytic Mechanism of the K2NiF6-Doped NaAlH4 System
    Mustafa NS, Yahya MS, Sazelee N, Ali NA, Ismail M
    ACS Omega, 2018 Dec 31;3(12):17100-17107.
    PMID: 31458330 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02281
    The K2NiF6 catalytic effect on the NaAlH4 dehydrogenation properties was studied in this work. The desorption temperature was studied using temperature-programmed desorption and exhibited a lower onset hydrogen release after doped with different wt % of K2NiF6 (5, 10, 15 and 20 wt %). It was found that the NaAlH4 doped with 5 wt % K2NiF6 showed the optimal value that can reduce the onset desorption temperature of about 160 °C compared to 190 °C for the milled NaAlH4. The NaAlH4 + 5 wt % K2NiF6 sample showed faster desorption kinetics where 1.5 wt % of hydrogen was released in 30 min at 150 °C. In contrast, the milled NaAlH4 only released about 0.2 wt % within the same time and temperature. From the Kissinger analysis, the apparent activation energy was 114.7 kJ/mol for the milled NaAlH4 and 89.9 kJ/mol for the NaAlH4-doped 5 wt % K2NiF6, indicating that the addition of K2NiF6 reduced the activation energy for hydrogen desorption of NaAlH4. It is deduced that the new phases of AlNi, NaF, and KH that were formed in situ during the dehydrogenation process are the key factors for the improvement of dehydrogenation properties of NaAlH4.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aluminum Compounds
  8. Fulltext Room temperature radiolytic synthesized Cu@CuAlO(2)-Al(2)O(3) nanoparticles
    Abedini A, Saion E, Larki F, Zakaria A, Noroozi M, Soltani N
    Int J Mol Sci, 2012;13(9):11941-53.
    PMID: 23109893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130911941
    Colloidal Cu@CuAlO(2)-Al(2)O(3) bimetallic nanoparticles were prepared by a gamma irradiation method in an aqueous system in the presence of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and isopropanol respectively as a colloidal stabilizer and scavenger of hydrogen and hydroxyl radicals. The gamma irradiation was carried out in a (60)Co gamma source chamber with different doses up to 120 kGy. The formation of Cu@CuAlO(2)-Al(2)O(3) nanoparticles was observed initially by the change in color of the colloidal samples from colorless to brown. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of bonds between polymer chains and the metal surface at all radiation doses. Results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that Cu@CuAlO(2)-Al(2)O(3) nanoparticles are in a core-shell structure. By controlling the absorbed dose and precursor concentration, nanoclusters with different particle sizes were obtained. The average particle diameter increased with increased precursor concentration and decreased with increased dose. This is due to the competition between nucleation, growth, and aggregation processes in the formation of nanoclusters during irradiation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aluminum Compounds/chemical synthesis*; Aluminum Compounds/chemistry
  9. Microwave-assisted synthesis of Zn/Al layered double hydroxide-(anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate) nanocomposite
    bin Hussein MZ, Zainal Z, Hin TY, Tat OW
    J Microw Power Electromagn Energy, 2001;36(2):113-9.
    PMID: 15040529
    Nanocomposites of Zn/Al-layered double hydroxide(anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate) were synthesized by spontaneous direct assembly of inorganic and organic phases from aqueous solution. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns showed that a pure, single nanocomposite phase of good crystallinity was obtained using 1.0 M antraquinone-2,6-disulfonate ion (AQ26) and aging at 80 degrees C using conventional heating for 7 days or 0.5 h under microwave radiation, and these samples are denoted as ZAAN26C or ZAAN26MH, respectively. Zn/Al-nitrate-layered double hydroxide synthesized by a conventional method (ZANLC) showed a basal spacing of 8.3 A while both the nanocomposites showed 18.8 A as a result of AQ26 intercalation. FTIR study showed that the resulting nanocomposites are free from nitrate, the co-anion present in the mother liquor, indicating that only AQ26 is preferred during intercalation for the formation of the nanocomposite. The Brunauer, Emmet and Teller (BET) and micropore surface areas for ZAAN26C decreased relative to the ZANLC from 16.2 to 4.7 and 1.6 to 1.3 m2/g, respectively. These results indicate that AQ26 can be rapidly interdcalated in layered double hydroxide using microwave-aging resulting in a nanocomposite.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aluminum Compounds/radiation effects; Aluminum Compounds/chemistry*
  10. Fulltext Comparison of antioxidant properties of pomelo [Citrus Grandis (L) Osbeck] varieties
    Toh, J.J., Khoo, H.E., Azrina, A.
