Browse publications by year: 2013

  1. Cloning, expression, and purification of the hemolysin/cytolysin (HlyE antigen) from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi: potential application for immunoassay development
    Ong EB, Anthony AA, Ismail A, Ismail A, Lim TS
    Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 2013 Sep;77(1):87-9.
    PMID: 23790417 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.05.010
    The hemolysin (HlyE) protein of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi was reported to be antigenic. This work describes the cloning, expression, and purification of a hexahistidine-tagged HlyE protein under native conditions. Immunoblot analysis and a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using sera from typhoid patients showed the presence of HlyE-specific antibodies in circulation.
    MeSH terms: Antibodies, Bacterial/blood*; Cloning, Molecular; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods; Humans; Recombinant Proteins/genetics; Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification; Salmonella typhi/genetics; Salmonella typhi/immunology*; Typhoid Fever/diagnosis*; Immunoblotting/methods; Gene Expression; Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods*
  2. Metal concentrations in sediments from tourist beaches of Miri City, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo Island)
    Nagarajan R, Jonathan MP, Roy PD, Wai-Hwa L, Prasanna MV, Sarkar SK, et al.
    Mar Pollut Bull, 2013 Aug 15;73(1):369-73.
    PMID: 23790448 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.036
    Forty-three sediment samples were collected from the beaches of Miri City, Sarawak, Malaysia to identify the enrichment of partially leached trace metals (PLTMs) from six different tourist beaches. The samples were analyzed for PLTMs Fe, Mn, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn. The concentration pattern suggest that the southern side of the study area is enriched with Fe (1821-6097 μg g(-1)), Mn (11.57-90.22 μg g(-1)), Cr (51.50-311 μg g(-1)), Ni (18-51 μg g(-1)), Pb (8.81-84.05 μg g(-1)), Sr (25.95-140.49 μg g(-1)) and Zn (12.46-35.04 μg g(-1)). Compared to the eco-toxicological values, Cr>Effects range low (ERL), Lowest effect level (LEL), Severe effect level (SEL); Cu>Unpolluted sediments, ERL, LEL; Pb>Unpolluted sediments and Ni>ERL and LEL. Comparative results with other regions indicate that Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn are higher, indicating an external input rather than natural process.
    MeSH terms: Bathing Beaches*; Borneo; Environmental Monitoring*; Metals/analysis*; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis*; Geologic Sediments/chemistry*
  3. A giant mastoid cholesteatoma with posterior cranial extension causing mass effect and obstructive hydrocephalus
    Sabir BI, Rahmat K, Bux SI, Rajagopal NS, Looi LM, Sia SF
    Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2013 Oct;115(10):2192-6.
    PMID: 23791432 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.05.023
    MeSH terms: Adult; Brain/pathology; Brain Neoplasms/pathology; Brain Neoplasms/secondary; Cranial Fossa, Posterior/pathology; Female; Humans; Hydrocephalus/etiology; Hydrocephalus/pathology*; Immunohistochemistry; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mastoid/pathology*; Meningocele/complications; Meningocele/surgery; Sarcoma/complications; Sarcoma/pathology; Sarcoma/surgery*; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear/complications; Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear/pathology; Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear/surgery*
  4. Evaluation of integrated anaerobic-aerobic biofilm reactor for degradation of azo dye methyl orange
    Murali V, Ong SA, Ho LN, Wong YS
    Bioresour Technol, 2013 Sep;143:104-11.
    PMID: 23792659 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.05.122
    This study was to investigate the mineralization of wastewater containing methyl orange (MO) in integrated anaerobic-aerobic biofilm reactor with coconut fiber as bio-material. Different aeration periods (3h in phase 1 and 2; 3, 6 and 15 h in phase 3; 24 h in phase 4 and 5) in aerobic chamber were studied with different MO concentration 50, 100, 200, 200 and 300 mg/L as influent from phase 1-5. The color removals estimated from the standard curve of dye versus optical density at its maximum absorption wavelength were 97%, 96%, 97%, 97%, and 96% and COD removals were 75%, 72%, 63%, 81%, and 73% in phase 1-5, respectively. The MO decolorization and COD degradation followed first-order kinetic model and second-order kinetic model, respectively. GC-MS analysis indicated the symmetrical cleavage of azo bond and the reduction in aromatic peak ensured the partial mineralization of MO.
    MeSH terms: Azo Compounds/metabolism*; Color; Kinetics; Biofilms*; Bioreactors*; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis
  5. [Tropical monsoon forests of Vietnam (results of 20 years of phytoecological research)]
    Kuznetsov AN, Kuznetsova SP
    Izv. Akad. Nauk. Ser. Biol., 2013 Mar-Apr;?(2):206-16.
