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  1. Fulltext MicroRNAs in Endometriosis: Insights into Inflammation and Progesterone Resistance
    Hon JX, Wahab NA, Karim AKA, Mokhtar NM, Mokhtar MH
    Int J Mol Sci, 2023 Oct 09;24(19).
    PMID: 37834449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241915001
    Endometriosis, a non-malignant gynecological disorder influenced by estrogen, involves the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. Its development includes processes such as inflammation, progesterone resistance, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation. Epigenetic factors, particularly the dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs), have emerged as key factors in these mechanisms in endometriosis. This review aims to unveil the intricate molecular processes that control inflammation, progesterone resistance, and miRNA functions in endometriosis. In addition, it provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding regarding the involvement of miRNAs in the inflammatory aspects of this condition. This synthesis encompasses research investigating the molecular underpinnings of inflammation, along with the biogenesis and roles of miRNAs in endometriosis. Furthermore, it examines human studies and functional analyses to establish the intricate connection between miRNAs, inflammation, and progesterone resistance in the context of endometriosis. The results highlight the significant impact of dysregulated miRNAs on the inflammatory pathways and hormonal imbalances characteristic of endometriosis. Consequently, miRNAs hold promise as potential non-invasive biomarkers and targeted therapeutic agents aimed at addressing inflammation and enhancing the response to progesterone treatment in individuals with endometriosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
  2. A Case Report of a Rare ER+, PR- Pure Metaplastic Breast Squamous Cell Carcinoma with HER2 Overexpression
    Adam SA, Kamaruddin KN, Abd Shukor N, Abdullah Suhaimi SN, Ismail F, Md Yasin M
    Am J Case Rep, 2023 Dec 04;24:e941448.
    PMID: 38048289 DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.941448
    BACKGROUND Breast squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a subtype of metaplastic breast carcinoma (MBC), which is a rare malignancy and accounts for 0.1% of all invasive breast carcinomas. Guidelines on definitive management and treatment of breast SCC are not well established, given its rarity and diverse immunohistochemistry (IHC) profile, and lack of clinical data. Most cases of breast SCC are triple-negative breast cancer - negative for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). This case report outlines the clinicopathological profile of a pure breast SCC case with a rare IHC profile; HER2 and ER positive. CASE REPORT A 41-year-old woman presented with a right breast mass that had been growing for 2 months. Biopsy confirmed breast SCC, a rare malignancy with IHC profile as follows: HER2 overexpression, ER positive, and PR negative. She underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy for 3 months followed by right mastectomy with axillary clearance, adjuvant radiotherapy, and oral tamoxifen therapy. Unfortunately, she did not receive anti-HER2 therapy. She developed early locoregional recurrence at 2 months postoperatively, which was treated with excision of the right chest wall and transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap. She developed liver and lung metastasis and succumbed to her disease at 15 months post-diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Breast SCC is a rare and aggressive tumor with heterogeneous clinicopathological features. Available guidelines do not outline the definitive treatment for breast SCC, given its rarity and heterogenous IHC profile, leading to a general lack of clinical data. Hence, due to the challenges in managing this rare condition, treatment modalities need to be individualized.
    Matched MeSH terms: Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
  3. Fulltext Progesterone Receptor (PGR) gene polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to preterm birth
    Langmia IM, Apalasamy YD, Omar SZ, Mohamed Z
    BMC Med Genet, 2015;16:63.
    PMID: 26286601 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-015-0202-1
    Preterm birth (PTB) is the major cause of death in newborn and the second major cause of death in children less than 5 years old worldwide. Genetic polymorphism has been implicated as a factor for the occurrence of preterm birth. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether polymorphism in the progesterone receptor (PGR) is associated with susceptibility to preterm birth.
    Matched MeSH terms: Receptors, Progesterone/genetics*
  4. Estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer
    Yip CH, Rhodes A
    Future Oncol, 2014 Nov;10(14):2293-301.
    PMID: 25471040 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.110
    Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. The majority of breast cancers show overexpression of estrogen receptors (ERs) and progesterone receptors (PRs). The development of drugs to target these hormone receptors, such as tamoxifen, has brought about significant improvement in survival for women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancers. Since information about ER and PR is vital for patient management, quality assurance is important to ensure accurate testing. In recent guidelines, the recommended definition of ER and PR positivity is 1% or more of cells that stain positive. Semiquantitative assessment of ER and PR is important for prognosis and, hence, management. Even with the development of genomic tests, hormone receptor status remains the most significant predictive and prognostic biomarker.
    Matched MeSH terms: Receptors, Progesterone/genetics; Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism*
  5. Association of carcinoma breast: grade and estrogen progesterone receptor expression
    Kamil M, Khalid I, Hashim H, Biswas M, Kaur G, Islam R
    J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 2010 Apr;20(4):250-2.
    PMID: 20392401 DOI: 04.2010/JCPSP.250252
    To determine the association between histological grade of tumour and estrogen progesterone receptors (ER/PR) expression in unselected invasive carcinoma of breast in Malaysian patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Receptors, Progesterone/biosynthesis*; Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
  6. Postcoital administration of RU486 induces a hormonally under-stimulated rat endometrium
    Theron KE, Penny CB, Hosie MJ
    Reprod Biol, 2014 Sep;14(3):224-33.
    PMID: 25152521 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2014.04.005
    RU486 is a partial progesterone and estrogen receptor antagonist, functioning to actively silence progesterone receptor gene-associated transcription. For this reason, it has been used as both a contraceptive and an abortive agent. In the present study, cellular and gene specific effects of RU486 were investigated in a rat model of early pregnancy, including key phases of the window of receptivity and early implantation. As these stages are hormonally regulated by progesterone and estrogens, the focus here was to elucidate the mechanism of action of a single dose of RU486, used as a postcoital contraceptive, to successfully prevent implantation of a viable blastocyst. Immunofluorescent techniques were used to examine the change in protein levels of PR in RU486-treated endometria at days 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5 of pregnancy. Changes in the Pgr gene expression level as a consequence of RU486 administration was evaluated using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The progesterone receptor gene and protein expression was ubiquitously decreased throughout pregnancy as a direct consequence of RU486 administration. The overall effects of postcoital RU486 administration during early pregnancy indicate highly effective inhibition of progesterone and estrogen effects on the endometrium, mediated by their receptors. More specifically, the expression and localization of the progesterone receptor mirrors that described in ovariectomized animal models, suggesting a hormonally under-stimulated endometrium. Clearly from the present study, the precise priming of the endometrium by progesterone, in preparation for blastocyst implantation, is severely impaired by RU486, thus predisposing the uterus to pregnancy failure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Receptors, Progesterone/antagonists & inhibitors*; Receptors, Progesterone/genetics; Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
  7. Fulltext Comparison of immunohistochemical markers in core needle biopsy and excisional biopsy in breast carcinoma
    Alfatih, P., Munirah, M.I., Ainaen, M., Wenda, L., Sharifa Ezzat, W.P., Reena Rahayu, M.Z.
    Medicine & Health, 2015;10(1):10-16.
    MyJurnal
    Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) immunohistochemistry are important markers in the management of patient with breast carcinoma. In this study, we determine the concordance rate of ER, PR and HER2 immunohistochemistry markers between core needle biopsy (CNB) and excisional biopsy (EB) of breast carcinoma in patients of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC) from January 2002 until December 2012. A total of 93 female patients with CNB and subsequent EB were included in this retrospective descriptive study. Immunohistochemistry is used to determine ER, PR and HER2. ER and PR was graded using Allred score (0 to 8) while HER2 was scored from 0 to 3+. The markers between these two biopsies were compared to determine the concordance rate. In ER and PR, 93 samples were compared. ER was concordant in 80 cases (86.0%) and 13 cases (14.0%) was discordant. PR was concordant in 82 cases (88.2%) and discordant in 11 cases (11.8%). In HER2, 87 samples were compared and 62 cases (71.3%) were concordant while 25 cases (28.7%) were discordant. Concordance between CNB and EB was high for ER and PR. However, concordance rate for HER2 immunohistochemistry was less consistent. Overall, immunohistochemical analyses of CNB reflect the tumour marker status of the excised specimen.
    Keywords: breast carcinoma, core needle biopsy, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER2
    Matched MeSH terms: Receptors, Progesterone