    International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(4):1661-1668.
    MyJurnal
    This study aimed to compare the antioxidant content and antioxidant capacity of pulp and peel of two varieties of pomelo fruit (Tambun White and Tambun Pink). Antioxidants including total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and ascorbic acid content were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent assay, aluminium chloride colorimetric assay and AOAC method, respectively. Antioxidant capacity of pomelo pulp and peel was measured using ferric reducing antioxidant potential and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assays. The peels of both pomelo fruits had higher antioxidant content and capacity than their pulps. Moreover, the white variety of pomelo had higher antioxidant content and capacity compared to the pink counterpart. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity of the samples was positively high correlated with total phenolic content (r = 0.978) and total flavonoid content (r = 0.959), except for ascorbic acid. Therefore, pomelo peel from white variety possessed higher antioxidant properties and it is potentially rich sources of natural antioxidants.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aluminum Compounds
  11. Impact of molecular structure, headgroup and alkyl chain geometry, on the adsorption of the anionic ester sulfonate surfactants at the air-solution interface, in the presence and absence of electrolyte
    Wang Z, Li P, Ma K, Chen Y, Campana M, Penfold J, et al.
    J Colloid Interface Sci, 2019 May 15;544:293-302.
    PMID: 30861434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.03.011
    The transition from monolayer to multilayer adsorption at the air-water interface in the presence of multivalent counterions has been demonstrated for a limited range of anionic surfactants which exhibit increased tolerance to precipitation in the presence of multivalent counterions. Understanding the role of molecular structure in determining the transition to surface ordering is an important aspect of the phenomenon. The focus of the paper is on the alkyl ester sulfonate, AES, surfactants; a promising group of anionic surfactants, with the potential for improved performance and biocompatibility. Neutron reflectivity measurements were made in aqueous solution and in the presence of NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2 and AlCl3, for a range of alkyl ester sulfonate surfactants, in which the headgroup and alkyl chain geometries were manipulated. In the regions of monolayer adsorption changing the AES headgroup and alkyl chain geometries results in an increased saturation adsorption and in a more gradual decrease in the adsorption at low concentrations, consistent with a greater adsorption efficiency. Changing the AES headgroup and alkyl chain geometries also results in changes in the transition from monolayer adsorption to more ordered surface structures with the addition of AlCl3 and mixed multivalent electrolytes. A more limited surface layering is observed for the ethyl ester sulfonate, EES, with a C14 alkyl chain. Replacing the C14 alkyl chain with a C18 isostearic chain results in only monolayer adsorption. The results demonstrate the role and importance of the surfactant molecular structure in determining the nature of the surface adsorption in the presence of different electrolytes, and in the tendency to form extended surface multilayer structures.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aluminum Compounds
  12. Fulltext Physico-mechanical properties and formaldehyde emission of rubberwood particleboard made with UF resin admixed with ammonium and aluminium-based hardeners
    Abd Ghani Aizat, Paiman, Bawon, Lee, Seng Hua, Ashaari Zaidon
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2019;27(1):473-488.
    MyJurnal
    In this study, the effects of addition of ammonium and aluminium-based hardeners into
    urea formaldehyde resin (UF) on the physico-mechanical properties and formaldehyde
    emission of the rubberwood particleboard were investigated. Four types of hardeners,
    namely ammonium chloride (AC), ammonium sulphate (AS), aluminium chloride (AlC)
    and aluminium sulphate (AlS), were added into UF resin. The acidity, gelation time,
    viscosity and free formaldehyde content of the UF/hardener mixtures were determined.
    Particleboard made with the UF/hardener mixtures were tested for physico-mechanical
    properties and formaldehyde emission. The pH values of the resin after addition of
    aluminium-based hardeners were higher and resulted in higher viscosity and shorter
    gelation time. Consequently, despite lower formaldehyde emission was recorded, the
    physico-mechanical properties of the resulted particleboard were inferior compared to
    that of ammonium-based hardeners. The best quality particleboard in terms of mechanical,
    physical and formaldehyde emission were obtained from the particleboard made with AS,
    followed by AC.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aluminum Compounds
  13. The impact of electrolyte on the adsorption of the anionic surfactant methyl ester sulfonate at the air-solution interface: Surface multilayer formation
    Xu H, Thomas RK, Penfold J, Li PX, Ma K, Welbourne RJL, et al.