    PMID: 23789426
    This study was carried out during the period 1989-2011. The following areas were included: Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Climax tropical forest and anthropogenically transformed ecosystems, including those damaged by the chemical warfare program of the United States in Vietnam, were investigated. Some regularities in the structure dynamics and functioning of forests ecosystems under a tropical monsoon climate have been revealed. The principles of classification of tropical forests have been elaborated. The major results of investigation of the tropical monsoon forests in Vietnam are given.
    MeSH terms: Conservation of Natural Resources; Humans; Trees/classification*; Trees/growth & development; Tropical Climate; Vietnam; Ecosystem*; Cyclonic Storms
  6. Antioxidant activity of white rice, brown rice and germinated brown rice (in vivo and in vitro) and the effects on lipid peroxidation and liver enzymes in hyperlipidaemic rabbits
    Mohd Esa N, Abdul Kadir KK, Amom Z, Azlan A
    Food Chem, 2013 Nov 15;141(2):1306-12.
    PMID: 23790918 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.086
    Antioxidant activity of different rice extract and the effect on the levels of antioxidant enzyme activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), vitamin E, lipid peroxidation and liver enzymes in hyperlipidaemia rabbits were investigated. Germinated brown rice (GBR) has the highest antioxidant activity compared to white rice (WR) and brown rice (BR). All rice grains increased the activity of SOD and GPx. However, vitamin E levels increased only in the groups that received the BR and GBR diets. The reduction of lipid peroxidation levels and activity of hepatic enzymes (alanine transferase, ALT and aspartate transaminase, AST) were only significantly observed in the GBR group. In conclusion, GBR supplementation has the greatest impact on increasing antioxidant enzyme activity and vitamin E level and on reducing lipid peroxidation in hypercholesterolaemia rabbit, thereby preventing the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Furthermore, GBR diet can also reduce the level of hepatic enzymes.
    MeSH terms: Alanine Transaminase/metabolism; Animals; Antioxidants/metabolism*; Antioxidants/chemistry; Aspartate Aminotransferases/metabolism; Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia/diet therapy*; Hypercholesterolemia/enzymology; Hypercholesterolemia/metabolism; Liver/enzymology*; Liver/metabolism; Male; Plant Extracts/metabolism*; Rabbits; Oryza/growth & development; Oryza/metabolism*; Oryza/chemistry; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism; Vitamin E/metabolism; Lipid Peroxidation*; Germination
  7. Functional, thermal and molecular behaviours of ozone-oxidised cocoyam and yam starches
    Oladebeye AO, Oshodi AA, Amoo IA, Karim AA
    Food Chem, 2013 Nov 15;141(2):1416-23.
    PMID: 23790933 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.080
    Ozone-oxidised starches were prepared from the native starches isolated from white and red cocoyam, and white and yellow yam cultivars. The native and oxidised starches were evaluated for functional, thermal and molecular properties. The correlations between the amount of reacted ozone and carbonyl and carboxyl contents of the starches were positive, as ozone generation time (OGT) increased. Significant differences were obtained in terms of swelling power, solubility, pasting properties and textural properties of the native starches upon oxidation. The DSC data showed lower transition temperatures and enthalpies for retrograded gels compared to the gelatinized gels of the same starch types. The native starches showed CB-type XRD patterns while the oxidised starches resembled the CA-type pattern. As amylose content increased, amylopectin contents of the starches decreased upon oxidation. Similarly, an increase in Mw values were observed with a corresponding decrease in Mn values upon oxidation.
    MeSH terms: Oxidation-Reduction; Ozone/chemistry*; Solubility; Starch/chemistry*; Molecular Structure; Dioscorea/classification; Dioscorea/chemistry*; Transition Temperature
  8. Strategies targeted at motivating unrelated living kidney donation
    Tumin M, Noh A, Chong CS, Mohd Satar N, Lim SK, Abdullah N, et al.
    Ann. Transplant., 2013;18:314-9.
    PMID: 23792535 DOI: 10.12659/AOT.883957
    This paper aimed to assess the willingness of Malaysians with post-secondary education to be living kidney donors.
    MeSH terms: Data Collection; Humans; Malaysia; Motivation; Public Opinion; Kidney Transplantation*; Focus Groups
  9. Fulltext Genome sequence of Proteus mirabilis strain PR03, isolated from a local hospital in Malaysia
    Khalid MI, Teh LK, Lee LS, Zakaria ZA, Salleh MZ
    Genome Announc, 2013;1(3).