  8. Fulltext Incidence and risk factors for breast cancer subtypes in three distinct South-East Asian ethnic groups: Chinese, Malay and natives of Sarawak, Malaysia
    Devi CR, Tang TS, Corbex M
    Int J Cancer, 2012 Dec 15;131(12):2869-77.
    PMID: 22407763 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27527
    We determined the incidences of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) subtypes among breast cancer cases in Sarawak, Malaysia and their correlation with various risk factors in the three ethnic groups: Chinese, Malay and native. Subtype status was ascertained for 1,034 cases of female breast cancer (93% of all cases diagnosed since 2003), and the age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) of each subtype were inferred. Case-case comparisons across subtypes were performed for reproductive risk factors. We found 48% luminal A (ER+/PR+/HER2-), 29% triple-negative (ER-/PR-/HER2-), 12% triple-positive (ER+/PR+/HER2+) and 11% HER2-overexpressing (ER-/PR-/HER2+) subtypes, with ASRs of 10.6, 6.0, 2.8 and 2.8 per 100,000, respectively. The proportions of subtypes and ASRs differed significantly by ethnic groups: HER2-positive cases were more frequent in Malays (29%; 95% CI [23;35]) than Chinese (22%; [19;26] and natives (21%; [16;26]); triple-negative cases were less frequent among Chinese (23%; [20;27]) than Malays (33%; [27;39]) and natives (37%; [31;43]). The results of the case-case comparison were in accordance with those observed in western case series. Some uncommon associations, such as between triple-negative subtype and older age at menopause (OR, 1.59; p < 0.05), were found. The triple-negative and HER2+ subtypes predominate in our region, with significant differences among ethnic groups. Our results support the idea that the risk factors for different subtypes vary markedly. Westernized populations are more likely to have factors that increase the risk for the luminal A type, while risk factors for the triple-negative type are more frequent in local populations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
  9. Overview on Epigenetic Re-programming: A Potential Therapeutic Intervention in Triple Negative Breast Cancers
    Mohamad Hanif EA, Shah SA
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2018 Dec 25;19(12):3341-3351.
    PMID: 30583339
    Breast cancer treatments leads to variable responses. Hormonal therapy is beneficial to receptor positive breast cancer
    subtypes and display better clinical outcome than triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) with FEC (5-Fluorouracil,
    Epirubicin and Cyclophosphamide) the mainstay chemotherapy regiment. Owning to their negative expressions of
    estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) and HER2 receptors, disease recurrence and metastasis befalls some patients indicating
    resistance to FEC. Involvement of epigenetic silencing through DNA methylation, histone methylation, acetylation and
    sumoylation may be the key player in FEC chemoresistance. Epigenetic and molecular profiling successfully classified
    breast cancer subtypes, indicating potential driver mechanisms to the progression of TNBCs but functional mechanisms
    behind chemoresistance of these molecular markers are not well defined. Several epigenetic inhibitors and drugs have
    been used in the management of cancers but these attempts are mainly beneficial in hematopoietic cancers and not
    specifically favourable in solid tumours. Hypothetically, upon administration of epigenetic drugs, recovery of tumour
    suppressor genes is expected. However, high tendency of switching on global metastatic genes is predicted. Polycomb
    repressive complex (PRC) such as EZH2, SETD1A, DNMT, is known to have repressive effects in gene regulation and
    shown to inhibit cell proliferation and invasion in breast cancers. Individual epigenetic regulators may be an option
    to improve chemo-drug delivery in cancers. This review discussed on molecular signatures of various breast cancer
    subtypes and on-going attempts in understanding underlying molecular mechanisms of epigenetic regulators as well
    as providing insights on possible ways to utilize epigenetic enzymes/inhibitors with responses to chemotherapeutic
    drugs to re-program cellular and biological outcome in TNBCs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
  10. Breast cancer hormone receptor testing in Asia: is it time to think again on expected positivity rates and methods of scoring?
    Rhodes A, Teoh KH, See MH, Ganesan K, Looi LM
    Pathology, 2020 Apr;52(3):385-387.
    PMID: 32107079 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2019.12.006
    Matched MeSH terms: Receptors, Progesterone/analysis*
  11. Fulltext Vegetable and fruit consumption and the risk of hormone receptor-defined breast cancer in the EPIC cohort
    Emaus MJ, Peeters PH, Bakker MF, Overvad K, Tjønneland A, Olsen A, et al.
    Am J Clin Nutr, 2016 Jan;103(1):168-77.
    PMID: 26607934 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.101436
    BACKGROUND: The recent literature indicates that a high vegetable intake and not a high fruit intake could be associated with decreased steroid hormone receptor-negative breast cancer risk.

    OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the association between vegetable and fruit intake and steroid hormone receptor-defined breast cancer risk.

    DESIGN: A total of 335,054 female participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort were included in this study (mean ± SD age: 50.8 ± 9.8 y). Vegetable and fruit intake was measured by country-specific questionnaires filled out at recruitment between 1992 and 2000 with the use of standardized procedures. Cox proportional hazards models were stratified by age at recruitment and study center and were adjusted for breast cancer risk factors.

    RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 11.5 y (IQR: 10.1-12.3 y), 10,197 incident invasive breast cancers were diagnosed [3479 estrogen and progesterone receptor positive (ER+PR+); 1021 ER and PR negative (ER-PR-)]. Compared with the lowest quintile, the highest quintile of vegetable intake was associated with a lower risk of overall breast cancer (HRquintile 5-quintile 1: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.80, 0.94). Although the inverse association was most apparent for ER-PR- breast cancer (ER-PR-: HRquintile 5-quintile 1: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.96; P-trend = 0.03; ER+PR+: HRquintile 5-quintile 1: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.79, 1.05; P-trend = 0.14), the test for heterogeneity by hormone receptor status was not significant (P-heterogeneity = 0.09). Fruit intake was not significantly associated with total and hormone receptor-defined breast cancer risk.

    CONCLUSION: This study supports evidence that a high vegetable intake is associated with lower (mainly hormone receptor-negative) breast cancer risk.

