Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 32 in total

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  1. Ground improvement and its role in carbon dioxide reduction: a review
    Mohammed MA, Mohd Yunus NZ, Hezmi MA, Abang Hasbollah DZ, A Rashid AS
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021 Feb;28(8):8968-8988.
    PMID: 33443736 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12392-0
    Environmental global issues affecting global warming, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), have attracted the attention of researchers around the world. This paper reviews and discusses the ground improvement and its contribution to reducing CO2 in the atmosphere. The approach is divided into three parts: the Streamlined Energy and Emissions Assessment Model (SEEAM), the replacement of soil stabilisation materials that lead to the emission of a large amount of CO2 with alternatives and mineral carbonation. A brief discussion about the first two is reviewed in this paper and a detailed discussion about mineral carbonation and its role in enhancing soil strength while absorbing a large amount of CO2. It is emphasised that natural mineral carbonation requires a very long time for a material to reach its full capacity to form CO2; as a result, different acceleration processes can be done from increasing pressure, temperature, the concentration of CO2 and the addition of various additives. In conclusion, it was found that magnesium is more attractive than calcium, and calcium is complicated in terms of strength behaviour. Magnesium has a larger capacity for CO2 sequestration and it has a greater potential to increase soil strength than calcium.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbon Sequestration
  2. An overview of biological processes and their potential for CO2 capture
    Goli A, Shamiri A, Talaiekhozani A, Eshtiaghi N, Aghamohammadi N, Aroua MK
    J Environ Manage, 2016 Dec 01;183:41-58.
    PMID: 27576148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.08.054
    The extensive amount of available information on global warming suggests that this issue has become prevalent worldwide. Majority of countries have issued laws and policies in response to this concern by requiring their industrial sectors to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, such as CO2. Thus, introducing new and more effective treatment methods, such as biological techniques, is crucial to control the emission of greenhouse gases. Many studies have demonstrated CO2 fixation using photo-bioreactors and raceway ponds, but a comprehensive review is yet to be published on biological CO2 fixation. A comprehensive review of CO2 fixation through biological process is presented in this paper as biological processes are ideal to control both organic and inorganic pollutants. This process can also cover the classification of methods, functional mechanisms, designs, and their operational parameters, which are crucial for efficient CO2 fixation. This review also suggests the bio-trickling filter process as an appropriate approach in CO2 fixation to assist in creating a pollution-free environment. Finally, this paper introduces optimum designs, growth rate models, and CO2 fixation of microalgae, functions, and operations in biological CO2 fixation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbon Sequestration*
  3. Fulltext A Holistic Approach to Managing Microalgae for Biofuel Applications
    Show PL, Tang MS, Nagarajan D, Ling TC, Ooi CW, Chang JS
    Int J Mol Sci, 2017 Jan 22;18(1).
    PMID: 28117737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010215
    Microalgae contribute up to 60% of the oxygen content in the Earth's atmosphere by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen during photosynthesis. Microalgae are abundantly available in the natural environment, thanks to their ability to survive and grow rapidly under harsh and inhospitable conditions. Microalgal cultivation is environmentally friendly because the microalgal biomass can be utilized for the productions of biofuels, food and feed supplements, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics. The cultivation of microalgal also can complement approaches like carbon dioxide sequestration and bioremediation of wastewaters, thereby addressing the serious environmental concerns. This review focuses on the factors affecting microalgal cultures, techniques adapted to obtain high-density microalgal cultures in photobioreactors, and the conversion of microalgal biomass into biofuels. The applications of microalgae in carbon dioxide sequestration and phycoremediation of wastewater are also discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbon Sequestration
  4. Fulltext Integrated global assessment of the natural forest carbon potential
    Mo L, Zohner CM, Reich PB, Liang J, de Miguel S, Nabuurs GJ, et al.
    Nature, 2023 Dec;624(7990):92-101.
