Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 90 in total

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  1. Fulltext Robust digit recognition with dynamic time warping and recursive least squares
    Al-Haddad, S.A.R., Samad, S.A., Hussain, A., Ishak, K.A., Noor, A.O.A.
    ASM Science Journal, 2008;2(1):75-81.
    MyJurnal
    Robustness is a key issue in speech recognition. A speech recognition algorithm for Malay digits from zero to nine and an algorithm for noise cancellation by using recursive least squares (RLS) is proposed in this article. This system consisted of speech processing inclusive of digit margin and recognition using zero crossing and energy calculations. Mel-frequency cepstral coefficient vectors were used to provide an estimate of the vocal tract filter. Meanwhile dynamic time warping was used to detect the nearest recorded voice with appropriate global constraint. The global constraint was used to set a valid search region because the variation of the speech rate of the speaker was considered to be limited in a reasonable range which meant that it could prune the unreasonable search space. The algorithm was tested on speech samples that were recorded as part of a Malay corpus. The results showed that the algorithm managed to recognize almost 80.5% of the Malay digits for all recorded words. The addition of a RLS noise canceller in the preprocessing stage increased the accuracy to 94.1%.
  2. Fulltext Ambient noise reduction using improved least mean square adaptive filtering
    Noor, A.O.A., Samad, S.A., Hussain, A.
    ASM Science Journal, 2010;4(2):133-141.
    MyJurnal
    In this paper, an improved method of reducing ambient noise in speech signals is introduced. The proposed noise canceller was developed using a computationally efficient (DFT) filter bank to decompose input signals into sub-bands. The filter bank was based on a prototype filter optimized for minimum output distortion. A variable step-size version of the (LMS) filter was used to reduce the noise in individual branches. The subband noise canceller was aimed to overcome problems associated with the use of the conventional least mean square (LMS) adaptive algorithm in noise cancellation setups. Mean square error convergence was used as a measure of performance under white and ambient interferences. Compared to conventional as well as recently developed techniques, fast initial convergence and better noise cancellation performances were obtained under actual speech and ambient noise.
  3. Enhanced optical flow field of left ventricular motion using quasi-Gaussian DCT filter
    Riyadi S, Mustafa MM, Hussain A, Maskon O, Nor IF
    Adv Exp Med Biol, 2011;696:461-9.
    PMID: 21431586 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7046-6_46
    Left ventricular motion estimation is very important for diagnosing cardiac abnormality. One of the popular techniques, optical flow technique, promises useful results for motion quantification. However, optical flow technique often failed to provide smooth vector field due to the complexity of cardiac motion and the presence of speckle noise. This chapter proposed a new filtering technique, called quasi-Gaussian discrete cosine transform (QGDCT)-based filter, to enhance the optical flow field for myocardial motion estimation. Even though Gaussian filter and DCT concept have been implemented in other previous researches, this filter introduces a different approach of Gaussian filter model based on high frequency properties of cosine function. The QGDCT is a customized quasi discrete Gaussian filter in which its coefficients are derived from a selected two-dimensional DCT. This filter was implemented before and after the computation of optical flow to reduce the speckle noise and to improve the flow field smoothness, respectively. The algorithm was first validated on synthetic echocardiography image that simulates a contracting myocardium motion. Subsequently, this method was also implemented on clinical echocardiography images. To evaluate the performance of the technique, several quantitative measurements such as magnitude error, angular error, and standard error of measurement are computed and analyzed. The final motion estimation results were in good agreement with the physician manual interpretation.
  4. On the use of collinear and triangle equation for automatic segmentation and boundary detection of cardiac cavity images
    Sigit R, Mustafa MM, Hussain A, Maskon O, Nor IF
    Adv Exp Med Biol, 2011;696:481-8.
