Browse publications by year: 2021

  1. Zeb S, Akbar A, Gul A, Haider SA, Poulova P, Yasmin F
    Psychol Res Behav Manag, 2021;14:1867-1876.
    PMID: 34815724 DOI: 10.2147/PRBM.S333070
    PURPOSE: In Pakistan, medical professionals face multiple challenges comprising long, fixed working hours and workload overburdening, which leads to emotional fatigue. These conflicts in work-life scenarios, brought about by high work demands causing emotional exhaustion, can create a state of distress among the medical professionals. The present study investigates the association between work-family conflict (WFC), emotional intelligence (EI), and self-efficacy (SE) among medical practitioners during COVID-19 in Pakistan.

    PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study sample included 140 medical professionals from Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Cross-section correlational research design was used, and information was gathered employing online surveys through a purposive sampling technique. The scales utilized were the WFC, EI, and SE Scale.

    RESULTS: The current study hypothesized a significant relationship between work-family conflict, general self-efficacy (GSE) and emotional intelligence among medical practitioners during COVID-19 in Pakistan. The results showed that those with more family-to-work conflict had less EI and GSE. Furthermore, findings uncovered that there is a significant positive relationship between EI and GSE.

    CONCLUSION: The findings propose that it is important for medical professionals to have a high level of EI and GSE to navigate through the WFC more healthily. In future, awareness seminars could be arranged related to EI and its significance to stimulate the psychological well-being of medical professionals. Future studies could also consider other healthcare workers, including nurses and internees doing house jobs and other medical staff, as they are also exposed to several stresses due to the workload and family demands.

  2. Tan JWC, Chew DP, Tsui KL, Tan D, Duplyakov D, Hammoudeh A, et al.
    Eur Cardiol, 2021 Feb;16:e43.
    PMID: 34815751 DOI: 10.15420/ecr.2021.35
    Advanced age, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease not only increase the risk for ischaemic events in chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) but also confer a high bleeding risk during antiplatelet therapy. These special populations may warrant modification of therapy, especially among Asians, who have displayed characteristics that are clinically distinct from Western patients. Previous guidance has been provided regarding the classification of high-risk CCS and the use of newer-generation P2Y12 inhibitors (i.e. ticagrelor and prasugrel) after acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in Asia. The authors summarise evidence on the use of these P2Y12 inhibitors during the transition from ACS to CCS and among special populations. Specifically, they present recommendations on the roles of standard dual antiplatelet therapy, shortened dual antiplatelet therapy and single antiplatelet therapy among patients with coronary artery disease, who are either transitioning from ACS to CCS; elderly; or with chronic kidney disease, diabetes, multivessel coronary artery disease and bleeding events during therapy.
  3. Saipollizan QA, Ab Majid AH
    Toxicol Rep, 2021;8:1849-1855.
    PMID: 34815950 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.11.005
    The German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), a prominent pest that requires management due to its detrimental economic and medical consequences. Several research discovered that German cockroaches were insecticide resistant, mainly commercial pesticides. One-week-old nymphs from two strains in Penang, Malaysia (Georgetown strain: EL and Greenlane strain: IC strain) were tested in the laboratory against two commercial insecticides, Cislin® 25 (deltamethrin) and Sumithion 50 (fenitrothion). The concentration of solutions used in the residual test based on the manufacturer labeling. Cislin® was tested at 1.90 ppm, 1.60 ppm, 1.30 ppm, and 1.0 ppm; Sumithion 50 was tested at 25 and 27.00 ppm, 23.00 ppm, 18.00 ppm, 14.00 ppm using the residual method. Probit analysis and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the data. Cislin® 25 and Sumithion 50 were more effective and high toxicity against the IC strain compared with the EL strain. Sumithion 50 demonstrated a fast knockdown time on cockroaches, but Cislin® 25 showed no knockdown time. Sumithion 50 showed a significant mortality rate in cockroaches within a short period of time compared to Cislin® 25. Both insecticides were found to be effective against both strains, but Sumithion 50 is more effective at controlling cockroaches than Cislin® 25.
  4. Alam S, Eslam M, Skm Hasan N, Anam K, Chowdhury MAB, Khan MAS, et al.
    JGH Open, 2021 Nov;5(11):1236-1249.
    PMID: 34816009 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12658
    The pathophysiology and risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among lean patients is poorly understood and therefore investigated. We performed a meta-analysis of observational studies. Of 1175 articles found through searching from Medline/PubMed, Banglajol, and Google Scholar by two independent investigators, 22 were selected. Data from lean (n = 6768) and obese (n = 9253) patients with NAFLD were analyzed; lean (n = 43 398) and obese (n = 9619) subjects without NAFLD served as controls. Age, body mass index, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) had significantly higher estimates in lean NAFLD patients than in lean non-NAFLD controls. Fasting blood sugar [MD(mean difference) 5.17 mg/dl, 95% CI(confidence interval) 4.14-6.16], HbA1c [MD 0.29%, 95% CI 0.11-0.48], and insulin resistance [HOMA-IR] [MD 0.49 U, 95% CI 0.29-0.68]) were higher in lean NAFLD patients than in lean non-NAFLD controls. All components of the lipid profile were raised significantly in the former group except high-density lipoprotein. An increased uric acid (UA) level was found to be associated with the presence of NAFLD among lean. Cardio-metabolic profiles of nonlean NAFLD patients significantly differs from the counter group. However, the magnitude of the difference of lipid and glycemic profile barely reached statistical significance when subjects were grouped according to lean and nonlean NAFLD. But DBP (slope: 0.19, P 
  5. Turalde CWR, Espiritu AI, Jamora RDG
    Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 2021 11;79(11):1002-1011.
    PMID: 34816988 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282X-ANP-2019-0464
    BACKGROUND: Scientific productivity on motor neuron disease (MND) research has been hypothesized to be low in Southeast Asia (SEA).