    Matched MeSH terms: Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism*
  12. Fulltext An analysis of predictive biomarkers in routine histopathological reporting of infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma in a tertiary hospital in Malaysia with a focus on limitations and directions for future development
    Teoh KH, Looi LM, Sabaratnam S, Cheah PL, Nazarina AR, Mun KS
    Malays J Pathol, 2011 Jun;33(1):35-42.
    PMID: 21874750 MyJurnal
    Predictive biomarkers such as oestrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors and c-erbB-2 oncoprotein have become a staple in breast cancer reports in the country as they increasingly play an important role in the treatment and prognosis of women with breast cancers. This study reviews the practice of histopathology reporting of these biomarkers in a Malaysian tertiary hospital setting. Retrospective data on demographic, pathological and biomarker profiles of patients with invasive ductal carcinoma who had undergone mastectomy or lumpectomy with axillary node clearance from 2005 to 2006 were retrieved from the Department of Pathology, Penang Hospital and analysed. The prevalence of ER positivity (55.8%), PR positivity (52.5%), c-erbB-2 oncoprotein overexpression (24%) and triple negativity (ER negative, PR negative, c-erbB-2 negative) (15%) by immunohistochemistry were comparable with other studies. Notably, c-erbB-2 overexpression was equivocal (2+) in 15% of cases. Since about a quarter of equivocal (2+) cases usually show amplification by FISH, a small but certain percentage of patients would miss the benefit of anti-c-erbB-2 antibody therapy if FISH is not performed. New ASCO/CAP guidelines on the quantitation of ER and PR will probably increase the prevalence of ER/PR positivity, invariably leading to significant ramifications on the management of patients as more patients would be deemed eligible for endocrine therapy, as well as categorisation of triple negative breast cancers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Receptors, Progesterone/biosynthesis; Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
  13. Fulltext Expression and mutational analysis of GATA3 in Malaysian breast carcinomas
    Bong PN, Zakaria Z, Muhammad R, Abdullah N, Ibrahim N, Emran NA, et al.
    Malays J Pathol, 2010 Dec;32(2):117-22.
    PMID: 21329183 MyJurnal
    The GATA3 gene is a potential tumour marker and putative tumour suppressor gene in breast cancer. Its expression is associated with better prognosis and disease free survival in breast cancer patients. We aimed to evaluate GATA3 transcriptome expression and mutation in breast carcinomas and correlate its expression with oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), lymph node (LN) status, tumour grade and c-erbB-2 expression. Twenty-two breast infiltrating ductal carcinomas and paired normal tissues were used in Branch DNA assay to detect GATA3 mRNA expression. Normalized data for GATA3 mRNA expression were grouped according to the ER, PR and LN status, tumour grade and c-erbB-2 expression of the tumours. Statistical significance was tested using t-test and ANOVA at 95% confidence interval level. Mutational analysis of GATA3 was performed by direct sequencing of the coding regions of GATA3 mRNA. Our findings showed that GATA3 gene were over-expressed and under-expressed by > 2 fold change in 12 and 4 tested samples, respectively. Eighty per cent of ER positive breast carcinomas were GATA3 positive. There was a statistically significant correlation between GATA3 expression and ER at 95% confidence interval level between the study groups. On the contrary, GATA3 expression was not statistically significant with PR, LN, tumour grade and c-erbB-2 expression in our study. In addition, we observed that there was no mutation in mRNA coding region in 16 breast carcinomas that showed GATA3 differential gene expression. Our preliminary results suggested that GATA3 is linked to the ER. This scenario suggests that GATA3 may play a crucial role in oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer patients. Whether GATA3 expression is involved in regulating tumour cell growth in oestrogen responsive breast cancer is a key question that remains to be answered.
    Matched MeSH terms: Receptors, Progesterone/biosynthesis; Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
  14. Non-steroid receptor-mediated antiproliferative activity of styrylpyrone derivative in human breast cancer cell lines
    Pihie AH, Stanslas J, Din LB
    Anticancer Res, 1998 May-Jun;18(3A):1739-43.
    PMID: 9673398
    The antiproliferative activity of a styrylpyrone derivative (SPD) plant extract, was studied in three different human breast cancer cell lines in culture, and was compared with tamoxifen. The number of living cells was evaluated by Methylene Blue staining technique. SPD showed strong antiproliferative activity in estrogen receptor (ER) and progestin receptor (PgR) positive MCF-7 cells (EC50 = 6.30 x 10(-7) M) and receptor-negative MDA-MB-231 (EC50 = 5.62 x 10(-7) M), but it partially inhibited the high progestin receptor positive T47D cells (EC50 = 1.58 x 10(-6) M). Whereas tamoxifen, a nonsteroidal antiestrogen exhibited strong inhibition on MCF-7 cells (EC50 = 1.41 x 10(-6) M) and partial inhibition on T47D cells (EC50 = 2.5 x 10(-6) M), but did not affect the MDA-MB-231 cells in the concentration range 0.1 nM-1 microM (EC50 = 5.01 microM). At the same concentration range SPD and tamoxifen did not inhibit the proliferation of normal human liver cell line CCL 13 and normal bovine kidney MDBK; whereas adriamycin, a common chemotherapy drug for the treatment of advance cancer, caused 95% inhibition at 10(-6) M. Competitive binding studies showed SPD had no ability to inhibit the binding of [3H]estradiol and [3H]progesterone to ER and PgR, respectively but, tamoxifen exhibited affinity for ER. Therefore, it can be concluded that the antiproliferative activity of SPD was selective towards breast cancer cell lines and not mediated by ER or PgR.
    Matched MeSH terms: Receptors, Progesterone/drug effects; Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
  15. Androgen receptor expression in triple negative breast carcinoma and its association with the clinicopathological parameters
    Teoh PY, Tan GC, Mahsin H, Wong YP
    Malays J Pathol, 2019 Aug;41(2):125-132.
    PMID: 31427547
    INTRODUCTION: Androgen receptor (AR) is the most frequently expressed biomarker in all subtypes of breast carcinoma. Triple negative breast carcinoma (TNBC) is breast carcinoma that lacks oestrogen and progesterone receptors immunoexpression as well as absence of HER2/neu gene amplification. This makes targeted therapy not feasible in this cancer and hence has poorer prognosis. Detecting AR expression could be another milestone in the management of TNBC, as AR is a prognostic, predictive marker and potential index for targeted treatment. This study aimed to assess expression of AR in TNBC by immunohistochemistry and its association with clinicopathological parameters.

    METHODS: We analysed the expression of AR in 97 TNBC cases from Penang General Hospital for a period of 3 years (2014 to 2017). Androgen receptor immunoreactivity was considered positive if ≥ 1% of tumour cells nuclei were stained irrespective of staining intensity.

    RESULTS: The prevalence of AR expression in TNBC was 31% (30/97), with the proportion of AR-positive tumour cells ranged from 1% to 90%. These include 23 invasive carcinomas, no special type (NST) and 7 other invasive carcinoma subtypes (papillary, lobular, clear cell and medullary carcinomas). Sixty-seven cases (69%) that showed AR immunonegativity were invasive carcinomas, NST (n=60), clear cell carcinoma (n=1) and metaplastic carcinoma (n=6). Androgen receptor immunoexpression was inversely correlated with tumour grade (p=0.016), but not the tumour stage, tumour size and nodal status.