    PMID: 37957399 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06723-z
    Forests are a substantial terrestrial carbon sink, but anthropogenic changes in land use and climate have considerably reduced the scale of this system1. Remote-sensing estimates to quantify carbon losses from global forests2-5 are characterized by considerable uncertainty and we lack a comprehensive ground-sourced evaluation to benchmark these estimates. Here we combine several ground-sourced6 and satellite-derived approaches2,7,8 to evaluate the scale of the global forest carbon potential outside agricultural and urban lands. Despite regional variation, the predictions demonstrated remarkable consistency at a global scale, with only a 12% difference between the ground-sourced and satellite-derived estimates. At present, global forest carbon storage is markedly under the natural potential, with a total deficit of 226 Gt (model range = 151-363 Gt) in areas with low human footprint. Most (61%, 139 Gt C) of this potential is in areas with existing forests, in which ecosystem protection can allow forests to recover to maturity. The remaining 39% (87 Gt C) of potential lies in regions in which forests have been removed or fragmented. Although forests cannot be a substitute for emissions reductions, our results support the idea2,3,9 that the conservation, restoration and sustainable management of diverse forests offer valuable contributions to meeting global climate and biodiversity targets.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbon Sequestration
  5. Fulltext Tidal dynamics and mangrove carbon sequestration during the Oligo-Miocene in the South China Sea
    Collins DS, Avdis A, Allison PA, Johnson HD, Hill J, Piggott MD, et al.
    Nat Commun, 2017 06 15;8:15698.
    PMID: 28643789 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15698
    Modern mangroves are among the most carbon-rich biomes on Earth, but their long-term (≥106 years) impact on the global carbon cycle is unknown. The extent, productivity and preservation of mangroves are controlled by the interplay of tectonics, global sea level and sedimentation, including tide, wave and fluvial processes. The impact of these processes on mangrove-bearing successions in the Oligo-Miocene of the South China Sea (SCS) is evaluated herein. Palaeogeographic reconstructions, palaeotidal modelling and facies analysis suggest that elevated tidal range and bed shear stress optimized mangrove development along tide-influenced tropical coastlines. Preservation of mangrove organic carbon (OC) was promoted by high tectonic subsidence and fluvial sediment supply. Lithospheric storage of OC in peripheral SCS basins potentially exceeded 4,000 Gt (equivalent to 2,000 p.p.m. of atmospheric CO2). These results highlight the crucial impact of tectonic and oceanographic processes on mangrove OC sequestration within the global carbon cycle on geological timescales.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbon Sequestration
  6. Fulltext The environment: an agricultural perspective on what we know and what we need to know
    Devendra, C.
    ASM Science Journal, 2015;9(1):1-20.
    MyJurnal
    The natural environment embraces agriculture and all its components-crops, animals, land, water,
    forestry and fisheries. It is the most important user of environmental resources, made more complex
    by the interactions of the various systems, biophysical elements and their implications. Increased food
    production, especially of animal protein supplies are unable to meet current and projected future needs
    for humans, including about 15 %of the world population being malnourished. Agriculture is currently
    waning, and a coordinated and concerted technologically-driven transformation is necessary. Poorly
    managed agriculture for example, can lead to serious environmental degradation and exacerbate
    poverty. Land and water are considered to be the most limiting factors in the future. Non- irrigated
    rainfed areas can be divided into high potential and low potential areas; the former offers considerable
    promise to expand food production. This paper argues for increased Research and Development (R&D)
    focus that can maximise improved natural resource management(NRM), and whether agricultural
    development can maximise productivity yields .Other opportunities include expanding crop–animal
    production systems in less favoured areas (LFAs), intensifying land use for silvopastoral systems in
    rainfed areas , and enhance carbon sequestration. Ruminants can be used as an entry point for the
    development of LFAs, and the presence of about 41.5% of the goat population found in the semi-arid/
    arid AEZs X provides good opportunities for expanding food security and human well-being. Communitybased
    interdisciplinary and systems approaches are essential to provide the solutions. The legacy of
    continuing malnutrition and food insecurity must be overcome by effective development policy, multidonor
    resource allocation, governance and political will that target food insecurity and poverty. The R&D
    agendas and resource allocations are compelling, but dedicated vision can lead the way for sciencedriven
    sustainable environment, efficiency in NRM, and self-reliance to the extent possible , in harmony
    with nature and the environment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbon Sequestration
  7. Fulltext Tiger sharks support the characterization of the world's largest seagrass ecosystem
    Gallagher AJ, Brownscombe JW, Alsudairy NA, Casagrande AB, Fu C, Harding L, et al.
