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Fulltext The physicochemical properties of cocoa butter equivalent produced from lipase-catalyzed palm oil and hydrogenated Palm Oil via physical fractionation

Siti Maslina Mohamad Alwi, Lai, Oi Ming

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2019;27(1):331-342.
MyJurnal

Palm oil (PO) and fully hydrogenated palm oil (FHPO) were subjected to enzymatic
interesterification using 9.5% of TLIM Lipozyme. The optimum condition for this process
occurred at 62.75°C, with reaction time 172.50 minutes with the ratio of 1:1 for palm oil to
hydrogenated palm oil respectively. The Palmitoyl-Oleoyl-Stereoyl (POS) yield obtained
was approximately 15%. Product was subsequently subjected to a fractionation process
at various cooling temperatures and reaction time. At 34°C, POS achieved was at the
highest level which was approximately 31% after 12 hours cooling process. The study of
physiochemical properties of the Cocoa butter Equivalent (CBE) fat was determined for the
purpose of characterization identification. The properties identified were solid fat content,
slip melting point (SMP) and iodine value (IV). The IV and SMP values obtained were
44.30 and 29°C respectively. However, CBE produced almost 0% of Solid Fat Content
(SFC) at 30°C. Apart from the high yield of POS, the physicochemical characteristics
showed significant compatibility with that of CB. In addition, the crystal polymorph of
CBE 34 physicochemical characteristics of CBE34 (β′+β) was similar to CBE. Hence, from
this study, CBE 34 is recommended for utilization in the confectionery industry as CBE.
Fulltext Production of rhamnolipids by locally isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa using sunflower oil as carbon source

Helmi Wasoh, Sarinah Baharun, Murni Halim, Arbakariya B. Ariff, Lai, Oi-Ming, Ahmad Firdaus Lajis

Bioremediation Science and Technology Research, 2017;5(1):1-6.
MyJurnal

Biosurfactants are surface active compounds and amphiphatic in nature which consist of
hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail accumulating at the interphase of two immiscible liquid
with different polarity. A study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of sunflower oil in
the production of rhamnolipids (RLs) by locally isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa in shake flask
fermentation. In this process, four different fermentation treatments were done for seven days at
30°C and 180 rpm. Sampling was carried out in time intervals of 24 h followed by monitoring of
cell growth and biosurfactants production. Colorimetric Orcinol analysis was used for
determination of RLs concentrations (g/L). The RLs were studied for emulsification activity
using emulsification index (E24%) methods. In addition, oil displacement activity and thermal
stability were also studied (4-120°C). All treatments allow the growth of P. aeruginosa and the
utilization of sunflower oil as carbon source and glucose as growth initiator were observed to be
the best strategy for maximum RLs production. The maximum RLs production was achieved
after 120 h with 3.18 g/L of RLs. Diesel shows the highest emulsification activity among the
substrate tested ranging from 55.56% - 60.00%. The oil displacement activity was corresponding
to RLs concentration with stability up to 120°C (for 60 min). Therefore, from this research a
good potential of RLs that may provide good application for industry were produced.
Health benefits, enzymatic production, and application of medium- and long-chain triacylglycerol (MLCT) in food industries: a review

Lee YY, Tang TK, Lai OM

J Food Sci, 2012 Aug;77(8):R137-44.
PMID: 22748075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02793.x

Medium- and long-chain triacylglycerol (MLCT) is a modified lipid containing medium- chain (C6-C12) and long-chain fatty acids (C14-C24) in the same triacylglycerol (TAG) molecule. It can be produced either through enzymatic (with 1,3 specific or nonspecific enzyme) or chemical methods. The specialty of this structured lipid is that it is metabolized differently compared to conventional fats and oils, which can lead to a reduction of fat accumulation in the body. Therefore, it can be used for obesity management. It also contains nutritional properties that can be used to treat metabolic problems. This review will discuss on the health benefits of MLCT, its production methods especially via enzymatic processes and its applications in food industries.
Open-label, single-arm, single-center clinical study on the effectiveness and safety of a moisturizer containing tocotrienol-rich composition in children with mild to moderate atopic dermatitis