    PMID: 21431588 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7046-6_48
    In this chapter, the computational biology of cardiac cavity images is proposed. The method uses collinear and triangle equation algorithms to detect and reconstruct the boundary of the cardiac cavity. The first step involves high boost filter to enhance the high frequency component without affecting the low frequency component. Second, the morphological and thresholding operators are applied to the image to eliminate noise and convert the image into a binary image. Next, the edge detection is performed using the negative Laplacian filter and followed by region filtering. Finally, the collinear and triangle equations are used to detect and reconstruct the more precise cavity boundary. Results obtained have proved that this technique is able to perform better segmentation and detection of the boundary of cardiac cavity from echocardiographic images.
  5. Radioprotective Role of Natural Polyphenols: From Sources to Mechanisms
    Adnan M, Rasul A, Shah MA, Hussain G, Asrar M, Riaz A, et al.
    Anticancer Agents Med Chem, 2022;22(1):30-39.
    PMID: 33874875 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210419095829
    The identification and development of radioprotective agents have emerged as a subject matter of research during recent years due to the growing usage of ionizing radiation in different areas of human life. Previous work on synthetic radioprotectors has achieved limited progress because of the numerous issues associated with toxicity. Compounds extracted from plants have the potential to serve as lead candidates for developing ideal radioprotectors due to their low cost, safety, and selectivity. Polyphenols are the most abundant and commonly dispersed group of biologically active molecules possessing a broad range of pharmacological activities. Polyphenols have displayed efficacy for radioprotection during various investigations and can be administered at high doses with lesser toxicity. Detoxification of free radicals, modulating inflammatory responses, DNA repair, stimulation of hematopoietic recovery, and immune functions are the main mechanisms for radiation protection with polyphenols. Epicatechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, apigenin, caffeic acid phenylethylester, and silibinin provide cytoprotection together with the suppression of many pro-inflammatory cytokines owing to their free radical scavenging, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, gallic acid, and rutin's radioprotective properties are regulated primarily by the direct or indirect decline in cellular stress. Thus, polyphenols may serve as potential candidates for radioprotection in the near future; however, extensive investigations are still required to better understand their protection mechanisms.
  6. Fulltext Identifying Mucormycosis Severity in Indian COVID-19 Patients: A Nano-Based Diagnosis and the Necessity for Critical Therapeutic Intervention
    Asdaq SMB, Rajan A, Damodaran A, Kamath SR, Nair KS, Zachariah SM, et al.
    Antibiotics (Basel), 2021 Oct 27;10(11).
    PMID: 34827246 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111308
    The COVID-19 infection caused by the new SARS-CoV-2 virus has been linked to a broad spectrum of symptoms, from a mild cough to life-threatening pneumonia. As we learn more about this unusual COVID-19 epidemic, new issues are emerging and being reported daily. Mucormycosis, also known as zygomycosis or phycomycosis, causes severe fungal illness to individuals with a weakened immune system. It is a devastating fungal infection, and the most frequent kind is the rhino cerebral type. As a devastating second wave of COVID-19 sweeps India, doctors report several instances involving a strange illness-sometimes known as the "black fungus"-among returning and recovered COVID-19 patients. This paper analyzes the existing statistical data to address the severity of prevalence and further notes the nano-based diagnostic parameters, clinical presentations, its connection with other conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and GI disorders, and the importance of anti-fungal therapy in treating the same. Anti-fungal therapies, as well as surgical interventions, are currently used for the treatment of the disease. Proper and timely diagnosis is necessary, along with the reduction in the spread of COVID-19. From the review, it was found that timely pharmacologic interventions and early diagnosis by using a nano-based diagnostic kit can help control the disease. Additionally, this paper provides novel information about the nanotechnology approaches such as fungal detection biosensors, nucleic acids-based testing, point-of-care tests, and galactomannans detection, in the diagnosis of mucormycosis, and thereby reinforces the need for further research on the topic.
  7. Fulltext Genotypic and phenotypic profiles of Escherichia coli isolates belonging to clinical sequence type 131 (ST131), clinical non-ST131, and fecal non-ST131 lineages from India
    Hussain A, Ranjan A, Nandanwar N, Babbar A, Jadhav S, Ahmed N
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2014 Dec;58(12):7240-9.
