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Analysis of model-based and model-free CEST effect quantification methods for different medical applications

Foo LS, Yap WS, Hum YC, Manan HA, Tee YK

J Magn Reson, 2020 01;310:106648.
PMID: 31760147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.106648

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) holds great potential to provide new metabolic information for clinical applications such as tumor, stroke and Parkinson's Disease diagnosis. Many active research and developments have been conducted to translate this emerging MRI technique for routine clinical applications. In general, there are two CEST quantification techniques: (i) model-free and (ii) model-based techniques. The reliability of these quantification techniques depends heavily on the experimental conditions and quality of the collected data. Errors such as noise may lead to misleading quantification results and thus inaccurate diagnosis when CEST imaging becomes a standard or routine imaging scan in the future. This paper investigates the accuracy and robustness of these quantification techniques under different signal-to-noise (SNR) levels and magnetic field strengths. The quantified CEST effect before and after adding random Gaussian White Noise using model-free and model-based quantification techniques were compared. It was found that the model-free technique consistently yielded larger average percentage error across all tested parameters compared to its model-based counterpart, and that the model-based technique could withstand SNR of about 3 times lower than the model-free technique. When applied on noisy brain tumor, ischemic stroke, and Parkinson's Disease clinical data, the model-free technique failed to produce significant differences between normal and abnormal tissue whereas the model-based technique consistently generated significant differences. Although the model-free technique was less accurate and robust, its simplicity and thus speed would still make it a good approximate when the SNR was high (>50) or when the CEST effect was large and well-defined. For more accurate CEST quantification, model-based techniques should be considered. When SNR was low (<50) and the CEST effect was small such as those acquired from clinical field strength scanners, which are generally 3T and below, model-based techniques should be considered over model-free counterpart to maintain an average percentage error of less than 44% even under very noisy condition as tested in this work.

Matched MeSH terms: Electromagnetic Fields
Analysis on the effect of the distances and inclination angles between human head and mobile phone on SAR

Hossain MI, Faruque MR, Islam MT

Prog Biophys Mol Biol, 2015 Nov;119(2):103-10.
PMID: 25863147 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.03.008

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of the distances between the human head and internal cellular device antenna on the specific absorption rate (SAR). This paper also analyzes the effects of inclination angles between user head and mobile terminal antenna on SAR values. The effects of the metal-glass casing of mobile phone on the SAR values were observed in the vicinity of the human head model. Moreover, the return losses were investigated in all cases to mark antenna performance. This analysis was performed by adopting finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method on Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio. The results indicate that by increasing the distance between the user head and antenna, SAR values are decreased. But the increase in inclination angle does not reduce SAR values in all cases. Additionally, this investigation provides some useful indication for future design of low SAR mobile terminal antenna.

Matched MeSH terms: Electromagnetic Fields*
Assessment of radiofrequency/microwave radiation emitted by the antennas of rooftop-mounted mobile phone base stations

Keow MA, Radiman S

Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 2006;121(2):122-7.
PMID: 16357026

Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation exposures from the antennas of rooftop-mounted mobile telephone base stations have become a serious issue in recent years due to the rapidly evolving technologies in wireless telecommunication systems. In Malaysia, thousands of mobile telephone base stations have been erected all over the country, most of which are mounted on the rooftops. In view of public concerns, measurements of the RF/MW levels emitted by the base stations were carried out in this study. The values were compared with the exposure limits set by several organisations and countries. Measurements were performed at 200 sites around 47 mobile phone base stations. It was found that the RF/MW radiation from these base stations were well below the maximum exposure limits set by various agencies.

Matched MeSH terms: Electromagnetic Fields/adverse effects*
Fulltext Combination effect of argan oil and low frequency electromagnetic field on open wound in mice

Siti F. Masre, Muzamir, M.K, Sabarina, I., Jehan, N., Yanti Rosli

Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2018;16(101):41-45.
MyJurnal

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of argan oil with the exposure of low frequency electromagnetic field (EMF) on open wound healing in mice. Eighteen male mice (20-40 g) were divided into three groups: phosphate buffer saline (PBS) as negative control, solcoseryl gel as positive control, and argan oil with the exposure of low frequency EMF, 1.2 mT (treatment group). Full thickness wounds (4 mm diameter) were induced on the shaved dorsal of the mouse. All mice were sacrificed on day 12 after the final treatment. Macroscopic observation, wound contraction rate, histopathology analysis and total protein content were examined in this study. Results showed that wounds treated with argan oil and exposed to low frequency EMF has a significant increase in wound contraction rate (p < 0.05) and total protein content (p < 0.05). Moreover, histopathological analysis on the wound tissues displayed complete re-epithelization with thick and dense collagen fibers in the argan oil with low frequency EMF exposure treated group. In conclusion, topical treatment of argan oil with low frequency EMF exposure yield a better healing progress and showed the ability to accelerate wound healing