    J Colloid Interface Sci, 2018 Feb 15;512:231-238.
    PMID: 29073464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.10.064
    The methyl ester sulfonates represent a promising group of anionic surfactants which have the potential for improved performance and biocompatibility in a range of applications. Their solution properties, in particular their tolerance to hard water, suggests that surface ordering may occur in the presence of multi-valent counterion. Understanding their adsorption properties in a range of different circumstances is key to the exploitation of their potential. Neutron reflectivity and surface tension have been used to characterise the adsorption at the air-aqueous solution interface of the anionic surfactant sodium tetradecanoic 2-sulfo 1-methyl ester, C14MES, in the absence of electrolyte and in the presence of mono, di, and tri-valent counterions, Na+, Ca2+, and Al3+. In particular the emphasis has been on exploring the tendency to form layered structures at the interface. In the absence of electrolyte and in the presence of NaCl and CaCl2 and AlCl3 at low concentrations monolayer adsorption is observed, and the addition of electrolyte results in enhanced adsorption. In the presence of NaCl and CaCl2 only monolayer adsorption is observed. However at higher AlCl3 concentrations surface multilayer formation is observed, in which the number of bilayers at the surface depends upon the surfactant and AlCl3 concentrations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aluminum Compounds
  14. Fulltext Antioxidant analysis of different parts of Carica papaya
    Maisarah, A.M., Nurul Amira, B., Asmah, R., Fauziah, O.
    International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(3):1043-1048.
    MyJurnal
    This study was conducted to compare the total antioxidant activity (TAA), total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) from the different parts of papaya tree including their ripe and unripe fruit, seeds and the young leaves. Two methods namely DPPH radical scavenging activity and ß-carotene bleaching assay were used to determine the TAA, whereas TPC was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu’s method while TFC by aluminium trichloride (AlCl3). For these purposes, methanolic extracts (80%) were prepared. The results showed that the highest antioxidant activity through ß-carotene bleaching assay was observed in unripe fruit (90.67 ± 0.29%) followed by young leave, ripe fruit and the seed. In other hand, young leaves exhibited a significant higher scavenging effect compared to others and the dose required in reducing the absorbance of DPPH control solution by 50% (EC50) was calculated at 1.0 ± 0.08mg/ml. The EC50 values were 4.3 ± 0.01mg/ml, 6.5 ± 0.01mg/ml and 7.8 ± 0.06mg/ml for unripe fruit, ripe fruit and seeds respectively. Interestingly, both TPC and TFC also showed that young leaves had the highest antioxidant content (424.89 ± 0.22mg GAE/ 100 g dry weight and 333.14 ± 1.03mg rutin equivalent/ 100 g dry weight, respectively). Statistically, Pearson correlation showed there were positive correlations between TPC and TFC with antioxidant activity assayed by DPPH radical scavenging assay (r=0.846 and r=0.873, respectively). However there was no correlation between TPC and TFC with ß-carotene bleaching activity. In brief, taken into account all the parameters measured, antioxidants were highly remarkable in the sequence of young leaves > unripe fruit > ripe fruit > seed. Nevertheless, further investigation for isolation and identification of the phytoconstituents responsible for antioxidant activity is desirable.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aluminum Compounds
  15. Application of psyllium husk as coagulant and coagulant aid in semi-aerobic landfill leachate treatment
    Al-Hamadani YA, Yusoff MS, Umar M, Bashir MJ, Adlan MN
    J Hazard Mater, 2011 Jun 15;190(1-3):582-7.
    PMID: 21507572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.03.087
    Landfill leachate is a heavily polluted and a likely hazardous liquid that is produced as a result of water infiltration through solid wastes generated industrially and domestically. This study investigates the potential of using psyllium husk as coagulant and coagulant aid for the treatment of landfill leachate. Psyllium husk has been tested as primary coagulant and as coagulant aid with poly-aluminum chloride (PACl) and aluminum sulfate (alum). As primary coagulant, the optimum dosage and pH for PACl were 7.2 and 7.5 g/L, respectively, with removal efficiencies of 55, 80 and 95% for COD, color and TSS, respectively. For alum, the optimum conditions were 11 g/L alum dosage and pH 6.5 with removal efficiencies of 58, 79 and 78% for COD, color and TSS, respectively. The maximum removal efficiencies of COD, color and TSS were 64, 90 and 96%, respectively, when psyllium husk was used as coagulant aid with PACl. Based on the results, psyllium husk was found to be more effective as coagulant aid with PACl in the removal of COD, color and TSS as compared to alum. Zeta potential test was carried out for leachate, PACl, alum and psyllium husk before and after running the jar test to enhance the results of the jar test experiments.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aluminum Compounds/chemistry
  16. Application of response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize coagulation-flocculation treatment of leachate using poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) and alum
    Ghafari S, Aziz HA, Isa MH, Zinatizadeh AA
    J Hazard Mater, 2009 Apr 30;163(2-3):650-6.