    PMID: 25246402 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.03320-14
    In view of the epidemiological success of CTX-M-15-producing lineages of Escherichia coli and particularly of sequence type 131 (ST131), it is of significant interest to explore its prevalence in countries such as India and to determine if antibiotic resistance, virulence, metabolic potential, and/or the genetic architecture of the ST131 isolates differ from those of non-ST131 isolates. A collection of 126 E. coli isolates comprising 43 ST131 E. coli, 40 non-ST131 E. coli, and 43 fecal E. coli isolates collected from a tertiary care hospital in India was analyzed. These isolates were subjected to enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-based fingerprinting, O typing, phylogenetic grouping, antibiotic sensitivity testing, and virulence and antimicrobial resistance gene (VAG) detection. Representative isolates from this collection were also analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), conjugation, metabolic profiling, biofilm production assay, and zebra fish lethality assay. All of the 43 ST131 E. coli isolates were exclusively associated with phylogenetic group B2 (100%), while most of the clinical non-ST131 and stool non-ST131 E. coli isolates were affiliated with the B2 (38%) and A (58%) phylogenetic groups, respectively. Significantly greater proportions of ST131 isolates (58%) than non-ST131 isolates (clinical and stool E. coli isolates, 5% each) were technically identified to be extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). The clinical ST131, clinical non-ST131, and stool non-ST131 E. coli isolates exhibited high rates of multidrug resistance (95%, 91%, and 91%, respectively), extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL) production (86%, 83%, and 91%, respectively), and metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) production (28%, 33%, and 0%, respectively). CTX-M-15 was strongly linked with ESBL production in ST131 isolates (93%), whereas CTX-M-15 plus TEM were present in clinical and stool non-ST131 E. coli isolates. Using MLST, we confirmed the presence of two NDM-1-positive ST131 E. coli isolates. The aggregate bioscores (metabolite utilization) for ST131, clinical non-ST131, and stool non-ST131 E. coli isolates were 53%, 52%, and 49%, respectively. The ST131 isolates were moderate biofilm producers and were more highly virulent in zebra fish than non-ST131 isolates. According to ERIC-based fingerprinting, the ST131 strains were more genetically similar, and this was subsequently followed by the genetic similarity of clinical non-ST131 and stool non-ST131 E. coli strains. In conclusion, our data provide novel insights into aspects of the fitness advantage of E. coli lineage ST131 and suggest that a number of factors are likely involved in the worldwide dissemination of and infections due to ST131 E. coli isolates.
  8. Fulltext Quantification of Berberine in Berberis vulgaris L. Root Extract and Its Curative and Prophylactic Role in Cisplatin-Induced In Vivo Toxicity and In Vitro Cytotoxicity
    Ahmad S, Hussain A, Hussain A, Abdullah I, Ali MS, Froeyen M, et al.
    Antioxidants (Basel), 2019 Jun 19;8(6).
    PMID: 31248160 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060185
    Cisplatin is amongst the most potent chemotherapeutic drugs with applications in more than 50% of cancer treatments, but dose-dependent side effects limit its usefulness. Berberis vulgaris L. (B. vulgaris) has a proven role in several therapeutic applications in the traditional medicinal system. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to quantify berberine, a potent alkaloid in the methanolic root extract of B. vulgaris (BvRE). Berberine chloride in BvRE was found to be 10.29% w/w. To assess the prophylactic and curative protective effects of BvRE on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and hyperlipidemia, in vivo toxicity trials were carried out on 25 healthy male albino Wistar rats (130-180 g). Both prophylactic and curative trials included a single dose of cisplatin (4 mg/kg, i.p.) and nine doses of BvRE (500 mg/kg/day, orally). An array of marked toxicity effects appeared in response to cisplatin dosage evident by morphological condition, biochemical analysis of serum (urea, creatinine, total protein, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, total cholesterol, and triglyceride), and organ tissue homogenates (malondialdehyde and catalase). Statistically-significant (p < 0.05) variations were observed in various parameters. Moreover, histological studies of liver and kidney tissues revealed that the protective effect of BvRE effectively minimized and reversed nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, and hyperlipidemic effects caused by cisplatin in both prophylactic and curative groups with relatively promising ameliorative effects in the prophylactic regimen. The in vitro cell viability effect of cisplatin, BvRE, and their combination was determined on HeLa cells using the tetrazolium (MTT) assay. MTT clearly corroborated that HeLa cells appeared to be less sensitive to cisplatin and berberine individually, while the combination of both at the same concentrations resulted in growth inhibition of HeLa cells in a remarkable synergistic way. The present study validated the use of BvRE as a protective agent in combination therapy with cisplatin.