    PMID: 23792750 DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00327-13
    Proteus mirabilis is one of the pathogenic agents that commonly causes urinary tract infections among elderly individuals and long-term catheterized patients. Here, we report a draft genome sequence of Proteus mirabilis strain PR03 (3,932,623 bp, with a G+C content of 38.6%) isolated from a local hospital in Malaysia.
    MeSH terms: Bacteria; Hospitals; Malaysia; Proteus mirabilis*
  10. Fulltext Professionalisation and social attitudes: a protocol for measuring changes in HIV/AIDS-related stigma among healthcare students
    Ahmadi K, Reidpath DD, Allotey P, Hassali MA
    BMJ Open, 2013 May 28;3(5).
    PMID: 23793653 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002755
    INTRODUCTION: HIV/AIDS-related stigma affects the access and utilisation of health services. Although HIV/AIDS-related stigma in the health services has been studied, little work has attended to the relationship between professional development and stigmatising attitudes. Hence, in this study, we will extend earlier research by examining the relationship between the stage of professional development and the kinds of stigmatising attitudes held about people living with HIV/AIDS.

    METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A serial cross-sectional design will be combined with a two-point in time longitudinal design to measure the levels of stigma among healthcare students from each year of undergraduate and graduate courses in Malaysia and Australia. In the absence of suitable measures, we will carry out a sequential mixed methods design to develop such a tool. The questionnaire data will be analysed using mixed effects linear models to manage the repeated measures.

    ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: We have received ethical approval from the Monash MBBS executive committee as well as the Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee. We will keep the data in a locked filing cabinet in the Monash University (Sunway campus) premises for 5 years, after which the information will be shredded and disposed of in secure bins, and digital recordings will be erased in accordance with Monash University's regulations. Only the principal investigator and the researcher will have access to the filing cabinet. We aim to present and publish the results of this study in national and international conferences and peer-reviewed journals, respectively.

  11. Fulltext Three new species of Bolbochromus Boucomont (Coleoptera, Geotrupidae, Bolboceratinae) from Southeast Asia
    Li CL, Yang PS, Krikken J, Wang CC
    Zookeys, 2013.
    PMID: 23794858 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.290.4696
    Three new species of the Oriental bolboceratine genus Bolbochromus Boucomont 1909, Bolbochromus minutus Li and Krikken, sp. n. (Thailand), Bolbochromus nomurai Li and Krikken, sp. n. (Vietnam), and Bolbochromus malayensis Li and Krikken, sp. n. (Malaysia), are described from continental Southeast Asia with diagnoses, distributions, remarks and illustrations. The genus is discussed with emphasis on continental Southeast Asia. A key to species known from Indochina and Malay Penisula is presented. An annotated checklist of Bolbochromus species is presented.
    MeSH terms: Asia, Southeastern; Ethnic Groups; Humans; Malaysia; Thailand; Vietnam; Asian Continental Ancestry Group; Checklist
  12. Fulltext Did the genus Parandrocephalus Heller, 1916 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Callichromatini) cross the Wallace line? The taxonomic status of Parandrocephalus blairi Bentanachs & Vives 2009 and a new subgenus of Hexamitodera Heller, 1896, with notes on convergent evolution and secondary sexual characters
    Perger R
    Zookeys, 2013.
    PMID: 23794868 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.293.5133
    The genera Parandrocephalus Heller, 1916 and Hexamitodera Heller, 1896 are reviewed and redescribed. Based on the combination of chromatic sexual dimorphism, velvety pubescence on the whole dorsal body and distinctly developed carina on the elytra, Parandrocephalus blairi Bentanachs & Vives, 2009 is transferred to Hexamitodera. A new subgenus, Sulcognatha Perger, is instituted to accommodate mandible, head and metasternal modifications in Hexamitodera blairi comb. n. that are lacking in the type species of Hexamitodera, Hexamitodera semivelutina. As indicated by fundamental structural differences in the mandibles of Parandrocephalus and Hexamitodera (Sulcognatha) blairi comb. n., the exaggerated secondary sexual traits and open procoxal cavities in both taxa are presumably the result of convergent evolution. Contrary to Bentanachs & Vives (2009), the presence of the two Parandrocephalus species in Sundaland and the endemism of Hexamitodera on Sulawesi agree well with the zoogeographical separation of both areas by the Wallace line.
    MeSH terms: Color; Head; Indonesia; Mandible; Phenotype; Sex Characteristics
  13. Fulltext The genus Macroteleia Westwood (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae s. l., Scelioninae) from China
    Chen HY, Johnson NF, Masner L, Xu ZF
    Zookeys, 2013.