    Nat Commun, 2022 Nov 01;13(1):6328.
    PMID: 36319621 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33926-1
    Seagrass conservation is critical for mitigating climate change due to the large stocks of carbon they sequester in the seafloor. However, effective conservation and its potential to provide nature-based solutions to climate change is hindered by major uncertainties regarding seagrass extent and distribution. Here, we describe the characterization of the world's largest seagrass ecosystem, located in The Bahamas. We integrate existing spatial estimates with an updated empirical remote sensing product and perform extensive ground-truthing of seafloor with 2,542 diver surveys across remote sensing tiles. We also leverage seafloor assessments and movement data obtained from instrument-equipped tiger sharks, which have strong fidelity to seagrass ecosystems, to augment and further validate predictions. We report a consensus area of at least 66,000 km2 and up to 92,000 km2 of seagrass habitat across The Bahamas Banks. Sediment core analysis of stored organic carbon further confirmed the global relevance of the blue carbon stock in this ecosystem. Data from tiger sharks proved important in supporting mapping and ground-truthing remote sensing estimates. This work provides evidence of major knowledge gaps in the ocean ecosystem, the benefits in partnering with marine animals to address these gaps, and underscores support for rapid protection of oceanic carbon sinks.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbon Sequestration
  8. The status of forest carbon markets in Latin America
    Blanton A, Mohan M, Galgamuwa GAP, Watt MS, Montenegro JF, Mills F, et al.
    J Environ Manage, 2024 Feb 14;352:119921.
    PMID: 38219661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119921
    Tropical rainforests of Latin America (LATAM) are one of the world's largest carbon sinks, with substantial future carbon sequestration potential and contributing a major proportion of the global supply of forest carbon credits. LATAM is poised to contribute predominantly towards high-quality forest carbon offset projects designed to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, halt biodiversity loss, and provide equitable conservation benefits to people. Thus, carbon markets, including compliance carbon markets and voluntary carbon markets continue to expand in LATAM. However, the extent of the growth and status of forest carbon markets, pricing initiatives, stakeholders, amongst others, are yet to be explored and extensively reviewed for the entire LATAM region. Against this backdrop, we reviewed a total of 299 articles, including peer-reviewed and non-scientific gray literature sources, from January 2010 to March 2023. Herein, based on the extensive literature review, we present the results and provide perspectives classified into five categories: (i) the status and recent trends of forest carbon markets (ii) the interested parties and their role in the forest carbon markets, (iii) the measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) approaches and role of remote sensing, (iv) the challenges, and (v) the benefits, opportunities, future directions and recommendations to enhance forest carbon markets in LATAM. Despite the substantial challenges, better governance structures for forest carbon markets can increase the number, quality and integrity of projects and support the carbon sequestration capacity of the rainforests of LATAM. Due to the complex and extensive nature of forest carbon projects in LATAM, emerging technologies like remote sensing can enable scale and reduce technical barriers to MRV, if properly benchmarked. The future directions and recommendations provided are intended to improve upon the existing infrastructure and governance mechanisms, and encourage further participation from the public and private sectors in forest carbon markets in LATAM.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbon Sequestration
  9. Mariculture structure adjustment to achieve China's carbon neutrality and mitigate climate change
    Song C, Xiong Y, Jin P, Sun Y, Zhang Q, Ma Z, et al.
    Sci Total Environ, 2023 Oct 15;895:164986.
