MATERIALS AND METHODS: The extracts were obtained sequentially with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and water using Soxhlet apparatus. The anti-inflammatory property of the identified compounds using GC- MS spectroscopy was evaluated in silico. The antioxidant activity was performed by DPPH and H2O2 method whereas anti-inflammatory study was carried out by HRBC membrane stabilization method. Terpenoids were found to be a major constituents in petroleum ether extract while, phenols and flavonoids were predominantly found in ethyl acetate extract.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The GC-MS analysis of the extract revealed six major molecules including Squalene, 19β, 28-epoxyleanan-3-ol and 2-tu-Butyl-5-chloromethyl-3-methyl-4-oxoimidazolidine- 1-carboxylic acid. The ethyl acetate extract showed a significant antioxidant activity (P<0.01) in both DPPH method (70.87%) and H2O2 method (73.58%) at 200 μg mL-1. Increased membrane stabilization of petroleum ether extract was observed in the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity study. A strong relationship between the terpenoid content and anti-inflammatory activity was obtained from the correlation (0.971) and docking study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to comprehensively explore the diverse mechanisms of cancer drug resistance, assess the evolution of resistance detection methods, and identify strategies for overcoming this challenge. The evolution of resistance detection methods and identification strategies for overcoming the challenge.

METHODS: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to analyze intrinsic and acquired drug resistance mechanisms, including altered drug efflux, reduced uptake, inactivation, target mutations, signaling pathway changes, apoptotic defects, and cellular plasticity. The evolution of mutation detection techniques, encompassing clinical predictions, experimental approaches, and computational methods, was investigated. Strategies to enhance drug efficacy, modify pharmacokinetics, optimizoptimizee binding modes, and explore alternate protein folding states were examined.

RESULTS: The study comprehensively overviews the intricate mechanisms contributing to cancer drug resistance. It outlines the progression of mutation detection methods and underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches. Strategies to overcome drug resistance challenges, such as modulating ATP-binding cassette transporters and developing multidrug resistance inhibitors, are discussed. The study underscores the critical need for continued research to enhance cancer treatment efficacy.

INTRODUCTION: Cyclooligopeptides and depsipeptides, particularly cyanobacteria-derived thiazoline-based polypeptides (CTBCs), exhibit a wide array of pharmacological activities due to their unique structural features and interesting bioactions, which furnish them as promising leads for drug discovery.

METHODS: In the present study, we comprehensively review the natural sources, distinguishing chemistries, and pertinent bioprofiles of CTBCs. We analyze their structural peculiarities counting the mode of actions for biological portrayals which render CTBCs as indispensable sources for emergence of prospective peptide-based therapeutics. In this milieu, metal organic frameworks and their biomedical applications are also briefly discussed. To boot, the challenges, approaches, and clinical status of peptide-based therapeutics are conferred.

RESULTS: Based on these analyses, CTBCs can be appraised as ideal drug targets that have always remained a challenge for traditional small molecules, like those involved in protein- protein interactions or to be developed as potential cancer-targeting nanomaterials. Cyclization-induced reduced conformational freedom of these cyclooligopeptides contribute to improved metabolic stability and binding affinity to their molecular targets. Clinical success of several cyclic peptides provokes the large library-screening and synthesis of natural product-like cyclic peptides to address the unmet medical needs.