    CONCLUSION: AR is expressed in about one-third of TNBC and loss of AR immunoexpression does not predict adverse clinical outcomes. Larger cohorts for better characterisation of the role of AR immunoexpression in TNBC are warranted.

    Matched MeSH terms: Receptors, Progesterone
  16. Fulltext Association between medicine Price declaration by pharmaceutical industries and retail prices in Malaysia's private healthcare sector
    Ahmad NS, Hatah E, Makmor-Bakry M
    J Pharm Policy Pract, 2019;12:15.
    PMID: 31304021 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-019-0176-z
    Background: As part of the initiatives to increase price transparency for consumers, pharmaceutical industry in Malaysia have been encouraged to declare the wholesale and recommended retail prices (RRP) of medicines to the Pharmaceutical Service Department (PSD) yearly. However, the relationship between the voluntary price reporting practices and consumers' retail medicine price is unknown. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effect of the voluntary price reporting practice of pharmaceutical industry on retail medicine prices, factors that may affect consumer medicine prices in Malaysia's private healthcare sector, and the retail medicine pricing trend over 2011-2015.

    Methods: A yearly correlation test for a 5-year period was performed to investigate the association between the wholesale and RRP medicine prices declared by the pharmaceutical industry from 2011 to 2015 on the one hand and the consumer wholesale and retail medicine price database on the other hand. The median price ratio (MPR) was calculated by comparing the consumer retail medicine price to its international reference price. The Krukal Wallis test was used to analyse the pricing trend throughout the 5-year period, and factors that might elevate the MPR above 2.5 were modelled using binary logistic regression.

    Results: A total of 2527 medicine price data were analysed. There was a strong significant association between medicine prices declared to the PSD and the retail medicine prices in every year of the 5-year period. Moreover, there was no significant increase in retail medicine prices throughout the 5-year period. The medicine types, retail location, type of manufacturer, medicinal indications, declared wholesale and RRPs significantly influenced the consumer MPRs that where > 2.5.

    Conclusion: The declared medicine price was found to have a significant association with the consumer retail medicine price. Thus, it may be a useful reference for consumers purchasing medicines in private healthcare settings. However, the government of Malaysia must develop strategies to increase medicine price transparency for price-control mechanisms in the private healthcare sector.

    Matched MeSH terms: Receptors, Progesterone
  17. Fulltext Elevated expression of CD151 gene in estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor positive breast carcinoma
    Ivyna Bong, P.N., Zubaidah, Z., Rohaizak, M., Naqiyah, I., Noor Hisham, A., Sharifah, N.A., et al.
    Medicine & Health, 2011;6(1):33-40.
    MyJurnal
    The tetraspanin gene, CD151 is involved in various tumour cell progression and metastasis. Its expression is increased in high grade, estrogen receptor negative and c-erbB-2 positive breast cancer. However, the biological function and expression phenotype among different tumour status, estrogen receptor (ER) status, progesterone receptor (PR) status and c-erbB-2 expression in multi-ethnic Malaysian breast cancer patients has not been well investigated. We used quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to measure the CD151 gene expression in 45 breast cancers. Our preliminary results revealed that CD151 expression is significantly higher in ER positive and PR positive breast cancers at 95% and 99% confidence intervals, respectively. In contrast, there is no significant correlation between CD151 expression and tumour grades or c-erbB-2 status at 95% confidence interval level. Our preliminary findings suggested that CD151 may be involved in the estrogen responsive pathways. CD151 could be a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target in the treatment of estrogen dependent breast cancer patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Receptors, Progesterone
  18. Fulltext Bcl-2 expression and clinico-pathological correlations in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast
    Al-Joudi, Fawwaz S., Iskandar Zulkarnain A.
    Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2010;8(2):59-64.
    MyJurnal
    Bcl-2 is an anti-apoptotic protein belonging to a family of proteins that act as regulators of apoptosis in mammalian cells. Bcl-2 expression has previously been reported in normal breast ductal cells and its involvement in the hormonal regulation of hyperplasia and involution was further suggested, and it was thought to be expressed through hormonedependent pathways. Bcl-2 is a cytoplasmic oncoprotein which is highly expressed in human solid tumours. In breast cancer cells, however, Bcl-2 expression is down regulated, the exact mechanism and the effects of which are not clearly defined, as bcl-2 expression appears to be inversely correlated with the presence of p53 mutations. This work aimed at investigating the expression of bcl-2 in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast utilizing an immunohistochemistry assay as well as studying the clinical correlations of bcl-2. Bcl-2 was detected in 43.7% of 382 invasive ductal carcinoma study cases. Its expression correlated positively, with lower age of patients, higher histological grades, large tumour sizes, estrogen receptor positivity and progesterone receptor negativity. However, the statistical correlations were weak. With the data obtained, it was found that the expression of bcl-2 correlated with unfavourable prognoses. Furthermore, bcl-2 detection alone may not be very helpful in consolidating a clinical diagnosis.







