Browse publications by year: 1999

  1. Matsumura H, Zuraina M
    Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 1999 Jul;109(3):327-40.
    PMID: 10407463
    A nearly complete human skeleton dating to the Early Holocene (epi-Paleolithic culture) excavated from Gua Gunung Runtuh, Malaysia, is described. Cranial, dental, and limb bone measurements are recorded on the skeleton, and compared with early and modern skeletal samples from Southeast Asia and Australia. The comparisons demonstrate that the Gua Gunung specimen is most similar to Australian Aborigines in dental and limb measurements, while the cranial measurements indicate a close affinity to Mesolithic samples from Malaysia and Flores. These findings further suggest that the Gua Gunung skeleton, as well as other fossils from Tabon and Niah, are representative of an early group of people who occupied Sundaland during the late Pleistocene, and may be the ancestors of Australian Aborigines. Some of the dental and limb bone measurements exhibited by the ancestors persist in Southeast Asian populations until the early Holocene. Differences in cranial traits have, however, accumulated since the late Pleistocene in Australian Aborigines and early Southeast Asian peoples.
    MeSH terms: Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology*; Fossils*; Humans; Malaysia; Skeleton; Oceanic Ancestry Group
  2. Caplan CE
    CMAJ, 1999 Jun 15;160(12):1697.
    PMID: 10410627
    MeSH terms: Abattoirs*; Agricultural Workers' Diseases/virology*; Animals; Animal Husbandry*; Disease Outbreaks*; Humans; Malaysia/epidemiology; Occupational Diseases/virology*; Swine*; Morbillivirus*; Encephalitis, Viral/epidemiology; Encephalitis, Viral/transmission; Encephalitis, Viral/virology*
  3. Yap SN, Phipps ME, Manivasagar M, Tan SY, Bosco JJ
    Lupus, 1999;8(4):305-10.
    PMID: 10413210 DOI: 10.1191/096120399678847876
    SLE is an autoimmune and polygenic disorder characterized by an accumulation and deposition of immune complexes. Several studies have indicated differential impact of FcgammaR polymorphism genotypes in different ethnic groups studied. The Fc receptor for IgG class IIA gene (FcgammaRIIA) occurs in two allelic forms. The allele FcgammaRIIA-H131 encodes a receptor with a histidine at the 131 amino acid position; the other allele FcgammaRIIA-R131 encodes an arginine. This polymorphism is believed to determine the affinity of the receptor for hIgG2 in immune complexes. FcgammaRIIA-H131 has a higher capacity for hIgG2 compared to FcgammaRIIA-R131 as measured by in vitro studies of insoluble immune complex clearance. We have investigated the polymorphism for FcgammaRIIA using a novel polymerase chain reaction-allele specific primer (PCR-ASP) method designed specifically to distinguish the two allelic forms. Our studies were based on 175 Chinese and 50 Malays SLE patients as well as 108 and 50 ethnically matched healthy controls for the respective groups. Analysis of the data (chi2 test with Yates correction factors and odds ratios) revealed that there were no significant differences between SLE patients and controls. We have not found evidence of a protective effect conferred by FcgammaRIIA-H131 in the ethnic groups studied.
    MeSH terms: Alleles; China/epidemiology; Female; Genotype; Humans; Immunoglobulin G/blood; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/ethnology*; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics*; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology; Lupus Nephritis/ethnology; Lupus Nephritis/genetics; Lupus Nephritis/immunology; Malaysia/epidemiology; Male; Polymorphism, Genetic*; Antigens, CD/genetics*; Antigens, CD/immunology*; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods; Receptors, IgG/genetics*; Receptors, IgG/immunology*; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics
  4. Monga D, Achanna S
    Singapore Med J, 1999 Feb;40(2):78-80.
    PMID: 10414162
    The Obstetric Flying Squad (OFS) has been operating in Peninsular Malaysia for over three decades. In the light of current controversies regarding its role in modern day obstetric practice, its status in Malaysia over the last 12 years is reviewed.
    MeSH terms: Cost-Benefit Analysis; Female; Health Services Needs and Demand*; Home Childbirth/statistics & numerical data; Humans; Malaysia; Obstetrics/organization & administration*; Pregnancy; Air Ambulances/organization & administration*; Rural Health Services/organization & administration*
  5. Singh R, Sirisinghe RG
    Singapore Med J, 1999 Feb;40(2):84-7.
    PMID: 10414164
    To investigate the acute effects of an 18 km run on the haematological and plasma electrolyte parameters, in recreational runners under conditions of high temperatures and humidity.