    PMID: 37353016 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164986
    China is responsible for the biggest shellfish and macroalgae production in the world. In this study, comprehensive methods were used to assess the CO2 release and sequestration by maricultured shellfish and macroalgae in China. Through considering CaCO3 production and CO2 release coefficient (Φ, moles of CO2 released per mole of CaCO3 formed) in different waters, we find that cultured shellfish released 0.741 ± 0.008 Tg C yr-1 through calcification based on the data of 2016-2020. In addition to calcification, maricultured shellfish released 0.580 ± 0.004 Tg C yr-1 by respiration. Meanwhile, shellfish sequestered 0.145 ± 0.001 and 0.0387 ± 0.0004 Tg C yr-1 organic carbon in sediments and shells, respectively. Therefore, the net released CO2 by maricultured shellfish was 1.136 ± 0.011 Tg C yr-1, which is about four times higher than that maricultured macroalgae could sequester (0.280 ± 0.010 Tg C yr-1). To achieve carbon neutrality within the mariculture system, shellfish culture may need to be restricted and meanwhile the expansion of macroalgae cultivation should be carried out. The mean carbon sequestration rate of seven kinds of macroalgae was 174 ± 6 g m-2 yr-1 while some cultivated macroalgae had higher CO2 sequestration rates, e.g. 356 ± 24 g C m-2 yr-1 for Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis and 331 ± 17 g C m-2 yr-1 for Undaria pinnatifida. In scenario 0.5 (CCUS (Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage) sequesters 0.5 Gt CO2 per year), using macroalgae culture cannot achieve China's carbon neutrality by 2060 but in scenarios 1.0 and 1.5 (CCUS sequesters 1.0 and 1.5 Gt CO2 per year, respectively) it is feasible to achieve carbon neutrality using some macroalgae species with high carbon sequestration rates. This study provides important insights into how to develop mariculture in the context of carbon-neutrality and climate change mitigation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbon Sequestration
  10. Assessing changes of carbon stock in dipterocarp forest due to hydro-electric dam construction in Malaysia
    Dullah H, Malek MA, Omar H, Mangi SA, Hanafiah MM
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021 Aug;28(32):44264-44276.
    PMID: 33847888 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13833-6
    Deforestation and forest degradation are among the leading global concerns, as they could reduce the carbon sink and sequestration potential of the forest. The impoundment of Kenyir River, Hulu Terengganu, Malaysia, in 1985 due to the development of hydropower station has created a large area of water bodies following clearance of forested land. This study assessed the loss of forest carbon due to these activities within the period of 37 years, between 1972 and 2019. The study area consisted of Kenyir Lake catchment area, which consisted mainly of forests and the great Kenyir Lake. Remote sensing datasets have been used in this analysis. Satellite images from Landsat 1-5 MSS and Landsat 8 OLI/TRIS that were acquired between the years 1972 and 2019 were used to classify land uses in the entire landscape of Kenyir Lake catchment. Support vector machine (SVM) was adapted to generate the land-use classification map in the study area. The results show that the total study area includes 278,179 ha and forest covers dominated the area for before and after the impoundment of Kenyir Lake. The assessed loss of carbon between the years 1972 and 2019 was around 8.6 million Mg C with an annual rate of 0.36%. The main single cause attributing to the forest loss was due to clearing of forest for hydro-electric dam construction. However, the remaining forests surrounding the study area are still able to sequester carbon at a considerable rate and thus balance the carbon dynamics within the landscapes. The results highlight that carbon sequestration scenario in Kenyir Lake catchment area shows the potential of the carbon sink in the study area are acceptable with only 17% reduction of sequestration ability. The landscape of the study area is considered as highly vegetated area despite changes due to dam construction.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbon Sequestration
  11. The relationship between carbon dioxide flux and environmental parameters at a tropical coastal sea on different timescales
    Yusup Y, Swesi AE, Sigid MF, Almdhun HM, Jamshidi EJ
    Mar Pollut Bull, 2023 Aug;193:115106.