    PMID: 23794890 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.300.4934
    The genus Macroteleia Westwood (Hymenoptera: Platygastridaes. l., Scelioninae) from China is revised. Seventeen species are recognized based on 502 specimens, all of which are new records for China. Seven new species are described: Macroteleia carinigena sp. n. (China), Macroteleia flava sp. n. (China), Macroteleia gracilis sp. n. (China), Macroteleia salebrosa sp. n. (China), Macroteleia semicircula sp. n. (China), Macroteleia spinitibia sp. n. (China) and Macroteleia striatipleuron sp. n. (China). Ten species are redescribed: Macroteleia boriviliensis Saraswat (China, India, Thailand), Macroteleia crawfordi Kiefer, stat. n. (China, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam), Macroteleia dolichopa Sharma (China, India, Vietnam), Macroteleia emarginata Dodd (China, Malaysia), Macroteleia indica Saraswat & Sharma (China, India, Vietnam), Macroteleia lamba Saraswat & Sharma (China, India, Thailand, Vietnam), Macroteleia livingstoni Saraswat (China, India), Macroteleia peliades Kozlov & Lê (China, Vietnam), Macroteleia rufa Szelényi (China, Egypt, Georgia, Russia, Thailand, Ukraine) and Macroteleia striativentris Crawford (China, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam). The following five new synonyms are proposed: Macroteleia crates Kozlov & Lê syn. n. and Macroteleia demades Kozlov & Lê syn. n. of Macroteleia crawfordi Kieffer; Macroteleia cebes Kozlov & Lê syn. n. and Macroteleia dones Kozlov & Lê syn. n. of Macroteleia indica Saraswat & Sharma; Macroteleia dores Kozlov & Lê syn. n. of Macroteleia lamba Saraswat & Sharma. A key to the Chinese species of the genus is provided.
    MeSH terms: Animals; China; Egypt; Georgia; Hymenoptera; India; Malaysia; Philippines; Russia; Thailand; Ukraine; Vietnam
  14. Fulltext Bis{(Z)-[(E)-2-(pyridin-2-yl-methyl-idene)hydrazin-1-yl-idene][(pyridin-2-yl)methyl-sulfan-yl]methane-thiol-ato}nickel(II)
    Khoo TJ, Break MK, Tahir MI, Krouse KA, Cowley AR, Watkin DJ
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2013 Jun 01;69(Pt 6):m323-4.
    PMID: 23794987 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813013032
    The title compound, [Ni(C13H11N4S2)2], was obtained by the reaction of S-2-picolyldi-thio-carbazate and pyridine-2-carbaldehyde with nickel(II) acetate. The Ni(II) atom is located on a twofold rotation axis and is bonded to four N atoms at distances of 2.037 (8) and 2.109 (9) Å, and to two S atoms at a distance of 2.406 (3) Å, leading to a distorted octa-hedral coordination. The angle between the mean planes of the coordinating moieties of the two symmetry-related tridentate ligands is 83.3 (2)°. In the crystal, complex mol-ecules are linked by weak C-H⋯S hydrogen bonds, π-π inter-actions between the pyridine rings [centroid-centroid distance = 3.775 (9) Å] and C-H⋯π inter-actions. The hydrogen-bonding inter-actions lead to the formation of layers parallel to (010); π-π inter-actions link these layers into a three-dimensional network.
  15. Fulltext 2-Meth-oxy-4-(prop-2-en-1-yl)phenyl 4-meth-oxy-benzoate
    Pichika MR, Yew BK, Ng SW
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2013 Jun 1;69(Pt 6):o819.
    PMID: 23795011 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813011458
    In the title compound, C18H18O4, the planes of the benzene rings are twisted by 81.60 (5)°. In the crystal, weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into supra-molecular chains extending along the a axis.
  16. Fulltext Ethyl 2-[4-(di-methyl-amino)-phen-yl]-1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxyl-ate
    Yeong KY, Ali MA, Choon TS, Rosli MM, Razak IA
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2013 Jun 1;69(Pt 6):o886.
    PMID: 23795062 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813012440
    In the title compound, C24H23N3O2, the benzimidazole ring system makes dihedral angles of 7.28 (5) and 67.17 (5)°, respectively, with the planes of the benzene and phenyl rings, which in turn make a dihedral angle of 69.77 (6)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are connected by C-H⋯N and C-H⋯O inter-actions, forming a layer parallel to the bc plane. A π-π inter-action, with a centroid-centroid distance of 3.656 (1) Å, is observed in the layer.
  17. Fulltext N-[(2,6-Di-ethyl-phen-yl)carbamo-thio-yl]-2,2-di-phenyl-acetamide
    Yusof MS, Razali NR, Arshad S, Rahman AA, Razak IA
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2013 Jun 1;69(Pt 6):o967.