    MeSH terms: Adult; Blood Physiological Phenomena*; Body Temperature; Female; Homeostasis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Running/physiology*; Tropical Climate*; Water-Electrolyte Balance*
  6. Nik Khairulddin NY, Choo KE, Johari MR
    Singapore Med J, 1999 Feb;40(2):96-100.
    PMID: 10414167
    Data is lacking with regard to the epidemiology of invasive haemophilus influenzae (HI) disease in Malaysia. This study was carried out to document the epidemiology of invasive HI disease in hospitalised Kelantanese children.
    MeSH terms: Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Haemophilus Infections/epidemiology*; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Malaysia/epidemiology; Male; Retrospective Studies; Seasons; Age Distribution
  7. Omar SZ, Sivanesaratnam V, Damodaran P
    Singapore Med J, 1999 Feb;40(2):109-10.
    PMID: 10414171
    Uterine leiomyoma is found in approximately 2% of pregnant women. One in ten women will have complications related to myoma in pregnancy. Myomectomy during pregnancy especially at Caesarean section is much discouraged in the literature. We present here 2 cases of large uterine myoma, situated in the anterior aspect of the lower segment, complicating pregnancy at term. Myomectomy in both instances allowed delivery of the fetus through the lower segment, making vaginal delivery in subsequent pregnancies possible.
    MeSH terms: Adult; Cesarean Section*; Female; Humans; Leiomyoma/surgery*; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic/surgery*; Uterine Neoplasms/surgery*
  8. Goh AYT, Chan PWK, Roziah M
    Singapore Med J, 1999 Feb;40(2):113-6.
    PMID: 10414173
    Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with severe respiratory syncytial virus infection is rare. We report a 5-month-old Indian girl who was admitted to our intensive care ward with severe respiratory failure who fulfilled the criteria for ARDS using both Murray's Lung Injury Score of > 2.5 and the American-European Consensus Conference definition for ARDS. She developed diffuse bilateral alveolar infiltrates, severe hypoxaemia (PaO2/FiO2 < 100) and required high PEEP (> 15 cm H2O) 24 hours after admission. RSV was isolated from her nasopharyngeal secretion. She also had clinical features suggestive of a primary immunodeficiency and had laboratory evidence of combined T and B cell defect. There was unsustained clinical improvement with a dose of surfactant administered at 36 hours of PICU stay, and she continued to deteriorate and succumbed after 19 days in the PICU.
    MeSH terms: Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Pulmonary Surfactants/therapeutic use*; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/diagnosis; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/therapy*; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/virology*; Fatal Outcome; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/complications*; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/diagnosis; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/therapy*
  9. Ng KP, Saw TL, Baki A, He J, Singh N, Lyles CM
    Int J STD AIDS, 1999 Jun;10(6):401-4.
    PMID: 10414883
    Hema-Strip HIV-1/2 is a one-step rapid test for the detection of anti-HIV-1/2 antibodies in whole blood. The test requires no expensive equipment and the results are available within 10-15 min. Using 72 known HIV-1 positive samples and 780 high-risk prisoners, the sensitivity and specificity of Hema-Strip HIV-1/2 was found to be comparable to microparticle enzyme immunoassay (MEIA). The data also indicated that Hema-Strip HIV-1/2 is an effective alternate testing system to conventional ELISA where the use of ELISA is not suitable and the result of the HIV testing is needed urgently.
    MeSH terms: Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Humans; Male; Reagent Strips*; Time Factors; HIV Antibodies/analysis*; HIV-1/immunology*; HIV-2/immunology*; HIV Infections/blood; HIV Infections/diagnosis; HIV Infections/immunology*; HIV Infections/virology
  10. Majid MI, Akmal DH, Few LL, Agustien A, Toh MS, Samian MR, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 1999 Jun-Jul;25(1-3):95-104.
    PMID: 10416655
    A locally isolated soil microorganism identified as Erwinia sp. USMI-20 has been found to produce poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), P(3HB), from either palm oil or glucose and its copolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), P(3HB-co-3HV), from a combination of palm oil and a second carbon source of either one of the following compounds: propionic acid, n-propanol, valeric acid and n-pentanol. It was found that Erwinia sp. USMI-20 could produce P(3HB) up to 69 wt.% polymer content with a dry cell weight of 4.4 g/l from an initial amount of 14.5 g/l of glucose followed by a feeding rate of glucose at 0.48 g/h glucose. On the other hand, the bacteria can achieve 46 wt.% of P(3HB) and a dry cell weight of 3.6 g/l from a batch fermentation in a 10-l fermentor from an initial concentration of 4.6 g/l of palm oil. Further characterisation of the polymer production was also carried out by using different types of palm oil. Among the different palm oils that were used, crude palm oil was the best lipid source for P(3HB) production as compared to palm olein and palm kernel oil. In the production of the copolymer, P(3HB-co-3HV), the highest mole fraction of 3-HV units could be as high as 47 mol% from a single feeding of valeric acid upon initial growth on palm oil.