    PMID: 37302202 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115106
    This paper analyzes CO2 flux between the atmosphere and a tropical coastal sea using the eddy covariance technique. Coastal carbon dioxide flux studies are limited, particularly in tropical regions. Data was collected from the study site in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, since 2015. The research found that the site is a moderate CO2 sink and experiences seasonal monsoonal changes that affect its carbon-sink or carbon-source capability. The analysis showed that the coastal sea systematically shifted from being a carbon-sink at night to a weak carbon-source during the day possibly due to cause by the synergistic influence of wind speed and seawater temperature. The CO2 flux are also influenced by small-scale, unpredictable winds, limited fetch, developing waves, and high-buoyancy conditions caused by low wind speeds and an unstable surface layer. Furthermore, it exhibited a linear relationship with wind speed. In stable conditions, the flux was influenced by wind speed and drag coefficient, while in unstable conditions, it was mostly controlled by friction velocity and atmospheric stability. These findings could improve our understanding of the critical factors that drive CO2 flux at the tropical coast.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbon Sequestration
  12. Carbon dioxide sequestration of iron ore mining waste under low-reaction condition of a direct mineral carbonation process
    Kusin FM, Hasan SNMS, Molahid VLM, Yusuff FM, Jusop S
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2023 Feb;30(9):22188-22210.
    PMID: 36282383 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23677-3
    Mining waste that is rich in iron-, calcium- and magnesium-bearing minerals can be a potential feedstock for sequestering CO2 by mineral carbonation. This study highlights the utilization of iron ore mining waste in sequestering CO2 under low-reaction condition of a mineral carbonation process. Alkaline iron mining waste was used as feedstock for aqueous mineral carbonation and was subjected to mineralogical, chemical, and thermal analyses. A carbonation experiment was performed at ambient CO2 pressure, temperature of 80 °C at 1-h exposure time under the influence of pH (8-12) and particle size (carbonation efficiencies were increased when particle size was reduced to carbonated products were assigned to four stages between 30-150 °C (dehydration), 150-350 °C (iron dehydroxylation), 350-700 °C (Fe carbonate decomposition), and 700-1000 °C (Ca carbonate decomposition). Peaks of mass losses were attributed to ferric iron reduction to magnetite between 662 and 670 °C, siderite decarbonization between 485 and 513 °C, aragonite decarbonization between 753 and 767 °C, and calcite decarbonization between 798 and 943 °C. A 48% higher carbonation rate was observed in carbonated products compared to raw sample. Production of carbonates was evidenced from XRD analysis showing the presence of siderite, aragonite, calcite, and traces of Fe carbonates, and about 33.13-49.81 g CO2/kg of waste has been sequestered from the process. Therefore, it has been shown that iron mining waste can be a feasible feedstock for mineral carbonation in view of waste restoration and CO2 emission reduction.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbon Sequestration
  13. Utilization of rice husk to enhance calcium oxide-based sorbent prepared from waste cockle shells for cyclic CO2 capture in high-temperature condition
    Mohamed M, Yusup S, Quitain AT, Kida T
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2019 Nov;26(33):33882-33896.
    PMID: 29956260 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2549-2
    The CO2 capture capacity and cyclic stability of calcium oxide (CaO) prepared from cockle shells (CS) were enhanced by incorporating rice husk (RH) and binder through wet-mixing method. The cyclic reaction of calcination and carbonation was demonstrated using thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) which the calcination was performed in a pure N2 environment at 850 °C for 20 min and carbonation at 650 °C for 30 min in 20 vol% of CO2 in N2. The analysis using x-ray fluorescence (XRF) identified silica (Si) as the major elements in the sorbents. The RH-added sorbents also contained several types of metal elements such as which was a key factor to minimize the sintering of the sorbent during the cyclic reaction and contributed to higher CO2 capture capacity. The presence of various morphologies also associated with the improvement of the synthesized sorbents performance. The highest initial CO2 capture capacity was exhibited by CS+10%RH sorbent, which was 12% higher than the RH-free sorbent (CS). However, sorbents with the higher RH loading amount such as 40 and 50 wt% were preferred to maintain high capture capacity when the sorbents were regenerated and extended to the cyclic reaction. The sorbents also demonstrated the lowest average sorption decay, which suggested the most stable sorbent for cyclic-reaction. Once regenerated, the capture capacity of the RH-added sorbent was further increased by 12% when clay was added into the sorbent. Overall, the metal elements in RH and clay were possibly the key factor that enhances the performance of CaO prepared from CS, particularly for cyclic CO2 capture. Graphical abstract Cyclic calcination and carbonation reaction.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbon Sequestration*
  14. Fulltext Emerging challenges for sustainable development and forest conservation in Sarawak, Borneo
    Alamgir M, Campbell MJ, Sloan S, Engert J, Word J, Laurance WF
    PLoS One, 2020;15(3):e0229614.