    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the scientific productivity of SEA countries on MND and the associations between research metric indices and various country-specific socioeconomic parameters.

    METHODS: We searched electronic databases for relevant articles from SEA on MND from the earliest indexed record to June 30, 2020. We obtained the following research productivity indices: bibliometric (number of publications in journals with impact factor (IF) and Scopus citations) and altmetric indices (PlumX metrics). We also collected data from published literature and reliable sources on the following socioeconomic variables: population, gross domestic product (GDP), GDP per capita, %GDP allocated for research and development (R&D) and the number of neurologists per country.

    RESULTS: We included 196 articles that satisfied our inclusion criteria. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis studies comprised the majority of the articles (n = 112; 57.1%). The top three countries in terms of the numbers of publications in journals with IF and in PlumX metrics were Singapore (n = 129), Malaysia (n = 26), and Thailand (n = 18). GDP per capita, %GDP for R&D and number of neurologists per one million population had strong positive correlations with the bibliometric and altmetric indices.

    CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights that although the scientific productivity of MND research in SEA has been low, it is continuously growing. This also emphasizes the imperative to improve economic indices and the number of neurologists in SEA to enhance scientific output on MND.

  6. Mutusamy P, Jaya Jothi S, Lee SY, Petersen B, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Clokie MRJ, et al.
    Microbiol Resour Announc, 2021 Nov 24;10(47):e0096521.
    PMID: 34817216 DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00965-21
    We characterized the complete genome sequence of the lytic Salmonella enterica bacteriophage PRF-SP1, isolated from Penang National Park, a conserved rainforest in northern Malaysia. The novel phage species from the Autographiviridae family has a 39,966-bp double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome containing 49 protein-encoding genes and shares 90.96% similarity with Escherichia phage DY1.
  7. Shukri NHM, Ying GW, Zalbahar N, Tusimin M, Nasri NM
    Nurs Res, 2021 Nov 23.
    PMID: 34818264 DOI: 10.1097/NNR.0000000000000568
    BACKGROUND: The Movement Control Order (MCO), also known as the partial lockdown, was introduced in Malaysia in March 2020 to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, changing many public-sector protocols and regulations. This may have implications for neonatal and maternity care and services, especially among new mothers.

    OBJECTIVE: To compare the postnatal experiences and feeding practices between mothers who gave birth before MCO (B-MCO) and during MCO (D-MCO).