    MeSH terms: Culture Media; Erwinia/growth & development; Erwinia/metabolism*; Glucose/metabolism; Hydroxybutyrates/chemical synthesis; Hydroxybutyrates/metabolism*; Indicators and Reagents; Kinetics; Plant Oils/metabolism; Polyesters/chemical synthesis; Polyesters/metabolism*; Soil Microbiology
  11. Lee CT
    Aviat Space Environ Med, 1999 Jul;70(7):698-700.
    PMID: 10417007
    Two cases of cerebral arterial gas embolism (CAGE) occurred after a decompression incident involving five maintenance crew during a cabin leakage system test of a Hercules C-130 aircraft. During the incident, the cabin pressure increased to 8 in Hg (203.2 mm Hg, 27 kPa) above atmospheric pressure causing intense pain in the ears of all the crew inside. The system was rapidly depressurized to ground level. After the incident, one of the crew reported chest discomfort and fatigue. The next morning, he developed a sensation of numbness in the left hand, with persistence of the earlier symptoms. A second crewmember, who only experienced earache and heaviness in the head after the incident, developed retrosternal chest discomfort, restlessness, fatigue and numbness in his left hand the next morning. Both were subsequently referred to a recompression facility 4 d after the incident. Examination by the Diving Medical Officer on duty recorded left-sided hemianesthesia and Grade II middle ear barotrauma as the only abnormalities in both cases. Chest X-rays did not reveal any extra-alveolar gas. Diagnoses of Static Neurological Decompression Illness were made and both patients recompressed on a RN 62 table. The first case recovered fully after two treatments, and the second case after one treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and bubble contrast echocardiography performed on the first case 6 mo after the incident were reported to be normal. The second case was lost to follow-up. Decompression illness (DCI) generally occurs in occupational groups such as compressed air workers, divers, aviators, and astronauts. This is believed to be the first report of DCI occurring among aircraft's ground maintenance crew.
    MeSH terms: Adult; Aerospace Medicine*; Cerebral Arteries*; Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis/diagnosis; Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis/etiology*; Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis/therapy; Decompression Sickness/diagnosis; Decompression Sickness/etiology*; Decompression Sickness/therapy; Echocardiography; Embolism, Air/diagnosis; Embolism, Air/etiology*; Embolism, Air/therapy; Humans; Hyperbaric Oxygenation; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Maintenance; Malaysia; Male; Military Personnel*; Occupational Diseases/diagnosis; Occupational Diseases/etiology*; Occupational Diseases/therapy; Risk Factors
  12. Abdul Latiff SB
    Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci., 1999;15 Suppl:S75-8.
    PMID: 10422428
    MeSH terms: Delivery of Health Care*; Drug and Narcotic Control*; Humans; Malaysia
  13. Yap SN, Phipps ME, Manivasagar M, Bosco JJ
    Immunol Lett, 1999 Jun 01;68(2-3):295-300.
    PMID: 10424435
    The neutrophil antigen (NA)1 and 2 is coded by two recognized allelic forms of Fc gamma receptor IIIB (FcgammaRIIIB). FcgammaRIIIb is a low affinity receptor and preferentially removes immune complexes from the circulation. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune and polygenic disorder characterized by accumulation of autoimmune complexes. The majority of SLE patients in our medical center are of Chinese ethnicity, followed by Malay and Indian. Recently, studies have focussed on the Fc receptors in different ethnic groups and their relation to SLE. We chose to study the gene distribution of this receptor in the Chinese and Malays population in Malaysia. We designed a polymerase chain reaction allele specific primers (PCR-ASP) method to distinguish the two allelic forms. Genomic DNA was isolated from the peripheral blood of 183 Chinese and 55 Malays SLE patients as well as 100 Chinese and 50 Malays healthy controls. Genotyping of Chinese SLE patients revealed that the gene frequencies for FcgammaRIIIB-NA1 and FcgammaRIIIB-NA2 were 0.648 and 0.347, while in the ethnically matched healthy controls they were 0.68 and 0.32, respectively. One out of the 183 Chinese SLE patients was identified as a NA-null due to the absence of PCR product for both alleles. The FcgammaRIIIB-NA1 and FcgammaRIIIB-NA2 allele frequencies for both the Malays SLE and healthy controls were 0.62 and 0.38.