    PMID: 32126070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229614
    The forests of Borneo-the third largest island on the planet-sustain some of the highest biodiversity and carbon storage in the world. The forests also provide vital ecosystem services and livelihood support for millions of people in the region, including many indigenous communities. The Pan-Borneo Highway and several hydroelectric dams are planned or already under construction in Sarawak, a Malaysian state comprising part of the Borneo. This development seeks to enhance economic growth and regional connectivity, support community access to services, and promote industrial development. However, the implications of the development of highway and dams for forest integrity, biodiversity and ecosystem services remained largely unreported. We assessed these development projects using fine-scale biophysical and environmental data and found several environmental and socioeconomic risks associated with the projects. The highway and hydroelectric dam projects will impact 32 protected areas including numerous key habitats of threatened species such as the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus), Sarawak surili (Presbytis chrysomelas), Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) and tufted ground squirrel (Rheithrosciurus macrotis). Under its slated development trajectory, the local and trans-national forest connectivity between Malaysian Borneo and Indonesian Borneo would also be substantially diminished. Nearly ~161 km of the Pan-Borneo Highway in Sarawak will traverse forested landscapes and ~55 km will traverse carbon-rich peatlands. The 13 hydroelectric dam projects will collectively impact ~1.7 million ha of forest in Sarawak. The consequences of planned highway and hydroelectric dams construction will increase the carbon footprint of development in the region. Moreover, many new road segments and hydroelectric dams would be built on steep slopes in high-rainfall zones and forested areas, increasing both construction and ongoing maintenance costs. The projects would also alter livelihood activities of downstream communities, risking their long-term sustainability. Overall, our findings identify major economic, social and environmental risks for several planned road segments in Sarawak-such as those between Telok Melano and Kuching; Sibu and Bintulu; and in the Lambir, Limbang and Lawas regions-and dam projects-such as Tutoh, Limbang, Lawas, Baram, Linau, Ulu Air and Baleh dams. Such projects need to be reviewed to ensure they reflect Borneo's unique environmental and forest ecosystem values, the aspirations of local communities and long-term sustainability of the projects rather than being assessed solely on their short-term economic returns.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbon Sequestration
  15. Fulltext Recycling of phenolic compounds in Borneo's tropical peat swamp forests
    Yule CM, Lim YY, Lim TY
    Carbon Balance Manag, 2018 Feb 07;13(1):3.
    PMID: 29417248 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-018-0092-6
    BACKGROUND: Tropical peat swamp forests (TPSF) are globally significant carbon stores, sequestering carbon mainly as phenolic polymers and phenolic compounds (particularly as lignin and its derivatives) in peat layers, in plants, and in the acidic blackwaters. Previous studies show that TPSF plants have particularly high levels of phenolic compounds which inhibit the decomposition of organic matter and thus promote peat accumulation. The studies of phenolic compounds are thus crucial to further understand how TPSF function with respect to carbon sequestration. Here we present a study of cycling of phenolic compounds in five forests in Borneo differing in flooding and acidity, leaching of phenolic compounds from senescent Macaranga pruinosa leaves, and absorption of phenolics by M. pruinosa seedlings.

    RESULTS: The results of the study show that total phenolic content (TPC) in soil and leaves of three species of Macaranga were highest in TPSF followed by freshwater swamp forest and flooded limestone forest, then dry land sites. Highest TPC values were associated with acidity (in TPSF) and waterlogging (in flooded forests). Moreover, phenolic compounds are rapidly leached from fallen senescent leaves, and could be reabsorbed by tree roots and converted into more complex phenolics within the leaves.

    CONCLUSIONS: Extreme conditions-waterlogging and acidity-may facilitate uptake and synthesis of protective phenolic compounds which are essential for impeded decomposition of organic matter in TPSF. Conversely, the ongoing drainage and degradation of TPSF, particularly for conversion to oil palm plantations, reverses the conditions necessary for peat accretion and carbon sequestration.