    59-64

    Matched MeSH terms: Receptors, Progesterone
  19. Deleterious effect of gestagens from wastewater effluent on fish reproduction in aquatic environment: A review
    Jenila JS, Issac PK, Lam SS, Oviya JC, Jones S, Munusamy-Ramanujam G, et al.
    Environ Res, 2023 Nov 01;236(Pt 2):116810.
    PMID: 37532209 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116810
    Gestagens are common pollutants accumulated in the aquatic ecosystem. Gestagens are comprised of natural gestagens (i.e. progesterone) and synthetic gestagens (i.e. progestins). The major contributors of gestagens in the environment are paper plant mill effluent, wastewater treatment plants, discharge from pharmaceutical manufacturing, and livestock farming. Gestagens present in the aquatic environment interact with progesterone receptors and other steroid hormone receptors, negatively influencing fish reproduction, development, and behavior. In fish, the gonadotropin induces 17α, 20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) production, an important steroid hormone involved in gametogenesis. DHP interacts with the membrane progestin receptor (mPR), which regulates sperm motility and oocyte maturation. Gestagens also interfere with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which results in altered hormone levels in fish. Moreover, recent studies showed that even at low concentrations exposure to gestagens can have detrimental effects on fish reproduction, including reduced egg production, masculinization, feminization in males, and altered sex ratio, raising concerns about their impact on the fish population. This review highlights the hormonal regulation of sperm motility, oocyte maturation, the concentration of environmental gestagens in the aquatic environment, and their detrimental effects on fish reproduction. However, the long-term and combined impacts of multiple gestagens, including their interactions with other pollutants on fish populations and ecosystems are not well understood. The lack of standardized regulations and monitoring protocols for gestagens pollution in wastewater effluent hampers effective control and management. Nonetheless, advancements in analytical techniques and biomonitoring methods provide potential solutions by enabling better detection and quantification of gestagens in aquatic ecosystems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Receptors, Progesterone
  20. The estrogen receptor negative-progesterone receptor positive breast carcinoma is a biological entity and not a technical artifact
    Ng CH, Pathy NB, Taib NA, Mun KS, Rhodes A, Yip CH
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2012;13(4):1111-3.
    PMID: 22799290
    The ER-/PR+ breast tumor may be the result of a false ER negative result. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a difference in patient and tumor characteristics of the ER-/PR+ phenotype in an Asian setting. A total of 2629 breast cancer patients were categorized on the basis of their age, ethnicity, tumor hormonal receptor phenotype, grade and histological type. There were 1230 (46.8%) ER+/PR+, 306 (11.6%) ER+/PR-, 122 (4.6%) ER-/PR+ and 972 (37%) ER-/PR-. ER-/PR+ tumors were 2.5 times more likely to be younger than 50 years at diagnosis (OR: 2.52; 95% CI: 1.72-3.67). Compared to ER+/PR+ tumors, the ER-/ PR+ phenotype was twice more likely to be associated with grade 3 tumors (OR:2.02; 95%CI: 1.00-4.10). In contrast, compared to ER-/PR- tumors, the ER-/PR+ phenotype was 90% less likely to be associated with a grade 3 tumor (OR: 0.12; 95%CI:0.05-0.26), and more likely to have invasive lobular than invasive ductal histology (OR: 3.66; 95%CI: 1.47-9.11). These results show that the ER-/PR+ phenotype occurs in a younger age group and is associated with intermediate histopathological characteristics compared to ER+/PR+ and ER-/PR- tumors. This may imply that it is a distinct entity and not a technical artifact.
    Matched MeSH terms: Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism*
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