  9. Computed and conventional chest radiography: a comparison of image quality and radiation dose
    Ramli K, Abdullah BJ, Ng KH, Mahmud R, Hussain AF
    Australas Radiol, 2005 Dec;49(6):460-6.
    PMID: 16351609
    The aim of this study was to compare the image quality and entrance skin dose (ESD) for film-screen and computed chest radiography. Analysis of the image quality and dose on chest radiography was carried out on a conventional X-ray unit using film-screen, storage phosphor plates and selenium drum direct chest radiography. For each receptor, ESD was measured in 60 patients using thermoluminescent dosemeters. Images were printed on 35 x 43 cm films. Image quality was assessed subjectively by evaluation of anatomic features and estimation of the image quality, following the guidelines established by the protocols of the Commission of the European Communities. There was no statistically significant difference noted between the computed and conventional images (Wilcoxon rank sum test, P > 0.05). Imaging of the mediastinum and peripheral lung structures were better visualized with the storage phosphor and selenium drum technique than with the film-screen combination. The patients' mean ESD for chest radiography using the storage phosphor, film-screen combination and selenium drum was 0.20, 0.20 and 0.25 mGy, respectively, with no statistically significant difference with P > 0.05 (chi(2) tests).
  10. Fulltext New challenges in the use of nanomedicine in cancer therapy
    Rasool M, Malik A, Waquar S, Arooj M, Zahid S, Asif M, et al.
    Bioengineered, 2022 Jan;13(1):759-773.
    PMID: 34856849 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2012907
    Nanomedicines are applied as alternative treatments for anticancer agents. For the treatment of cancer, due to the small size in nanometers (nm), specific site targeting can be achieved with the use of nanomedicines, increasing their bioavailability and conferring fewer toxic side effects. Additionally, the use of minute amounts of drugs can lead to cost savings. In addition, nanotechnology is effectively applied in the preparation of such drugs as they are in nm sizes, considered one of the earliest cutoff values for the production of products utilized in nanotechnology. Early concepts described gold nanoshells as one of the successful therapies for cancer and associated diseases where the benefits of nanomedicine include effective active or passive targeting. Common medicines are degraded at a higher rate, whereas the degradation of macromolecules is time-consuming. All of the discussed properties are responsible for executing the physiological behaviors occurring at the following scale, depending on the geometry. Finally, large nanomaterials based on organic, lipid, inorganic, protein, and synthetic polymers have also been utilized to develop novel cancer cures.
  11. Boric Acid (Boron) Attenuates AOM-Induced Colorectal Cancer in Rats by Augmentation of Apoptotic and Antioxidant Mechanisms
    Jabbar AAJ, Alamri ZZ, Abdulla MA, Salehen NA, Ibrahim IAA, Hassan RR, et al.
    Biol Trace Elem Res, 2024 Jun;202(6):2702-2719.
