PARTICIPANTS: The sample included 69 Iranian adolescents (38 females and 31 males) aged 15-19 years from diverse cultural and societal backgrounds across various regions of Iran. 3).
RESULTS: Data were analyzed using the Colaizzi method of phenomenological analysis (Praveena & Sasikumar, 2021), resulting in six main themes and 14 sub-themes. The main themes were: (1) overwhelming emotional pain, (2) influence of traditional cultural values, (3) desire for stronger connections, (4) openness to treatment, (5) wish to improve life, and (6) feeling trapped in the present. 4).
CONCLUSIONS: This study addresses gaps in prior research and aims to advance the understanding of adolescent suicide prevention. The authors emphasize the importance of family and relational contexts in understanding suicide risk among adolescents and highlight the roles of family therapy and peer support in developing prevention and intervention strategies for at-risk youth.
METHODS: Predefined safety events were based on the known safety profile of spesolimab across all diseases investigated to date and potential risks of biological therapeutics, and included serious/severe/opportunistic infections, hypersensitivity, malignancies and peripheral neuropathy.
RESULTS: Including placebo-controlled trials and open-label periods/trials, 589 patients received ≥ 1 dose of spesolimab (772.2 patient-years; mean exposure 1.31 patient-years). Overall, 452 patients had long-term exposure (≥ 6 months) to spesolimab, with 31 patients up to ≥ 3 years. In placebo-controlled periods, 445 patients had exposure to spesolimab (162.0 patient-years; mean exposure 0.36 patient-years). Severe/serious/opportunistic infections occurred in 0-3.2% of spesolimab-treated patients and 0-14.3% of placebo-treated patients. Malignancies occurred infrequently across trials (0-6.7% in spesolimab, 0-2.3% in placebo). Peripheral neuropathy events also occurred infrequently, with single events reported in the placebo arm of EFFISAYIL® 2, and the spesolimab and placebo arms of palmoplantar pustulosis Study 2. Potential hypersensitivity events occurred in all trials, except for Crohn's disease, and were largely balanced between spesolimab (7.7-33.3%) and placebo (4.3-44.4%).
CONCLUSIONS: Across placebo-controlled periods of spesolimab trials in dermatological and non-dermatological conditions, severe/serious/opportunistic infections, malignancies and peripheral neuropathy events were low, with no evidence for an increased risk with spesolimab versus placebo. Potential hypersensitivity events were similar between spesolimab and placebo. These results support the favourable safety profile of spesolimab observed in EFFISAYIL® 2, the largest GPP trial conducted to date.
METHODS: We evaluate the ecological and epidemiological determinants influencing the distribution and transmission dynamics of P. inui among macaques while also considering the implications for human infection based on a literature review obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus.
RESULTS: Although no documented human cases have emerged in Indonesia, cases in humans have only been detected in Malaysia and Thailand, the review underscores the zoonotic risk associated with P. inui, drawing comparisons to other simian malaria species that have successfully infiltrated human populations. The lack of systematic surveillance and detailed molecular investigations concerning P. inui in these regions accentuates the imperative for further scholarly inquiry.
CONCLUSION: This review emphasizes the need for ongoing monitoring and research to enhance the understanding of zoonotic threats associated with P. inui, and informs future public health initiatives in Southeast Asia through a comprehensive evaluation of the genetic diversity of the parasite and its potential implications for public health.
METHODS: Using data from a cross-sectional study of 9,417 women living in urban or rural areas recruited through hospital- or community-based opportunistic mammography screening programs, we conducted regression and mediation analyses to identify factors contributing to the differences in MD between urban and rural populations across Asian ethnic subgroups.
RESULTS: Consistent with higher risk of breast cancer, age-and-BMI-adjusted percent and absolute MD measurements were significantly higher in women living in urban areas compared to those in rural areas. Mediation analyses showed that differences observed were partly explained by higher parity (7-9%) and breastfeeding (2-3%) among women living in rural areas. Notably, the effect of parity (number of children) was similar in Chinese and Malay women (16-17% and 7-8%, respectively), but not observed in Indian women. Hormonal use, smoking, and physical activity did not predict MD nor mediate the observed association.
CONCLUSION: Higher MD among women living in urban compared to rural areas is partially attributable to parity and breastfeeding practices, a significant proportion of attributable risk remains unknown.
OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the combined effects of WBVT and rehabilitation exercise on pain, physical function, and disability in KOA management through a systematic review and meta-analysis.
METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted across eight electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, PEDro, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure) up to February 2024. Inclusion criteria were (i) randomized controlled trials comparing combined WBVT and rehabilitation exercise versus rehabilitation alone in KOA (ii) reported clinical outcomes (iii) human studies, and (iv) publications in English or Chinese. Trial quality was assessed using the PEDro scale and Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. The meta-analysis employed random-effects models in Review Manager 5.3 to account for heterogeneity, supported by sensitivity analyses for robustness and subgroup analyses on WBVT frequency effects.