    PMID: 23795124 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813013354
    In the title compound, C25H26N2OS, the diethyl-substituted benzene ring forms dihedral angles of 67.38 (9) and 55.32 (9)° with the terminal benzene rings. The mol-ecule adopts a trans-cis conformation with respect to the orientations of the di-phenyl-methane and 1,3-di-ethyl-benzene groups with respect to the S atom across the C-N bonds. This conformation is stabilized by an intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond, which generates an S(6) ring. In the crystal, pairs of N-H⋯S hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into inversion dimers, forming R 2 (2)(6) loops. The dimer linkage is reinforced by a pair of C-H⋯S hydrogen bonds, which generate R 2 (2)(8) loops. Weak C-H⋯π and π-π [centroid-centroid seperation = 3.8821 (10) Å] inter-actions also occur in the crystal structure.
  18. Fulltext 6-(4-Methyl-phen-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-di-amine-benzoic acid (1/1)
    Thanigaimani K, Khalib NC, Razak IA, Lavanya P, Balasubramani K
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2013 Jun 01;69(Pt 6):o968-9.
    PMID: 23795125 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813013883
    The benzoic acid mol-ecule of the title adduct, C10H11N5·C7H6O2, is approximately planar, with a dihedral angle of 7.2 (3)° between the carb-oxy-lic acid group and the benzene ring. In the triazine mol-ecule, the plane of the triazine ring makes a dihedral angle of 28.85 (9)° with that of the adjacent benzene ring. In the crystal, the two components are linked by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds with an R 2 (2)(8) motif, thus generating a 1 + 1 unit of triazine and benzoic acid mol-ecules. The acid-base units are further connected by N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds with R 2 (2)(8) motifs, forming a supra-molecular ribbon along [101]. The crystal structure also features weak π-π [centroid-centroid distances = 3.7638 (12) and 3.6008 (12) Å] and C-H⋯π inter-actions.
  19. Fulltext 6-(4-Methyl-phen-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-di-amine-4-methyl-benzoic acid (1/1)
    Thanigaimani K, Arshad S, Razak IA, Makeshvaran D, Balasubramani K
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2013 Jun 1;69(Pt 6):o970.
    PMID: 23795126 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813013895
    The 4-methyl-benzoic acid mol-ecule of the title adduct, C10H11N5·C8H8O2, is approximately planar with a dihedral angle of 6.3 (2)° between the carb-oxy-lic acid group and the benzene ring. In the triazine mol-ecule, the plane of the triazine ring makes a dihedral angle of 29.2 (2)° with that of the adjacent benzene ring. In the crystal, the acid and base mol-ecules are linked via N-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds with an R 2 (2)(8) motif, and the acid-base pairs are further connected via N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds with R 2 (2)(8) motifs, forming a supra-molecular ribbon along [101]. Between the tapes, a weak C-H⋯π inter-action is observed.
  20. Functional proteomic approach to discover geographic variations of king cobra venoms from Southeast Asia and China
    Chang HC, Tsai TS, Tsai IH
    J Proteomics, 2013 Aug 26;89:141-53.
    PMID: 23796489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.06.012
    This study deciphers the geographic variations of king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom using functional proteomics. Pooled samples of king cobra venom (abbreviated as Ohv) were obtained from Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and two provinces of China, namely Guangxi and Hainan. Using two animal models to test and compare the lethal effects, we found that the Chinese Ohvs were more fatal to mice, while the Southeast Asian Ohvs were more fatal to lizards (Eutropis multifasciata). Various phospholipases A2 (PLA2s), three-finger toxins (3FTxs) and Kunitz-type inhibitors were purified from these Ohvs and compared. Besides the two Chinese Ohv PLA2s with known sequences, eight novel PLA2s were identified from the five Ohv samples and their antiplatelet activities were compared. While two 3FTxs (namely oh-55 and oh-27) were common in all the Ohvs, different sets of 3FTx markers were present in the Chinese and Southeast Asian Ohvs. All the Ohvs contain the Kunitz inhibitor, OH-TCI, while only the Chinese Ohvs contain the inhibitor variant, Oh11-1. Relative to the Chinese Ohvs which contained more phospholipases, the Southeast Asian Ohvs had higher metalloproteinase, acetylcholine esterase, and alkaline phosphatase activities.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Asia, Southeastern; China; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Male; Mice, Inbred ICR; Snake Bites/genetics; Snake Bites/metabolism; Species Specificity; Evolution, Molecular*; Mice
External Links