How KN, Chang HW, Lai OM

J Cosmet Dermatol, 2023 Oct;22(10):2746-2754.
PMID: 37143441 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15793

BACKGROUND: Little is known about antioxidant efficacy of topical vitamin E on atopic dermatitis (AD) due to lack of controlled clinical studies.
AIM: The study evaluates the effectiveness and safety of a topical moisturizer containing tocotrienol-rich composition over 12 weeks on patients aged between 1 month and 12 years with mild to moderate AD.
METHODS: We conducted a 12 weeks, prospective, open-label clinical study on the effect of tocotrienol as an adjunct to conventional treatment. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Research Involving Human Subject. JKEUPM-2019-274 (NMMR-19-1588-49234).
RESULTS: Thirty AD patients with a mean age of 2.77 ± 3.05 were enrolled in the study. At week-12, significant reduction of investigator global assessment (63.4%), Patient-Oriented Scoring Atopic Dermatitis Index (PO-SCORAD) (65%), and SCORAD (52.3%) was noted (p
Fingerprinting of Phospholipid Molecular Species from Human Milk and Infant Formula Using HILIC-ESI-IT-TOF-MS and Discriminatory Analysis by Principal Component Analysis

Jiang C, Ma B, Song S, Lai OM, Cheong LZ

J Agric Food Chem, 2018 Jul 11;66(27):7131-7138.
PMID: 29902005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01393

Phospholipid composition in the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) fluctuates during the entire lactation period in order to suit the growing needs of newborn infants. The present study elucidated and relatively quantified phospholipid molecular species extracted from human milk (HM), mature human milk (MHM), and infant formulas (with or without MFGM supplementation) using hydrophilic liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-ion trap-time of flight-mass spectrometry (HILIC-ESI-IT-TOF-MS) system. Principal component analysis was used to clarify the differences between phospholipid composition in HM, MHM, and infant formulas. HM and MHM contained high concentrations of sphingomyeline (HM: 107.61 μg/mL, MHM: 227.18 μg/mL), phosphatidylcholine (HM: 59.96 μg/mL, MHM: 50.77 μg/mL), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (HM: 25.24 μg/mL, MHM: 31.76 μg/mL). Significant concentrations (<300 ng/mL) of arachidonic, eicosapentanoic, and docosahexanoic acids were found to esterify to PE in HM and MHM. Meanwhile, all infant formulas were found to contain high concentrations of phosphatidic acids indicating the possibility of degradation of the fortified MFGM either during processing or storage of the infant formulas.
Fulltext Changes in 3-MCPD esters, glycidyl esters, bioactive compounds and oxidation indexes during kenaf seed oil refining

Chew SC, Tan CP, Lai OM, Nyam KL

Food Sci Biotechnol, 2018 Jun;27(3):905-914.
PMID: 30263818 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0295-8

An optimized refining process for kenaf seed oil was conducted. The 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) contents, triacylglycerol composition, fatty acids composition, bioactive compounds, phosphorus contents, and oxidation indexes of the kenaf seed oil during each stage of the refining process were determined. The results showed that there was no detected 3-MCPD ester in kenaf seed oil throughout the refining process. Deodorization had slightly increased the 2-MCPD ester (9.0 μg/kg) and glycidyl ester (54.8 μg/kg). Oleic (36.53%) and linoleic acids (36.52%) were presented in the largest amount in the refined kenaf seed oil, and triacylglycerols contributed to 99.96% in the oil. There was a removal of 31.6% of phytosterol content and 17.1% of tocopherol and tocotrienol contents in kenaf seed oil after refining. The refining process was totally removed the hydroperoxides, 93% of free fatty acids and 98.8% of phosphorus content in kenaf seed oil.
Effects of sonication on the extraction of free-amino acids from moromi and application to the laboratory scale rapid fermentation of soy sauce

Goh KM, Lai OM, Abas F, Tan CP

Food Chem, 2017 Jan 15;215:200-8.
PMID: 27542468 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.146