    Matched MeSH terms: Carbon Sequestration
  16. Physiological responses of Avicennia marina var. acutissima and Bruguiera parviflora under simulated rise in sea level
    M.Z. Rasheed, O. Normaniza, M.Z. Rozainah
    Sains Malaysiana, 2013;42:1059-1064.
    Climate change components such as increased in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and rising sea levels are likely to affect mangrove ecosystems. Healthy mature propagules of A. marina var. acutissima and B. parviflora were subjected to two tidal treatments; shallow and deep; for six months. Shallow treatment mimicked the current tidal fluctuations and deep treatment simulated future tidal conditions under rise in sea level. Deep treatment decreased Amax of both species and significant two way interactions between tidal treatments and species were observed. A400 was significantly reduced in the deep treatment in B. parviflora but not in A. marina. Carbon dioxide compensation point was not affected by the tidal treatments but varied significantly between both species. The ratio A400/Amax was significantly lower in the shallow treatment in B. parviflora indicating higher carbon sink potential at moderate tidal flooding whereas A400/Amax of A. marina was less variable between tidal treatments. Chlorophyll conductance was insensitive to tidal flooding but was significantly higher in B. parviflora than in A. marina. Carbon sequestration of B. parviflora was substantially reduced in the deep treatment while the difference between tidal treatments was much less in A. marina. These results indicated that these two species responded differently under tidal flooding where A. marina was less sensitive to tidal. Thus, A. marina is better adapted to the projected climate change than B. parviflora.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbon Sequestration
  17. Potential role of seaweeds in climate change mitigation
    Ross FWR, Boyd PW, Filbee-Dexter K, Watanabe K, Ortega A, Krause-Jensen D, et al.
    Sci Total Environ, 2023 Aug 10;885:163699.
    PMID: 37149169 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163699
    Seaweed (macroalgae) has attracted attention globally given its potential for climate change mitigation. A topical and contentious question is: Can seaweeds' contribution to climate change mitigation be enhanced at globally meaningful scales? Here, we provide an overview of the pressing research needs surrounding the potential role of seaweed in climate change mitigation and current scientific consensus via eight key research challenges. There are four categories where seaweed has been suggested to be used for climate change mitigation: 1) protecting and restoring wild seaweed forests with potential climate change mitigation co-benefits; 2) expanding sustainable nearshore seaweed aquaculture with potential climate change mitigation co-benefits; 3) offsetting industrial CO2 emissions using seaweed products for emission abatement; and 4) sinking seaweed into the deep sea to sequester CO2. Uncertainties remain about quantification of the net impact of carbon export from seaweed restoration and seaweed farming sites on atmospheric CO2. Evidence suggests that nearshore seaweed farming contributes to carbon storage in sediments below farm sites, but how scalable is this process? Products from seaweed aquaculture, such as the livestock methane-reducing seaweed Asparagopsis or low carbon food resources show promise for climate change mitigation, yet the carbon footprint and emission abatement potential remains unquantified for most seaweed products. Similarly, purposely cultivating then sinking seaweed biomass in the open ocean raises ecological concerns and the climate change mitigation potential of this concept is poorly constrained. Improving the tracing of seaweed carbon export to ocean sinks is a critical step in seaweed carbon accounting. Despite carbon accounting uncertainties, seaweed provides many other ecosystem services that justify conservation and restoration and the uptake of seaweed aquaculture will contribute to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. However, we caution that verified seaweed carbon accounting and associated sustainability thresholds are needed before large-scale investment into climate change mitigation from seaweed projects.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbon Sequestration
  18. Mineral carbonation of sedimentary mine waste for carbon sequestration and potential reutilization as cementitious material
    Kusin FM, Hasan SNMS, Hassim MA, Molahid VLM
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2020 Apr;27(11):12767-12780.