    PMID: 37770673 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03864-0
    Boric acid (BA) is a naturally occurring weak Lewis acid containing boron, oxygen, and hydrogen elements that can be found in water, soil, and plants. Because of its numerous biological potentials including anti-proliferation actions, the present investigates the chemopreventive possessions of BA on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in rats. Thirty laboratory rats were divided into 5 groups: negative control (A) received two subcutaneous inoculations of normal saline and nourished on 10% Tween 20; groups B-E had two injections of 15 mg/kg azoxymethane followed by ingestion of 10% Tween 20 (B, cancer control), inoculation with intraperitoneal 35 mg/kg 5-fluorouracil injection (C, reference group), or ingested with boric acid 30 mg/kg (D) and 60 mg/kg (E). The gross morphology results showed significantly increased total colonic ACF in cancer controls, while BA treatment caused a significant reduction of ACF values. Histopathological evaluation of colons from cancer controls showed bizarrely elongated nuclei, stratified cells, and higher depletion of the submucosal glands than that of BA-treated groups. Boric acid treatment up-surged the pro-apoptotic (Bax) expression and reduced anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) protein expressions. Moreover, BA ingestion caused upregulation of antioxidant enzymes (GPx, SOD, CAT), and lowered MDA contents in colon tissue homogenates. Boric acid-treated rats had significantly lower pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and higher anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) based on serum analysis. The colorectal cancer attenuation by BA is shown by the reduced ACF numbers, anticipated by its regulatory potentials on the apoptotic proteins, antioxidants, and inflammatory cytokines originating from AOM-induced oxidative damage.
  12. Fulltext Design and development of a content-based medical image retrieval system for spine vertebrae irregularity
    Mustapha A, Hussain A, Samad SA, Zulkifley MA, Diyana Wan Zaki WM, Hamid HA
    Biomed Eng Online, 2015;14:6.
    PMID: 25595511 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925X-14-6
    Content-based medical image retrieval (CBMIR) system enables medical practitioners to perform fast diagnosis through quantitative assessment of the visual information of various modalities.
  13. Fulltext Energy harvesting for the implantable biomedical devices: issues and challenges
    Hannan MA, Mutashar S, Samad SA, Hussain A
    Biomed Eng Online, 2014;13:79.
    PMID: 24950601 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925X-13-79
    The development of implanted devices is essential because of their direct effect on the lives and safety of humanity. This paper presents the current issues and challenges related to all methods used to harvest energy for implantable biomedical devices. The advantages, disadvantages, and future trends of each method are discussed. The concept of harvesting energy from environmental sources and human body motion for implantable devices has gained a new relevance. In this review, the harvesting kinetic, electromagnetic, thermal and infrared radiant energies are discussed. Current issues and challenges related to the typical applications of these methods for energy harvesting are illustrated. Suggestions and discussion of the progress of research on implantable devices are also provided. This review is expected to increase research efforts to develop the battery-less implantable devices with reduced over hole size, low power, high efficiency, high data rate, and improved reliability and feasibility. Based on current literature, we believe that the inductive coupling link is the suitable method to be used to power the battery-less devices. Therefore, in this study, the power efficiency of the inductive coupling method is validated by MATLAB based on suggested values. By further researching and improvements, in the future the implantable and portable medical devices are expected to be free of batteries.
  14. Fulltext A comparison between low-dose and standard-dose non-contrasted multidetector CT scanning of the paranasal sinuses
    Lam S, Bux S, Kumar G, Ng Kh, Hussain A
    Biomed Imaging Interv J, 2009 Jul;5(3):e13.
    PMID: 21611051 MyJurnal DOI: 10.2349/biij.5.3.e13
    To compare the image quality of the low-dose to the standard-dose protocol of MDCT scanning of the paranasal sinuses, based on subjective assessment and determine the radiation doses to the eyes and thyroid gland and dose reduction between these two protocols.
  15. Fulltext Cutaneous leishmaniasis-Awareness, knowledge and practices among general population in rural and urban areas in Malakand region, Pakistan
    Khan W, Khan I, Ullah H, Zain SNM, Panhwar WA, Mehmood SA, et al.
    Braz J Biol, 2021;82:e238665.