Soy sauce fermentation was simulated in a laboratory and subjected to 10min of sonication. A full factorial design, including different cycles, probe size, and amplitude was used. The composition of 17 free-amino acids (FAAs) was determined by the AccQ-Tag method with fluorescent detection. Main effect plots showed total FAAs extraction was favoured under continuous sonication at 100% amplitude using a 14mm diameter transducer probe, reaching 1214.2±64.3mg/100ml of total FAAs. Moreover, after 7days of fermentation, sonication treatment caused significantly higher levels (p<0.05) of glutamic acids (343.0±22.09mg/100g), total FAAs (1720.0±70.6mg/100g), and essential FAAs (776.3±7.0mg/100g) 3days sooner than the control. Meanwhile, enzymatic and microbial behaviours remained undisturbed. Collectively, the sonication to moromi resulted in maturation 57% faster than the untreated control.
Biomimetic self-assembly of lipase-zeolitic imidazolate frameworks with enhanced biosensing of protox inhibiting herbicides

Cheng C, Shen C, Lai OM, Tan CP, Cheong LZ

Anal Methods, 2021 Nov 04;13(42):4974-4984.
PMID: 34661208 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01307f

Protox inhibiting herbicides such as nitrofen have detrimental effects on the environment and human health. The current work aims to fabricate a Candida rugosa lipase (CRL)-based electrochemical sensor for rapid and sensitive detection of protox inhibiting herbicides (nitrofen). We proposed the use of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and amino-acids to promote accumulation of Zn2+ ions at the surfaces of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) and subsequently induce self-assembly of a CRL-zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) structure. This process can be easily and rapidly achieved via a one-pot facile self-assembly method. Steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that CRL has undergone a conformational change following encapsulation within the ZIF structure. This conformational change is beneficial as the prepared PVP/Glu/CRL@ZIF-8 exhibited enhanced catalytic activity (207% of native CRL), and higher substrate affinity (lower Km than native CRL) and showed high stability under harsh denaturing conditions. PVP/Glu/CRL@ZIF-8 was finally used for electrochemical biosensing of nitrofen. The fabricated biosensor has a wide linear detection range (0-100 μM), a lower limit of detection and a good recovery rate.
Fulltext Production of a solvent, detergent, and thermotolerant lipase by a newly isolated Acinetobacter sp. in submerged and solid-state fermentations

Khoramnia A, Ebrahimpour A, Beh BK, Lai OM

J Biomed Biotechnol, 2011;2011:702179.
PMID: 21960739 DOI: 10.1155/2011/702179

The lipase production ability of a newly isolated Acinetobacter sp. in submerged (SmF) and solid-state (SSF) fermentations was evaluated. The results demonstrated this strain as one of the rare bacterium, which is able to grow and produce lipase in SSF even more than SmF. Coconut oil cake as a cheap agroindustrial residue was employed as the solid substrate. The lipase production was optimized in both media using artificial neural network. Multilayer normal and full feed forward backpropagation networks were selected to build predictive models to optimize the culture parameters for lipase production in SmF and SSF systems, respectively. The produced models for both systems showed high predictive accuracy where the obtained conditions were close together. The produced enzyme was characterized as a thermotolerant lipase, although the organism was mesophile. The optimum temperature for the enzyme activity was 45°C where 63% of its activity remained at 70°C after 2 h. This lipase remained active after 24 h in a broad range of pH (6-11). The lipase demonstrated strong solvent and detergent tolerance potentials. Therefore, this inexpensive lipase production for such a potent and industrially valuable lipase is promising and of considerable commercial interest for biotechnological applications.
Optimization of conditions for the single step IMAC purification of miraculin from Synsepalum dulcificum

He Z, Tan JS, Lai OM, Ariff AB

Food Chem, 2015 Aug 15;181:19-24.
PMID: 25794715 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.166