    METHOD: 1,051 mothers with an infant under 18 months in Malaysia completed an online survey between July 2020 and October 2020. The survey advertisement was disseminated online via various social media platforms.

    RESULTS: More D-MCO mothers faced a significant effect on the ability to pay rent/mortgage, with their spouses facing a higher impact on employment. D-MCO mothers were more likely to have changed their birth plans, perceived insufficient breastfeeding support, and experienced changes in postnatal services since MCO. In contrast, more B-MCO mothers had stopped breastfeeding during the MCO and started complementary feeding earlier than planned. Many mothers reported feeling down, lonely, and having sleeping trouble and a poor appetite. D-MCO mothers had more time to focus on their health, whereas B-MCO mothers spent more time outdoors.

    DISCUSSION: MCO affected mothers' livelihood and postnatal experiences, potentially causing emotional distress. Hence, improved breastfeeding support, particularly at birth, is recommended, as is routine mental health screening during the postnatal check-up. Furthermore, since online contact was readily accessible during the pandemic, the efficacy of online breastfeeding support should be evaluated.

  8. Khan JF, Shah DM, Sivapakiam S, Mokhtar S, Subramaniam M, Raman K, et al.
    Transplantation, 2021 Dec 01;105(12):2507-2512.
    PMID: 34818304 DOI: 10.1097/TP.0000000000003591
    MeSH terms: Malaysia; Liver Transplantation*
  9. Chow TC, Zailani S, Rahman MK, Qiannan Z, Bhuiyan MA, Patwary AK
    PLoS One, 2021;16(11):e0259819.
    PMID: 34818357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259819
    This study has aimed to investigate the impact of sustainable project management on sustainable project planning and success in manufacturing firms. Data was collected from project management professionals in a manufacturing firm in Malaysia. A total of 231 responses were analyzed using the partial least square (PLS) method. The findings revealed that sustainable project management has a significant impact on sustainable project success and sustainable project planning. Sustainable project planning is positively correlated with sustainable project success. The results also indicated that sustainable project planning mediates the effect of sustainable project management on sustainable project success. The findings have significant insight into the body of knowledge of the project life cycle and indicated that sustainable project planning is a crucial tool attributed to project management towards the project success of the manufacturing firm. The results can be used as a guideline for organizations, providing direction in project management to achieve sustainable development for business.
    MeSH terms: Commerce; Humans; Malaysia; Models, Structural; Research Design; Knowledge
  10. Lau JFW, Woon YL, Leong CT, Teh HS
    Osong Public Health Res Perspect, 2021 Dec;12(6):361-373.
    PMID: 34818501 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2021.0085
    OBJECTIVE: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has set a precedent for the fastest-produced vaccine as a result of global collaboration and outreach. This study explored Malaysians' acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine and its associated factors.

    METHODS: A cross-sectional anonymous web-based survey was disseminated to Malaysian adults aged ≥18 years old via social media platforms between July 10, 2020 and August 31, 2020.

    RESULTS: In the analysis of 4,164 complete responses, 93.2% of participants indicated that they would accept the COVID-19 vaccine if it was offered for free by the Malaysian government. The median out-of-pocket cost that participants were willing to pay for a COVID-19 vaccine was Malaysian ringgit (MYR) 100 (interquartile range [IQR], 100) if it was readily available and MYR 150 (IQR, 200) if the supply was limited. Respondents with a low likelihood of vaccine hesitancy had 13 times higher odds of accepting the COVID-19 vaccine (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.69 to 19.13). High perceived risk and severity were also associated with willingness to be vaccinated, with adjusted odds ratios of 2.22 (95% CI, 1.44 to 3.41) and 2.76 (95% CI, 1.87 to 4.09), respectively. Age and ethnicity were the only independent demographic characteristics that predicted vaccine uptake.

    CONCLUSION: Public health strategies targeting perceived risk, perceived susceptibility and vaccine hesitancy could be effective in enhancing vaccine uptake.