    PMID: 33787717 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.238665
    Malakand region is an endemic area for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). However, there are limited number of studies of this disease in Pakistan. Therefore, a study was conducted to understand the level of awareness attitude and practice among the residents of Makaland towards CL and the disease vectors. This study adopted a cross-sectional approach with a total of 400 respondents (n=93 rural and n= 307 urban). Overall, the population in Malakand region (61.2%) were well-informed in the role of sand fly in transmitting diseases, but most lack knowledge on the vector's behavior and almost a quarter (24.5%) were unable to provide knowledge on proper control measures. Alarmingly, the practice and attitudes of the general population was not satisfactory as close to half (49.8%) of the population did adopt any control method. This study calls for increase in awareness through health education campaign to reduce the risk of cutaneous leishmaniasis outbreaks in the future.
  16. Transition metal-based electrocatalysts for alkaline overall water splitting: advancements, challenges, and perspectives
    Lakhan MN, Hanan A, Hussain A, Ali Soomro I, Wang Y, Ahmed M, et al.
    Chem Commun (Camb), 2024 Apr 16.
    PMID: 38625567 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06015b
    Water electrolysis is a promising method for efficiently producing hydrogen and oxygen, crucial for renewable energy conversion and fuel cell technologies. The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are two key electrocatalytic reactions occurring during water splitting, necessitating the development of active, stable, and low-cost electrocatalysts. Transition metal (TM)-based electrocatalysts, spanning noble metals and TM oxides, phosphides, nitrides, carbides, borides, chalcogenides, and dichalcogenides, have garnered significant attention due to their outstanding characteristics, including high electronic conductivity, tunable valence electron configuration, high stability, and cost-effectiveness. This timely review discusses developments in TM-based electrocatalysts for the HER and OER in alkaline media in the last 10 years, revealing that the exposure of more accessible surface-active sites, specific electronic effects, and string effects are essential for the development of efficient electrocatalysts towards electrochemical water splitting application. This comprehensive review serves as a guide for designing and constructing state-of-the-art, high-performance bifunctional electrocatalysts based on TMs, particularly for applications in water splitting.
  17. Fulltext Assessment of Parents' Perceptions of Childhood Immunization: A Cross-Sectional Study from Pakistan
    Hussain A, Zahid A, Malik M, Ansari M, Vaismoradi M, Aslam A, et al.
    Children (Basel), 2021 Nov 04;8(11).
    PMID: 34828720 DOI: 10.3390/children8111007
    Immunization is one of the most cost-effective public health interventions, with considerable impacts on people's health. Parents' perception of their knowledge, attitude, and satisfaction is an important factor, as they may be targeted by interventions for better immunization coverage. Therefore, this study aimed to assess parents' perceptions in terms of their knowledge, attitude, and satisfaction of the immunization of their children aged less than two years of age, in two cities of Pakistan. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the vicinity of Rawalpindi and Islamabad from March to August 2019. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for the data collection on a convenient sample of parents. The questionnaire was hand-delivered to the parents by data collectors. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis via SPSS version 22. A total of n = 382 respondents were included in the data analysis. Statistically significant differences were found between the parents' knowledge scores and their education levels and monthly incomes (p < 0.05). Parents with master's education degrees and low monthly incomes had significantly better knowledge (p < 0.05). Additionally, 96.85% of the respondents believed that child immunization was important. In addition, more than half of the respondents (57.58%) thought that the affordability of vaccines was a principal factor for delays in immunization. Although the parents' knowledge regarding the immunization of their children was not adequate, they had positive perceptions toward it.
  18. Acute pancreatitis associated with the antibiotic levofloxacin: A rare case report
    Inban P, Gulla V, Devani A, Akuma CM, Gowthavaram CA, Hussain A, et al.
    Clin Case Rep, 2023 Dec;11(12):e8186.