RESULTS: Sixteen RCTs comprising 589 participants were included. The systematic review found that WBVT combined with conventional rehabilitation significantly reduced pain and improved physical function in KOA patients. The meta-analysis quantified these effects, showing that WBVT significantly (i) reduced knee pain (MD = -0.43, 95% CI [-0.70, -0.16], p = 0.002), with greater reductions observed from high-frequency WBVT, and (ii) increased isokinetic knee peak torque compared to rehabilitation exercise alone. No significant differences were found in balance, functional mobility, and disability outcomes. Sensitivity analysis of high-quality trials supported these results. However, the heterogeneity among studies and variations in control group interventions warrant cautious interpretation.
CONCLUSION: WBVT seems to be effective in reducing pain and enhancing muscle strength in KOA patients when used in conjunction with conventional rehabilitation. Future high-quality RCTs must standardize WBVT protocols, emphasize long-term follow-up, and refine dosage for clinically meaningful outcomes. Systematic review registration: International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO CRD42024508386).
METHODS: Sleep disturbances were measured in a sample of 65 youth with DS aged 6-17 years using the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) and actigraph watches assessing sleep efficiency, sleep duration and wake after sleep onset. Behavioural challenges were evaluated through externalising and internalising subscales of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and of the Scales of Independent Behavior, Revised (SIB-R).
RESULTS: The findings demonstrated that over a period of time, sleep problems are significantly associated with both externalising and internalising behaviours as measured by CSHQ and CBCL, even after accounting for the effects of IQ and SIB-R Broad Independence. No significant correlations were observed on a daily basis over seven consecutive days, as measured by actigraphy and both externalising and internalising indices of SIB-R.
CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the complexity of the sleep-behaviour relationship in DS, indicating that while chronic sleep issues impact long-term behaviours, nightly variations do not predict immediate behavioural changes.
AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aims to evaluate newly derived compounds from Garcinia cowa Roxb., focusing on their ADMET profiles (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) and anti-inflammatory bioactivity. The assessment will be carried out using a combination of in silico and in vitro experiments to determine their pharmacological potential as anti-inflammatory agents.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Isolation of compounds from Garcinia cowa Roxb. was carried out using column chromatography, purified with radial chromatography, and recycling HPLC. The compounds' structures were evaluated for their ADMET profiles and anti-inflammatory bioactivity using the NF-ĸB protein (PDB Code: 2RAM) as the target. The in vitro experiment was conducted using Raw 264.7 macrophages cell to assess cytotoxicity, phagocytic activity, IL-6, and TNF-α secretion. The determination of the anti-inflammatory mechanism is carried out by testing the activity of NF-ĸB and IKB-α using the western blot method.
RESULTS: We successfully analyzed the structure of a new compound from the bark of Garcinia cowa Roxb., named Garciacowanin (NC). In silico analysis suggests that the drug shows promising absorption potential, there are concerns related to its metabolism and toxicity that warrant further investigation during the development process and does not show mutagenic properties based on the negative AMES test results. There is a risk of hepatotoxicity (liver damage) and the drug can also interfere with the hERG II ion channel, which can cause side effects on the heart. The compound can affect the NF-ĸB protein, while in vitro studies have demonstrated its ability to suppress phagocytic activity, as well as the production of IL-6 and TNF-α. Western blot analysis suggests that NC's anti-inflammatory mechanism functions via the NF-ĸB signaling pathway.
CONCLUSION: NC has the potential to be developed as an anti-inflammatory agent with a mechanism of inhibiting the inflammatory response through the NF-ĸB signaling pathway.
METHOD: The study employed a qualitative descriptive research design. Fifteen experienced participants were selected through purposive sampling to take part in three focus group discussions. Each focus group consisted of 4 to 6 participants, with the mean age of the participants being (mean ± SD = 47.5 ± 5.90). The majority were females (n = 12, 80%) and males (n = 3, 20%) involved in hospital food service, including catering officers, assistant catering officers, dietitians, nurse managers, and researchers or academicians who participated in three focus group discussions.
RESULTS: A total of five major challenges in hospital food service including a) shortcomings in hospital foodservice management systems and policies; b) patients' meal experiences and dietary practices during hospital stay; c) insufficient training, awareness, and resources in food waste management; d) insufficient menu variety and lack of patient choice across different ward classes; and e) lack of staff engagement and accountability in addressing food waste and enhancing patient meal care. Subsequently, a total of six major actionable intervention strategies for food waste reduction were identified, namely: a) optimising meal ordering systems and implementing centralised plating; b) enhancing communication in food waste management; c) enforcing appropriate portion control, improving food quality and presentation; d) strategic menu planning; e) staff training programs aimed at reducing waste; and f) improving work performance.
CONCLUSION: To reduce food waste in Malaysian hospital foodservices, it is crucial to address challenges through targeted strategies, develop tools, and provide training for foodservice staff and nurses. The assessment data will guide tailored interventions to promote sustainability, improve food service efficiency, and enhance patient satisfaction.