In this study, the methods for extraction and purification of miraculin from Synsepalum dulcificum were investigated. For extraction, the effect of different extraction buffers (phosphate buffer saline, Tris-HCl and NaCl) on the extraction efficiency of total protein was evaluated. Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) with nickel-NTA was used for the purification of the extracted protein, where the influence of binding buffer pH, crude extract pH and imidazole concentration in elution buffer upon the purification performance was explored. The total amount of protein extracted from miracle fruit was found to be 4 times higher using 0.5M NaCl as compared to Tris-HCl and phosphate buffer saline. On the other hand, the use of Tris-HCl as binding buffer gave higher purification performance than sodium phosphate and citrate-phosphate buffers in IMAC system. The optimum purification condition of miraculin using IMAC was achieved with crude extract at pH 7, Tris-HCl binding buffer at pH 7 and the use of 300 mM imidazole as elution buffer, which gave the overall yield of 80.3% and purity of 97.5%. IMAC with nickel-NTA was successfully used as a single step process for the purification of miraculin from crude extract of S. dulcificum.
Fulltext Improvement of medium chain fatty acid content and antimicrobial activity of coconut oil via solid-state fermentation using a Malaysian Geotrichum candidum

Khoramnia A, Ebrahimpour A, Ghanbari R, Ajdari Z, Lai OM

Biomed Res Int, 2013;2013:954542.
PMID: 23971051 DOI: 10.1155/2013/954542

Coconut oil is a rich source of beneficial medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) particularly lauric acid. In this study, the oil was modified into a value-added product using direct modification of substrate through fermentation (DIMOSFER) method. A coconut-based and coconut-oil-added solid-state cultivation using a Malaysian lipolytic Geotrichum candidum was used to convert the coconut oil into MCFAs-rich oil. Chemical characteristics of the modified coconut oils (MCOs) considering total medium chain glyceride esters were compared to those of the normal coconut oil using ELSD-RP-HPLC. Optimum amount of coconut oil hydrolysis was achieved at 29% moisture content and 10.14% oil content after 9 days of incubation, where the quantitative amounts of the modified coconut oil and MCFA were 0.330 mL/g of solid media (76.5% bioconversion) and 0.175 mL/g of solid media (53% of the MCO), respectively. MCOs demonstrated improved antibacterial activity mostly due to the presence of free lauric acid. The highest MCFAs-rich coconut oil revealed as much as 90% and 80% antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. The results of the study showed that DIMOSFER by a local lipolytic G. candidum can be used to produce MCFAs as natural, effective, and safe antimicrobial agent. The produced MCOs and MCFAs could be further applied in food and pharmaceutical industries.
Stability of Silica- and Enzyme-Treated Palm Oil Under Deep Frying Conditions

Karim NA, Noor AM, Lee YY, Lai OM

J Food Sci, 2015 Dec;80(12):C2678-85.
PMID: 26523850 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13119

The oxidative and thermal stability of low diglycerides palm oil produced via silica treatment (sPO) and enzymatic treatment (ePO) compared with standard quality palm oil (SQ) and premium quality palm oil (PQ) was investigated. Both of the oils displayed better oxidative stability compared with SQ as well as significantly higher (P < 0.05) thermal resistance and oxidative strength than SQ and PQ due to lower amounts of partial glycerides. Although the initial induction periods (IPs) of sPO and ePO were significantly lower compared with SQ and PQ, both the oils showed slower drops in their IP values. The darkening effect after frying was significantly (P < 0.05) slower in sPO compared with SQ, PQ, and ePO. Besides, there is no difference p > 0.05 in the rate of FFA formation between sPO and PQ. The anisidine value and peroxide values were lowest in sPO, followed by ePO, PQ, and SQ.
Fulltext Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 omicron following ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 versus CoronaVac vaccination

Chua JX, Durrant LG, Chok YL, Lai OM

iScience, 2022 Nov 18;25(11):105379.
PMID: 36277260 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105379

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants raises concerns of reduced COVID-19 vaccine efficacy. We investigated the humoral immunity in uninfected and previously infected ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, BNT162b2 and CoronaVac vaccinees, who have received complete regimes of vaccines by means of a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus blocking test. The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (p = 0.0013) and BNT162b2 (p = 0.0005) vaccines induced significant higher blocking activity with longer durability against the Spike (S) protein receptor binding domain (RBD) of wild type SARS-CoV-2 than the CoronaVac vaccine in uninfected vaccinees. Prior infection improved protection in the CoronaVac vaccinees. Subsequent investigation on the breadth of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced antibody blocking responses, revealed that all vaccine platforms cross-protected uninfected vaccinees against all variant of concerns, except Omicron. Prior infection protected the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 vaccinees against Omicron but not CoronaVac vaccinees. Our study suggests that vaccines that induce broader sterilizing immunity are essential to fight against fast-emerging variants.
Stability of a concentrated oil-in-water emulsion model prepared using palm olein-based diacylglycerol/virgin coconut oil blends: Effects of the rheological properties, droplet size distribution and microstructure