    PMID: 32008190 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07877-3
    This study highlights the importance of mineralogical composition for potential carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage of mine waste materials. In particular, this study attempts to evaluate the role of mineral carbonation of sedimentary mine waste and their potential reutilization as supplementary cementitious material (SCM). Limestone and gold mine wastes were recovered from mine processing sites for their use as SCM in brick-making and for evaluation of potential carbon sequestration. Dominant minerals in the limestone mine waste were calcite and akermanite (calcium silicate) while the gold mine waste was dominated by illite (iron silicate) and chlorite-serpentine (magnesium silicate). Calcium oxide, CaO and silica, SiO2, were the highest composition in the limestone and gold mine waste, respectively, with maximum CO2 storage of between 7.17 and 61.37%. Greater potential for CO2 capture was observed for limestone mine waste as due to higher CaO content alongside magnesium oxide. Mineral carbonation of the limestone mine waste was accelerated at smaller particle size of carbonation efficiency. Reutilization of limestone mine waste as SCM in brick-making exhibited greater compressive strength and lower water absorption compared to the bricks made of gold mine waste. The gold mine waste is characterized as having high pozzolanic behaviour, resulting in lower carbonation potential. Therefore, it has been noticeable that limestone mine waste is a suitable feedstock for mineral carbonation process and could be reutilized as supplementary cementitious material for cement-based product. This would be beneficial in light of environmental conservation of mine waste materials and in support of sustainable use of resources for engineering construction purposes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbon Sequestration*
  19. The contribution of insects to global forest deadwood decomposition
    Seibold S, Rammer W, Hothorn T, Seidl R, Ulyshen MD, Lorz J, et al.
    Nature, 2021 Sep;597(7874):77-81.
    PMID: 34471275 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03740-8
    The amount of carbon stored in deadwood is equivalent to about 8 per cent of the global forest carbon stocks1. The decomposition of deadwood is largely governed by climate2-5 with decomposer groups-such as microorganisms and insects-contributing to variations in the decomposition rates2,6,7. At the global scale, the contribution of insects to the decomposition of deadwood and carbon release remains poorly understood7. Here we present a field experiment of wood decomposition across 55 forest sites and 6 continents. We find that the deadwood decomposition rates increase with temperature, and the strongest temperature effect is found at high precipitation levels. Precipitation affects the decomposition rates negatively at low temperatures and positively at high temperatures. As a net effect-including the direct consumption by insects and indirect effects through interactions with microorganisms-insects accelerate the decomposition in tropical forests (3.9% median mass loss per year). In temperate and boreal forests, we find weak positive and negative effects with a median mass loss of 0.9 per cent and -0.1 per cent per year, respectively. Furthermore, we apply the experimentally derived decomposition function to a global map of deadwood carbon synthesized from empirical and remote-sensing data, obtaining an estimate of 10.9 ± 3.2 petagram of carbon per year released from deadwood globally, with 93 per cent originating from tropical forests. Globally, the net effect of insects may account for 29 per cent of the carbon flux from deadwood, which suggests a functional importance of insects in the decomposition of deadwood and the carbon cycle.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbon Sequestration
  20. Fulltext Long-term carbon sink in Borneo's forests halted by drought and vulnerable to edge effects
    Qie L, Lewis SL, Sullivan MJP, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Pickavance GC, Sunderland T, et al.
    Nat Commun, 2017 12 19;8(1):1966.
    PMID: 29259276 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01997-0
    Less than half of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions remain in the atmosphere. While carbon balance models imply large carbon uptake in tropical forests, direct on-the-ground observations are still lacking in Southeast Asia. Here, using long-term plot monitoring records of up to half a century, we find that intact forests in Borneo gained 0.43 Mg C ha-1 per year (95% CI 0.14-0.72, mean period 1988-2010) above-ground live biomass. These results closely match those from African and Amazonian plot networks, suggesting that the world's remaining intact tropical forests are now en masse out-of-equilibrium. Although both pan-tropical and long-term, the sink in remaining intact forests appears vulnerable to climate and land use changes. Across Borneo the 1997-1998 El Niño drought temporarily halted the carbon sink by increasing tree mortality, while fragmentation persistently offset the sink and turned many edge-affected forests into a carbon source to the atmosphere.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbon Sequestration
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