    MeSH terms: Alleles; China/ethnology; Gene Frequency; Genotype; Humans; Isoantigens/genetics*; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics*; Malaysia/ethnology; Neutrophils/immunology; Polymorphism, Genetic; Antigens, CD/genetics*; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Receptors, IgG/genetics*; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics; Continental Population Groups/genetics*
  14. AbuBakar S, Chee HY, Al-Kobaisi MF, Xiaoshan J, Chua KB, Lam SK
    Virus Res, 1999 May;61(1):1-9.
    PMID: 10426204
    Thirteen enterovirus 71 (EV71) isolates were obtained from both fatal and non-fatal infections of patients seen in Peninsula Malaysia and in Sarawak during an outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Malaysia in 1997, with incidences of fatal brainstem encephalomyelitis. The isolates were identified using immunofluorescence staining, neutralization assays, and partial sequencing of the 5' untranslated regions (UTR). Assessment of the potential genetic relationships of the isolates using the partial 5'UTR sequences suggested clustering of the isolates into at least two main clusters. Isolates from Peninsula Malaysia were found in both clusters whereas Sarawak-derived isolates clustered only in cluster II. Isolates derived from fatal infections, however, occurred in both clusters and no distinctive nucleotide sequences could be attributed to the fatal isolates. Examination of the nucleotide sequences revealed at least 13 nucleotide positions in all the isolates which differ completely from the previously reported EV71 5'UTR sequences. In addition, at least 11 nucleotide position differences within the 5'UTR were noted which differentiated cluster I from cluster II. Predicted secondary RNA structures drawn using the nucleotide sequences also suggested differences between isolates from the two clusters. These findings suggest the presence of at least two potentially virulent EV71 co-circulating in Malaysia during the 1997 HFMD outbreak.
    MeSH terms: Base Sequence; Child; Disease Outbreaks*; DNA, Viral; Encephalomyelitis/mortality; Encephalomyelitis/epidemiology; Encephalomyelitis/virology*; Enterovirus/genetics*; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/mortality; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/epidemiology; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/virology*; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Nucleic Acid Conformation; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
  15. Reddy SC, Sharma HS, Mazidah AS, Darnal HK, Mahayidin M
    Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 1999 Jun 15;49(1):81-6.
    PMID: 10428409
    Orbital complications due to ethmoiditis are not uncommon in children. However, they are very rare in infants. A case of orbital abscess due to acute ethmoiditis in a 10 days old boy is reported. Causative microorganisms isolated from the operated specimen were Staphylococcus aureus and aspergillosis. Successful outcome was achieved following antimicrobial therapy, external ethmoidectomy, and surgical drainage of the abscess. The aetiopathogenesis and management of this clinical entity is discussed, with a brief review of the literature.
    MeSH terms: Abscess/microbiology*; Acute Disease; Aspergillosis/complications*; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Orbital Diseases/diagnosis; Orbital Diseases/microbiology*; Staphylococcal Infections/complications*; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Ethmoid Sinusitis/diagnosis; Ethmoid Sinusitis/microbiology*
  16. Chur-Hansen A, Vernon-Roberts J
    Acad Med, 1999 Jul;74(7):829-34.
    PMID: 10429593
    PURPOSE: To explore the use of standardized patients for evaluating medical student's proficiency in speaking English.

    METHOD: In 1995, using a language rating scale constructed by the authors, six standardized patients evaluated the English-language proficiencies of 127 second-year medical student undergraduates enrolled at the University of Adelaide, Australia, many of whom were from a non-English speaking background.

    RESULTS: An earlier standardized test (Screening Test for Adolescent Language) had identified approximately one third of the students as potentially experiencing difficulties in using English in their training. Students so identified were rated lower than were their peers by the standardized patients.

    CONCLUSION: The study proved useful both in identifying aspects of speech that can be reasonably rated by standardized patients and also in identifying students who might benefit from language interventions. Replication studies with the new instrument are required to further establish its reliability, validity, and generalizability across different student cohorts.

    MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adult; Asia/ethnology; Communication; Education, Medical, Undergraduate*; Female; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Language*; Language Tests; Malaysia/ethnology; Male; Nonverbal Communication; South Australia; Speech; Speech Intelligibility; Students, Medical*; Vocabulary; Reproducibility of Results; Cohort Studies; Patient Simulation*
  17. Tee TS, Kamalanathan M, Suan KA, Chun SS, Ming HT, Yasin RM, et al.
    Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1999 Jul;61(1):73-7.
    PMID: 10432060
    The seroprevalence of Orientia tsutsugamushi, Rickettsia typhi, and TT118 spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae in 300 rubber estate workers in Slim River, Malaysia was determined in December 1996 and March 1997. In December, which was the wet season, 23.3%, 3.0%, and 57.3% of the population had antibodies detected against the three rickettsiae, respectively. The highest seropositive rate of 40% was detected for single infection with SFG rickettsiae, followed by a rate of 15.3% for both O. tsutsugamushi and SFG rickettsiae among the rubber estate workers. Subjects less than 21 years old had a lower seroprevalence of SFG rickettsiae compared with the other age groups. Indians had a higher seroprevalence of O. tsutsugamushi compared with other ethnic groups. Rubber tappers had a higher seroprevalence of SFG rickettsiae compared with other occupational groups. During the dry season in March 1997, there was a significant increase in the seroprevalence of R. typhi. The seroconversion rates for IgM against O. tsutsugamushi, R. typhi, and SFG rickettsiae were 5.7%, 12.3%, and 15.1%, respectively, during the four-month period. Significant variations of antibody titers towards the three rickettsiae was noted among subjects who were bled twice. This suggests a significant and continual exposure of rubber estate workers to the three rickettsiae.
    MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Agriculture; Antibodies, Bacterial/blood; Child; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Interviews as Topic; Malaysia/ethnology; Malaysia/epidemiology; Male; Middle Aged; Orientia tsutsugamushi/immunology; Orientia tsutsugamushi/pathogenicity*; Rickettsia typhi/immunology; Rickettsia typhi/pathogenicity*; Scrub Typhus/immunology; Scrub Typhus/epidemiology*; Seasons; Typhus, Endemic Flea-Borne/immunology; Typhus, Endemic Flea-Borne/epidemiology*; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Euphorbiaceae
  18. Nazni WA, Ursula MP, Lee HL, Sa'diyah I
    J Vector Ecol, 1999 Jun;24(1):54-60.
    PMID: 10436878
    Field strains of house flies, Musca domestica L., from three different breeding sites-garbage dump (IMR), poultry farm (Kundang, Selangor), and agricultural farm (Kampung Batu, Kuala Lumpur), were evaluated against five insecticides. Resistance status of adult female flies was determined using the modified WHO bioassay methods. The WHO susceptibility strain was used as a reference strain for comparison. Flies from the garbage dump and poultry farm were more resistant to the insecticides than the strain from the agricultural farm. Results obtained from bioassay tests were confirmed by in-vitro microenzyme assays of non-specific esterases and glutathione-S-transferases. Significant differences between the esterase levels of WHO and field strains were observed. Levels of glutathion-S-transferases were approximately the same, which may indicate that other enzymes are involved in house fly resistance.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Breeding; Female; Houseflies*; Insect Control/methods*; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides*; Malaysia
  19. Ship CP, Zainudin A, Lim YY
    J Colloid Interface Sci, 1999 Sep 1;217(1):211-213.
    PMID: 10441432
    The rate of hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyldiphenylphosphate in the presence of micellized [Cu(C(12)tmed)(L)](+) where C(12)tmed is N,N,N'-trimethyl-N'-dodecylethylenediamine and L is the anion part of the amino acid has been investigated. It was found that the observed maximum rate obtained under the excess surfactant over the substrate condition depends very much on the ability of the amino acid ligand to form a mixed-chelate complex with the [Cu(C(12)tmed)](2+) moiety. In general, a chelating ligand with better coordination ability gives a slower rate because of the reduction in the supply of Cu-OH nucleophile in the micelle. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
  20. Yuen KH, Wong JW, Billa N, Julianto T, Toh WT
    Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 1999 Jul;37(7):319-22.
    PMID: 10442505
    The bioavailability of a generic preparation of metformin (Diabetmin from Hovid Sdn Bhd) was evaluated in comparison with a proprietary product (Glucophage from Lipha Pharma Ltd., UK).
    MeSH terms: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Biological Availability; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents/blood; Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacokinetics*; Male; Metformin/blood; Metformin/pharmacokinetics*; Tablets; Drugs, Generic; Cross-Over Studies; Area Under Curve
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