  11. Zheng Z, Aweya JJ, Bao S, Yao D, Li S, Tran NT, et al.
    J Immunol, 2021 12 01;207(11):2733-2743.
    PMID: 34670821 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100746
    Aquatic organisms have to produce proteins or factors that help maintain a stable relationship with microbiota and prevent colonization by pathogenic microorganisms. In crustaceans and other aquatic invertebrates, relatively few of these host factors have been characterized. In this study, we show that the respiratory glycoprotein hemocyanin is a crucial host factor that modulates microbial composition and diversity in the hepatopancreas of penaeid shrimp. Diseased penaeid shrimp (Penaeus vannamei), had an empty gastrointestinal tract with atrophied hepatopancreas, expressed low hemocyanin, and high total bacterial abundance, with Vibrio as the dominant bacteria. Similarly, shrimp depleted of hemocyanin had mitochondrial depolarization, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and dysregulation of several energy metabolism-related genes. Hemocyanin silencing together with ROS scavenger (N-acetylcysteine) treatment improved microbial diversity and decreased Vibrio dominance in the hepatopancreas. However, fecal microbiota transplantation after hemocyanin knockdown could not restore the microbial composition in the hepatopancreas. Collectively, our data provide, to our knowledge, new insight into the pivotal role of hemocyanin in modulating microbial composition in penaeid shrimp hepatopancreas via its effect on mitochondrial integrity, energy metabolism, and ROS production.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Energy Metabolism; Hemocyanin/immunology; Hemocyanin/metabolism*; Penaeidae/immunology; Penaeidae/metabolism; Penaeidae/microbiology*; Hepatopancreas/immunology; Hepatopancreas/metabolism*
  12. Ramesh M, Muthuraman A
    Curr Top Med Chem, 2021;21(32):2856-2868.
    PMID: 34809547 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666211122161932
    Neuropathic pain occurs due to physical damage, injury, or dysfunction of neuronal fibers. The pathophysiology of neuropathic pain is too complex. Therefore, an accurate and reliable prediction of the appropriate hits/ligands for the treatment of neuropathic pain is a challenging process. However, computer-aided drug discovery approaches contributed significantly to discovering newer hits/ligands for the treatment of neuropathic pain. The computational approaches like homology modeling, induced-fit molecular docking, structure-activity relationships, metadynamics, and virtual screening were cited in the literature for the identification of potential hit molecules against neuropathic pain. These hit molecules act as inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, FLAT antagonists, TRPA1 modulators, voltage-gated sodium channel binder, cannabinoid receptor-2 agonists, sigma-1 receptor antagonists, etc. Sigma-1 receptor is a distinct type of opioid receptor and several patents were obtained for sigma-1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of neuropathic pain. These molecules were found to have a profound role in the management of neuropathic pain. The present review describes the validated therapeutic targets, potential chemical scaffolds, and crucial protein-ligand interactions for the management of neuropathic pain based on the recently reported computational methodologies of the present and past decades. The study can help the researcher to discover newer drugs/drug-like molecules against neuropathic pain.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Computers*; Humans; Ligands; Neuralgia/drug therapy*; Drug Design*; Drug Discovery*; Molecular Docking Simulation
  13. Swaminathan A, Abd Aziz NH, Ayub NA, Wong KK, Cheah FC
    BMC Res Notes, 2021 Nov 22;14(1):420.
    PMID: 34809696 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05842-y
    OBJECTIVE: Pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis due to Gardnerella vaginalis (GV) infection presents with a wide-ranging disease symptomatology. We speculate this may be due to interaction that varies between host immune response and the pathogen. We studied the oxidative burst in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL)s from maternal blood (MB) and cord blood (CB) upon phagocytosis of GV and compared against E. coli and Group B Streptococcus (GBS).

    RESULTS: The PHAGOBURST™ assay detects fluorescence from oxidized dihydrorhodamine during oxidative burst. The average percentage of PMNL showing oxidative burst was almost two-fold greater with GBS (99.5%) and E. coli (98.2%) than GV (56.9%) (p 

    MeSH terms: Escherichia coli; Female; Fetal Blood; Gardnerella vaginalis*; Humans; Neutrophils*; Phagocytosis; Pregnancy; Respiratory Burst
  14. Rameshkumar MR, Arunagirinathan N, Senthamilselvan B, Swathirajan CR, Solomon SS, Vignesh R, et al.
    PMID: 34810142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.11.008
    BACKGROUND: Progressive decline of immune response in HIV patients makes them susceptible to frequent bacterial infections. High usage of antibiotics influences the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria and worsens the clinical outcomes. In this study, the occurrence of drug-resistant genes in Gram-negative bacterial isolates from HIV patients in South India was analyzed.