Ng SP, Lai OM, Abas F, Lim HK, Tan CP

Food Res Int, 2014 Oct;64:919-930.
PMID: 30011735 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.08.045

The rheological properties, microstructure, textural properties, colour and droplet size distribution of mayonnaise-like emulsion models prepared using 10-30wt.% of palm olein-based diacylglycerol (POL-DAG) oil were compared with those of the control (100wt.% VCO) model. There were significant (P<0.05) differences in the particle size distribution of the oil droplets, the textural properties, and the rheological properties of the various emulsion models. The rheological analysis included the determination of the flow curves, yield stress, thixotropy, apparent viscosity, and viscoelastic parameters. The concentrated oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion with 30wt.% POL-DAG substitution exhibited high thixotropy. The POL-DAG content had a substantial effect on the rheological properties of yield stress, storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″). The pseudoplastic behaviour of the emulsions was demonstrated. The size of the particles in the 30% POL-DAG-substituted emulsion was dramatically increased after one day and 30days of storage. All of the emulsion samples with POL-DAG substituted for VCO showed a relatively non-uniform bimodal droplet size distribution after one day of storage. In general, substitution of 10-20wt.% POL-DAG oil is appropriate for preparing O/W emulsions that had flow curves and textural properties similar to those of the control sample.
Interesterified palm olein lowers postprandial glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide response in type 2 diabetes

Mo SY, Lai OM, Chew BH, Ismail R, Bakar SA, Jabbar NA, et al.

Eur J Nutr, 2019 Aug;58(5):1873-1885.
PMID: 29872922 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1738-6

PURPOSE: We aim to investigate the postprandial effects of palm olein (PO) and chemically interesterified palm olein (IPO) with different proportions of palmitic acid at the sn-2 position using high oleic sunflower oil (HOS) as control fat on concentrations of gut hormones, glucose homeostasis, satiety, lipid and inflammatory parameters in type 2 diabetic (T2D) subjects.
METHODS: Using a randomised double-blind crossover design, 21 (men = 6, women = 15) T2D subjects consumed test meals (3.65 MJ) consisting of a high fat muffin (containing 50 g test fats provided as PO, IPO or HOS) and a milkshake. Postprandial changes in gut hormones, glucose homeostasis, satiety, lipid and inflammatory parameters after meals were analysed. Some of the solid fractions of the IPO were removed and thus the fatty acid composition of the PO and IPO was not entirely equal (PO vs IPO: palmitate 39.8 vs 38.7; oleate 43.6 vs 45.1). PO, IPO and HOS contained 9.7, 38.9 and 0.2 g/100 g total fatty acids of palmitic acid at the sn-2 position, respectively. At 37 °C, IPO contained 4.2% SFC whereas PO and HOS were completely melted.
RESULTS: Our novel observation shows that the incremental area under curve (iAUC) 0-6 h of plasma GIP concentration was on average 16% lower following IPO meal compared with PO and HOS (P
Fulltext Impact of stirring speed on β-lactoglobulin fibril formation

Ng SK, Nyam KL, Nehdi IA, Chong GH, Lai OM, Tan CP

Food Sci Biotechnol, 2016;25(Suppl 1):15-21.
PMID: 30263481 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-016-0093-8

β-Lactoglobulin (β-lg) can produce fibrils that have multi-functional properties. Impacts of different stirring speeds on characteristics of β-lg fibrils as a stable form in β-lg fibril solutions were investigated. Fibril concentration, fibril morphology, turbidity, particle size distribution, zeta potential, and rheological behavior of solutions were studied. Stirring enhanced fibril formation and stability of a fibril solution, in comparison with unstirred solutions. Increasing the stirring speed produced more turbidity and a greater distribution of particle sizes, higher viscosity values, but no differences in zeta potential values of β-lg fibril solutions. However, a high stirring speed is not feasible due to reduction of the fibril yield and changes in fibril morphology.
Comparison assessment between SIM and MRM mode in the analysis of 3-MCPD ester, 2-MCPD ester and glycidyl ester

Goh KM, Wong YH, Ang MY, Yeo SCM, Abas F, Lai OM, et al.