    PMID: 18771848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.090
    Coagulation-flocculation is a relatively simple physical-chemical technique in treatment of old and stabilized leachate which has been practiced using a variety of conventional coagulants. Polymeric forms of metal coagulants which are increasingly applied in water treatment are not well documented in leachate treatment. In this research, capability of poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) in the treatment of stabilized leachate from Pulau Burung Landfill Site (PBLS), Penang, Malaysia was studied. The removal efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, color and total suspended solid (TSS) obtained using PAC were compared with those obtained using alum as a conventional coagulant. Central composite design (CCD) and response surface method (RSM) were applied to optimize the operating variables viz. coagulant dosage and pH. Quadratic models developed for the four responses (COD, turbidity, color and TSS) studied indicated the optimum conditions to be PAC dosage of 2g/L at pH 7.5 and alum dosage of 9.5 g/L at pH 7. The experimental data and model predictions agreed well. COD, turbidity, color and TSS removal efficiencies of 43.1, 94.0, 90.7, and 92.2% for PAC, and 62.8, 88.4, 86.4, and 90.1% for alum were demonstrated.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aluminum Compounds*
  17. Effects of Fuller's Earth and activated charcoal on oral absorption of paraquat in rabbits
    Idid SZ, Lee CY
    Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 1996 Aug;23(8):679-81.
    PMID: 8886489
    1. Thirty male rabbits of local strain (weighing 1.5-2 kg) were divided into five groups. Four groups were treated with an oral dose of paraquat, which was followed by either Fuller's Earth or activated charcoal 0.5 or 2.0 h later. The remaining group acted as the control group and was treated only with an oral dose of paraquat. The dose of paraquat was 20.0 mg/kg given in a concentration of 20.0 mg/mL. 2. Both adsorbents were administered in 15 mL normal saline as a 30% slurry. Blood was sampled from the ear vein 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24h after the administration of paraquat. 3. Paraquat concentration was determined spectophotometrically at 600 nm by comparing against a standard curve of paraquat obtained by the addition of standard paraquat into normal rabbit serum and extracting interfering substances with ether. 4. The results of the present study show that either adsorbent can bring down the serum paraquat level. There was no significant difference found in the effectiveness of either adsorbent. 5. It is concluded that the administration of an adsorbent as early as possible will help in the reduction of paraquat absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. 6. Activated charcoal is still effective in lowering serum paraquat concentration when given more than 1 h after ingestion of paraquat.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aluminum Compounds/therapeutic use*
  18. Outcome of full pulpotomy in mature permanent molars using 3 calcium silicate-based materials: A parallel, double blind, randomized controlled trial
    Taha NA, Al-Rawash MH, Imran ZA
    Int Endod J, 2022 May;55(5):416-429.
    PMID: 35152464 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13707
    AIM: The aim of the study was to compare the outcome of full pulpotomy using 2 calcium silicate-based materials compared with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in symptomatic mature permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure.

    METHODOLOGY: This study was designed as a parallel, double blind, randomized controlled trial where symptomatic mature permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure meeting the inclusion criteria were randomly treated with full pulpotomy using one of 3 calcium silicate-based materials (ProRoot MTA, Biodentine and TotalFill). Full pulpotomy was performed, and haemostasis was achieved via a cotton pellet moistened with 2.5% NaOCl. A 3-mm layer of the calcium silicate-based material was randomly placed as the pulpotomy agent through a block randomization process followed by a resin-based composite restoration. Postoperative periapical radiograph was taken. Clinical and radiographic evaluation were completed after 6 months and 1 year. The patient and evaluator were blinded to the type of materials used. Pain levels were scored preoperatively and 7 days after treatment. Effect of potential prognosis factors including gender, age, diagnosis, bleeding time and type of caries were also analysed.

    RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-four teeth in 146 patients received full pulpotomy and were randomly assigned to either the tested or control material through block randomization technique (50 MTA, 50 Biodentine and 64 TotalFill). The age ranged from 10 to 70 years. The diagnosis was irreversible pulpitis in 112 teeth (72%) and reversible pulpitis in 28 teeth (28%). The majority of patients presented with severe pain, during the first week 96.9% reported complete relief of pain or mild pain. Four cases had immediate failure. At 6 months the overall success rate was 92.2%, over 1 year 156/164 teeth attended follow-up with 12 failures (2 restorative failures and 10 endodontic failures), the overall success of pulpotomy at 1 year was 92.3% (144/156); 91.8% in MTA, 93.3% in Biodentine and 91.9% in TotalFill with no significant difference amongst the groups and no side effects observed. No significant association was evident between outcome and the investigated variables.

    CONCLUSIONS: The 1-year success rate of full pulpotomy did not differ significantly between Biodentine pulpotomy, TotalFill pulpotomy, and MTA pulpotomy. The study was registered with clinical trials; registration number (NCT04345263).

    Matched MeSH terms: Aluminum Compounds/therapeutic use
  19. Effect of root canal irrigation protocols on the dislocation resistance of mineral trioxide aggregate-based materials: A systematic review of laboratory studies
    Neelakantan P, Ahmed HMA, Wong MCM, Matinlinna JP, Cheung GSP
    Int Endod J, 2018 Aug;51(8):847-861.
    PMID: 29377170 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12898
    The aim of this systematic review was to address the question: Do different irrigating protocols have an impact on the dislocation resistance of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-based materials? The review was performed using a well-defined search strategy in three databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) to include laboratory studies performed between January 1995 and May 2017, in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Two reviewers analysed the papers, assessed the risk of bias and extracted data on teeth used, sample size, size of root canal preparation, type of MTA-based material, irrigants, canal filling method, storage method and duration, region of roots and the parameters of push-out testing (slice thickness, plunger dimensions and plunger loading direction), the main results and dislocation resistance values (in MPa). From 255 studies, 27 were included for full-text analysis. Eight papers that met the inclusion criteria were included in this review. There was a wide variation in dislocation resistance due to differences in irrigation sequence, time and concentration of irrigants, storage method and duration, and the parameters of push-out bond strength testing. A meta-analysis was not done but qualitative synthesis of the included studies was performed. No definitive conclusion could be drawn to evaluate the effect of irrigation protocols on dislocation resistance of MTA-based materials. Recommendations have been provided for standardized testing methods and reporting of future studies, so as to obtain clinically relevant information and to understand the effects of irrigating protocols on root canal sealers and their interactions with the dentine walls of root canals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aluminum Compounds/pharmacology*
  20. Successful transfer of plasmid DNA into in vitro cells transfected with an inorganic plasmid-Mg/Al-LDH nanobiocomposite material as a vector for gene expression
    Masarudin MJ, Yusoff K, Rahim RA, Hussein MZ
    Nanotechnology, 2009 Jan 28;20(4):045602.
    PMID: 19417322 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/4/045602
    The delivery of a full plasmid, encoding the green fluorescent protein gene into African monkey kidney (Vero3) cells, was successfully achieved using nanobiocomposites based on layered double hydroxides. This demonstrated the potential of using the system as an alternative DNA delivery vector. Intercalation of the circular plasmid DNA, pEGFP-N2, into Mg/Al-NO(3)(-) layered double hydroxides (LDH) was accomplished through anion exchange routes to form the nanobiocomposite material. The host was previously synthesized at the Mg(2+) to Al(3+) molar ratio R(i) = 2 and subsequently intercalated with plasmid DNA. Size expansion of the interlamellae host from 8.8 A in LDH to 42 A was observed in the resulting nanobiocomposite, indicating stable hybridization of the plasmid DNA. The powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) results, supplemented with Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, compositional and electrophoresis studies confirmed the encapsulation episode of the biomaterial. In order to elucidate the use of this resulting nanobiocomposite as a delivery vector, an MTT assay was performed to determine any cytotoxic effects of the host towards cells. The intercalated pEGFP-N2 anion was later successfully recovered through acidification with HNO(3) after treatment with DNA-degrading enzymes, thus also showing the ability of the LDH host to protect the intercalated biomaterial from degradation. Cell transfection studies on Vero3 cells were then performed, where cells transfected with the nanobiocomposite exhibited fluorescence as early as 12 h post-treatment compared to naked delivery of the plasmid itself.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aluminum Compounds/pharmacology; Aluminum Compounds/chemistry*
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