    METHODS: A total of 173 Gram-negative bacterial (GNB) isolates from HIV patients were screened for antibiotic susceptibility profile using the Kirby-Bauer diskdiffusion method. Positivity of drug-resistant genes was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction method.

    RESULTS: In this study, 72.8% of bacterial isolates were obtained from urine specimens, and Escherichia coli (47.4%) was the predominantly isolated bacterium. Overall, 87.3% and 83.2% of GNB were resistant to 3rd generation cephalosporin antibiotics such as cefotaxime and ceftazidime, respectively, 56.6% were resistant to cephamycin (cefoxitin) and 43% to carbapenem (imipenem) antibiotics. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) production was noted among 79.5% of GNB isolates, followed by AmpC (57.1%) and Metallo β-lactamases (37.3%). Molecular analysis revealed that ESBL genes such as blaTEM (94.1%), blaCTX-M (89.2%), and blaSHV (24.2%) were detected at higher levels among GNB isolates. Carbapenemase-producing genes such as blaOXA-48 (20%), blaOXA-23 (2.6%), and both blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-51 like genes (2.6%) and AmpC producing genes such as blaCIT (26.7%), blaDHA (3.6%), and blaACC (1.8%) were detected at low-level.

    CONCLUSIONS: This study concludes that ESBL producing genes are detected at high level among gram-negative bacterial isolates from HIV patients in South India.

  15. Hamiruddin NA, Awang NA, Mohd Shahpudin SN, Zaidi NS, Said MAM, Chaplot B, et al.
    Water Sci Technol, 2021 Nov;84(9):2113-2130.
    PMID: 34810301 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.415
    Currently, research trends on aerobic granular sludge (AGS) have integrated the operating conditions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) towards the stability of AGS systems in various types of wastewater with different physical and biochemical characteristics. More attention is given to the stability of the AGS system for real site applications. Although recent studies have reported comprehensively the mechanism of AGS formation and stability in relation to other intermolecular interactions such as microbial distribution, shock loading and toxicity, standard operating condition control strategies for different types of wastewater have not yet been discussed. Thus, the dimensional multi-layer structural model of AGS is discussed comprehensively in the first part of this review paper, focusing on diameter size, thickness variability of each layer and diffusion factor. This can assist in facilitating the interrelation between disposition and stability of AGS structure to correspond to the changes in wastewater types, which is the main objective and novelty of this review.
    MeSH terms: Aerobiosis; Sewage*; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Bioreactors; Waste Water*
  16. Patil PG, Seow LL
    J Indian Prosthodont Soc, 2021 11 24;21(4):375-382.
    PMID: 34810365 DOI: 10.4103/jips.jips_328_21
    Aim: Single implant-retained mandibular overdentures (1IMO) is a viable alternative to 2 implant-retained overdentures (2IMO) in edentulous patients. However, literature lacks in the quality of life (QoL) of these patients when treated with immediate loading protocols. The purpose of this study was to compare oral health-related QoL (OHRQoL) of patients using 1IMO or 2 IMO with immediate loading protocols at 1 month and 1 year.

    Settings and Design: Randomized Controlled Trial.

    Materials and Methods: Fifty-two edentulous participants treated with mandibular overdentures using either single implant (n = 26) or two implants (n = 26) with immediate loading protocol by a single operator. The low-profile stud-attachments (LOCATOR; Zest Anchors) were attached to the implants and female attachments were picked up within 0-7 days of implant placement. The OHRQoL was recorded using Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) questionnaire either in English or in the Malay language before treatment and 1 month and 1 year after treatment.

    Statistical Analysis Used: Kruskal Wallis test was used to find out significant difference amongst 3 timepoints and 7 OHIP-14 domains and Mann-Whitney-U test to compare 1IMO or 2IMO groups.