Food Res Int, 2019 07;121:553-560.
PMID: 31108780 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.12.013

The detection of 3- and 2-MCPD ester and glycidyl ester was transformed from selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode to multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode by gas chromatography triple quadrupole spectrometry. The derivatization process was adapted from AOCS method Cd 29a-13. The results showed that the coefficient of determination (R2) of all detected compounds obtained from both detection mode was comparable, which falls between 0.997 and 0.999. The limit of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ) were improved in MRM mode as compared to SIM mode. In MRM mode, the LOD of 3- and 2-MCPD ester was achieved 0.01 mg/kg while the LOQ was 0.05 mg/kg. Besides, LOD and LOQ of glycidyl ester were 0.024 and 0.06 mg/kg respectively. A blank spiked with MCPD esters (0.03, 0.10 and 0.50 mg/kg) and GE (0.06, 0.24 and 1.20 mg/kg) were chosen for repeatability and recovery tests. MRM mode showed better repeatability in area ratio and recovery with relative standard deviation (RSD %) 
Revising degumming and bleaching processes of palm oil refining for the mitigation of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE) contents in refined palm oil

Hew KS, Asis AJ, Tan TB, Yusoff MM, Lai OM, Nehdi IA, et al.

Food Chem, 2020 Mar 01;307:125545.
PMID: 31654951 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125545

Corresponding the high presence of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE) in refined palm oil, this paper re-evaluated degumming and bleaching processes of physical palm oil refining to reduce the amount of said contaminants. Separation-free water degumming was incorporated into the process, and this significantly (p 
Non-aqueous foams formed by whipping diacylglycerol stabilized oleogel

Lei M, Zhang N, Lee WJ, Tan CP, Lai OM, Wang Y, et al.

Food Chem, 2020 May 15;312:126047.
PMID: 31884300 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126047

Formation of foams is critical for tailoring the texture and mouthfeel of fat-based products. Diacylglycerol (DAG) is regarded as a preferable alternative structurant to hydrogenated lipid. Effect of DAG concentration (2-10 wt%) on the characteristics of oleogels and foams including crystal polymorphisms, size and distribution, rheological and thermodynamic properties was investigated. Oleogel prepared with 10 wt% DAG had comparable whipping and foaming stability to that of 6 wt% fully hydrogenated palm oil (FHPO). DAG formed small plate-crystals which tend to occur at the bubble surface, whereas FHPO showed needle-like crystals that were formed mainly in the continuous phase. For the 2 wt% FHPO-8 wt% DAG-based oil foams, interfacial templating crystallization effect contributed to the smaller bubble size and improved rheological properties whereby less oil drainage and foam breakdown occurred. Hence, the non-aqueous foam formed by DAG has broad application prospect because of the thermoresponsive properties and the desirable health benefits.
Effect of diacylglycerol interfacial crystallization on the physical stability of water-in-oil emulsions

Yang J, Qiu C, Li G, Lee WJ, Tan CP, Lai OM, et al.

Food Chem, 2020 Oct 15;327:127014.
PMID: 32434126 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127014

The influence of diacylglycerol (DAG) combined with polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) on the stability of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions containing hydrogenated palm oil (HPO) was studied. Polarized light microscope revealed that DAG promoted HPO to crystallize at the water-oil interface, providing the combination of Pickering and network stabilization effects. It was proposed that the molecular compatibility of fatty acids in DAG with HPO accounted for the promotional effect. The interfacial crystallization of DAG together with the surface activity of PGPR led to the formation of emulsions with uniform small droplets and high freeze-thaw stability. Further exploration of physical properties indicated that the combination of DAG and PGPR dramatically improved the emulsion's viscoelasticity and obtained a larger deformation yield. Water droplets in DAG-based emulsions acted as active fillers to improve the network rigidity. Therefore, DAG is a promising material to be used as emulsifier to enhance the physical stability of W/O emulsions.

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