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Graphene Oxide⁻PEG⁻Protocatechuic Acid Nanocomposite Formulation with Improved Anticancer Properties

Saifullah B 1 , Buskaran K 2 , Shaikh RB 3 , Barahuie F 4 , Fakurazi S 5 , Mohd Moklas MA 6 Show all authors , Hussein MZ 7

Affiliations 

  • 1 Laboratory for Vaccine and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Biosciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia. bullosaif1@gmail.com
  • 2 Laboratory for Vaccine and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Biosciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia. vaneey_88@yahoo.com
  • 3 Education Department, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur 65200, Sindh, Pakistan. rabia.shaikh@iba-sukkur.edu.pk
  • 4 Faculty of Industry and Mining, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan 98167, Sistan and Bauchetan, Iran. farahnaz.barahuie@gmail.com
  • 5 Laboratory for Vaccine and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Biosciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia. sharida@upm.edu.my
  • 6 Department of Human Anatomy Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia. aris@upm.edu.my
  • 7 Material Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia. mzobir@upm.edu.my
Nanomaterials (Basel), 2018 Oct 11;8(10).
PMID: 30314340 DOI: 10.3390/nano8100820

Abstract

The treatment of cancer through chemotherapy is limited by its toxicity to healthy tissues and organs, and its inability to target the cancer site. In this study, we have designed an anticancer nanocomposite delivery system for protocatechuic acid (PCA) using graphene oxide⁻polyethylene glycol as the nanocarrier, and coated with folic acid (GO⁻PEG⁻PCA⁻FA) for targeting the cancer cells. The designed anticancer delivery system was found to show much better anticancer activity than the free drug PCA against liver cancer HEP-G2 cells and human colon cancer HT-29 cells; at same time, it was found to be less toxic to normal fibroblast 3T3 cells. The folate-coated anticancer delivery system was found to show better activity then the free drug and the uncoated anticancer delivery system. The in vitro release of the PCA was found to be sustained in human physiological pHs, i.e., blood pH 7.4 and intracellular lysosomal pH 4.8. These in vitro findings are highly encouraging for further in vivo evaluation studies.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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