    Results: Compared to baseline OHIP-14 scores, participants had a statistically significant decrease in total OHIP-14 at 1 month and 1 year after-treatment time points in both 1IMO and 2IMO groups (P < 0.05). The difference between 1 month and 1 year after-treatment total and subscale scores were also found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). The overall QoL improvement was comparatively higher in 2IMO group than 1IMO group. The OHIP-14 scores were statistically different within seven domains (P < 0.05). Overall total scores between 1IMO and 2IMO groups were also found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05) at baseline and insignificant (P > 0.05) at 1 month and 1 year.

    Conclusions: Mandibular single and 2IMO improve the QoL of elderly edentulous Malaysian participants at 1 month of immediate loading and 1 year of recall. 1IMO may provide comparable QoL with the elderly patients using 2 implants.

    MeSH terms: Aged; Denture, Overlay; Female; Humans; Mandible; Oral Health; Quality of Life*; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
  17. Ng PKL
    Zootaxa, 2021 Aug 06;5016(3):407-418.
    PMID: 34810440 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5016.3.6
    Two new species of the gecarcinucid freshwater crab genus Arachnothelphusa are described from the Malaysian state of Sarawak in Borneo; one from Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary and another from Bako National Park. Arachnothelphusa rimba n. sp. is distinctive in possessing very long legs and a male first gonopod which has a cylindrical proximal part of the terminal segment, with the distal part sharply tapering to an acute tip. Arachnothelphusa bako n. sp. is superficially closest to A. kadamaiana from Sabah, but differs markedly by its narrower epistome, and proportionately shorter third maxillipeds and ambulatory legs.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Borneo; Brachyura*; Malaysia; Lice Infestations*; Trees
  18. Jensen K, Pen IAM, Caira JN
    Zootaxa, 2021 Jul 12;4999(3):201-218.
    PMID: 34810491 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4999.3.1
    The Rhoptrobothriidae are one of the more enigmatic families of cestodes of elasmobranchs. Opinions on the taxonomic status of the familys three original genera (i.e., Myzophyllobothrium, Rhoptrobothrium, and Myzocephalus) have varied over the 115 years since they were erected. Some authors have considered all three valid, others have considered Rhoptrobothrium to be a synonym of Myzopyllobothrium or a genus inquirendum, yet others have considered Myzocephalus to be a synonym of the phyllobothriid genus Thysanocephalum. All three genera were established for specimens collected from eagle rays off Sri Lanka. The erection of Mixophyllobothrium for two specimens from a cowtail stingray off India three decades ago added additional confusion to the situation, with some authors considering it valid and others a synonym of Myzocephalus. These disagreements stem largely from differences in interpretation of the complex morphology of the scolex of members of these genera. Furthermore, with the exception of Rhoptrobothrium comprising four species, each genus is monotypic. All but Rhoptrobothrium has not been considered in detail for nearly a century, largely because of a lack of available material. The taxonomic status of these genera is assessed here based on light and scanning electron microscopy, and molecular data generated from new material collected from eagle rays off Indonesian and Malaysian Borneo, Japan, Sri Lanka, and Viet Nam. Morphological work indicates that the genera differ largely only in the degree of folding of the four remi that extend from the cephalic peduncle. A molecular phylogeny based on sequence data for the D1D3 region of the 28S rRNA gene, which include new data for eight specimens of four species, indicates that Myzophyllobothrium, Myzocephalus, and Rhoptrobothrium are not mutually monophyletic. The latter two genera and Mixophyllobothrium are considered synonyms of Myzophyllobothrium and five species are transferred to that genus. Myzophyllobothrium okamuri n. comb. is considered a species inquirendum. Myzophyllobothrium nagasawai n. sp. is described from Aetobatus narutobiei off Japan. Myzophyllobothrium narinari n. comb. is re-described based on newly collected cestodes from the type host and locality (i.e., Aetobatus ocellatus off Sri Lanka). Despite consisting of only a single genus, the family status of the group is retained in recognition of the unusual configuration of the scolex, which bears four biloculate bothridia and four remi extending from the cephalic peduncle. The ordinal placement of the family remains uncertain, but affinities with the Phyllobothriidea, rather than Tetraphyllidea are considered.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Fish Diseases*; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Skates (Fish)*; Elasmobranchii*
External Links