    PMID: 38033693 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.8186
    Drug-induced acute pancreatitis is a potentially ignored diagnosis that must be precisely valued. Drug-induced acute pancreatitis can be considered the third common cause of acute pancreatitis after ruling out alcohol and gallstones. Levofloxacin belongs to a class of fluoroquinolone antibiotics used for treating various infections. Besides photosensitivity and liver toxicity, levofloxacin can induce acute pancreatitis, although rarely described. We highlight a case of acute pancreatitis in a female induced by levofloxacin. She presented with typical signs and symptoms of acute pancreatitis and had been taking levofloxacin for urinary tract infections for the last 3 days. After ruling out all other possible causes, her clinical picture, laboratory results, and imaging findings confirmed acute pancreatitis induced by levofloxacin.
  19. Automated pterygium detection method of anterior segment photographed images
    Wan Zaki WMD, Mat Daud M, Abdani SR, Hussain A, Mutalib HA
    Comput Methods Programs Biomed, 2018 Feb;154:71-78.
    PMID: 29249348 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2017.10.026
    BACKGROUND AND BJECTIVE: Pterygium is an ocular disease caused by fibrovascular tissue encroachment onto the corneal region. The tissue may cause vision blurring if it grows into the pupil region. In this study, we propose an automatic detection method to differentiate pterygium from non-pterygium (normal) cases on the basis of frontal eye photographed images, also known as anterior segment photographed images.

    METHODS: The pterygium screening system was tested on two normal eye databases (UBIRIS and MILES) and two pterygium databases (Australia Pterygium and Brazil Pterygium). This system comprises four modules: (i) a preprocessing module to enhance the pterygium tissue using HSV-Sigmoid; (ii) a segmentation module to differentiate the corneal region and the pterygium tissue; (iii) a feature extraction module to extract corneal features using circularity ratio, Haralick's circularity, eccentricity, and solidity; and (iv) a classification module to identify the presence or absence of pterygium. System performance was evaluated using support vector machine (SVM) and artificial neural network.

    RESULTS: The three-step frame differencing technique was introduced in the corneal segmentation module. The output image successfully covered the region of interest with an average accuracy of 0.9127. The performance of the proposed system using SVM provided the most promising results of 88.7%, 88.3%, and 95.6% for sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve, respectively.

    CONCLUSION: A basic platform for computer-aided pterygium screening was successfully developed using the proposed modules. The proposed system can classify pterygium and non-pterygium cases reasonably well. In our future work, a standard grading system will be developed to identify the severity of pterygium cases. This system is expected to increase the awareness of communities in rural areas on pterygium.

  20. Numerical investigation of treated brain glioma model using a two-stage successive over-relaxation method
    Hussain A, Muthuvalu MS, Faye I, Zafar M, Inc M, Afzal F, et al.
    Comput Biol Med, 2023 Feb;153:106429.
    PMID: 36587570 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106429
    A brain tumor is a dynamic system in which cells develop rapidly and abnormally, as is the case with most cancers. Cancer develops in the brain or inside the skull when aberrant and odd cells proliferate in the brain. By depriving the healthy cells of leisure, nutrition, and oxygen, these aberrant cells eventually cause the healthy cells to perish. This article investigated the development of glioma cells in treating brain tumors. Mathematically, reaction-diffusion models have been developed for brain glioma growth to quantify the diffusion and proliferation of the tumor cells within brain tissues. This study presents the formulation the two-stage successive over-relaxation (TSSOR) algorithm based on the finite difference approximation for solving the treated brain glioma model to predict glioma cells in treating the brain tumor. Also, the performance of TSSOR method is compared to the Gauss-Seidel (GS) and two-stage Gauss-Seidel (TSGS) methods in terms of the number of iterations, the amount of time it takes to process the data, and the rate at which glioma cells grow the fastest. The implementation of the TSSOR, TSGS, and GS methods predicts the growth of tumor cells under the treatment protocol. The results show that the number of glioma cells decreased initially and then increased gradually by the next day. The computational complexity analysis is also used and concludes that the TSSOR method is faster compared to the TSGS and GS methods. According to the results of the treated glioma development model, the TSSOR approach reduced the number of iterations by between 8.0 and 71.95%. In terms of computational time, the TSSOR approach is around 1.18-76.34% faster than the TSGS and GS methods.
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