Matched MeSH terms: Electromagnetic Fields
Fulltext Dielectric properties for selected wall material in the development of microwave-encapsulation-drying

Mohamad SNH, Muhamad II, Mohd Jusoh YM, Khairuddin N

J Food Sci Technol, 2018 Dec;55(12):5161-5165.
PMID: 30483013 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3327-3

Dielectric properties study is important in understanding the interaction between materials within electromagnetic field. By knowing and understanding the dielectric properties of materials, an efficient and effective microwave heating process and products can be designed. In this study, the dielectric properties of several encapsulation wall materials were measured using open-ended coaxial probe method. This method was selected due to its simplicity and high accuracy. All materials exhibited similar behavior. The result inferred that β-cyclodextrin (BC), starch (S), Arabic (GA) and maltodextrin (M) with various dextrose equivalent exhibited effective encapsulation wall materials in microwave encapsulation-drying technique owing to loss tangent values which were higher than 0.1 at general application frequency of 2.45 GHz. Thus, these were found to be suitable as wall material to encapsulate the selected core material in this microwave encapsulation-drying method. On contrary, sodium caseinate showed an ineffective wall material to be used in microwave encapsulation-drying. The differences in the values of dielectric constant, loss factor and loss tangent were found to be contributed by frequency, composition and bulk density.

Matched MeSH terms: Electromagnetic Fields
Fulltext Dry Thermotropic Glycolipid Self-Assembly:A Review

Hashim R, Zahid NI, Velayutham TS, Aripin NFK, Ogawa S, Sugimura A

J Oleo Sci, 2018 Jun 01;67(6):651-668.
PMID: 29760332 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17261

Also recognized as carbohydrate liquid crystals, glycolipids are amphiphiles whose basic unit comprises of a sugar group attached to an alkyl chain. Glycolipids are amphitropic, which means these materials form liquid crystal self-assemblies when dry (thermotropic) as well as when dissolved in solvents (lyotropic/surfactants) such as water. Many glycolipids are also naturally derived since these can be found in cell membranes. Their membrane and surfactant functions are largely understood through their lyotropic properties. While glycolipids are expected to play major roles as eco-friendly surfactants in the global surfactant market, their usefulness as thermotropic liquid crystal material is, to date, unknown, due to relatively lack of research performed and data reported in the literature. Understandably since glycolipids are hygroscopic with many hydroxy groups, removing the last trace water is very challenging. In recent time, with careful lyophilization and more consistent characterization technique, some researchers have attempted serious studies into "dry" or anhydrous glycolipids. Motivated by possible developments of novel thermotropic applications, some results from these studies also provide surprising new understanding to support conventional wisdom of the lyotropic systems. Here we review the dry state of glycosides, a family of glycolipids whose sugar headgroup is linked to the lipid chain via a glycosidic oxygen linker. The structure property relationship of both linear and anhydrous Guerbet glycosides will be examined. In particular, how the variation of sugar stereochemistry (e.g. anomer vs. epimer), the chain length and chain branching affect the formation of thermotropic liquid crystals phases, which not only located under equilibrium but also far from equilibrium conditions (glassy phase) are scrutinized. The dry glycolipid assembly has been subjected to electric and magnetic fields and the results show interesting behaviors including a possible transient current generation.

Matched MeSH terms: Electromagnetic Fields
Fulltext Effect of Short-Term Mobile Phone Base Station Exposure on Cognitive Performance, Body Temperature, Heart Rate and Blood Pressure of Malaysians

Malek F, Rani KA, Rahim HA, Omar MH

Sci Rep, 2015;5:13206.
PMID: 26286015 DOI: 10.1038/srep13206

Individuals who report their sensitivity to electromagnetic fields often undergo cognitive impairments that they believe are due to the exposure of mobile phone technology. The aim of this study is to clarify whether short-term exposure at 1 V/m to the typical Global System for Mobile Communication and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) affects cognitive performance and physiological parameters (body temperature, blood pressure and heart rate). This study applies counterbalanced randomizing single blind tests to determine if sensitive individuals experience more negative health effects when they are exposed to base station signals compared with sham (control) individuals. The sample size is 200 subjects with 50.0% Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance attributed to electromagnetic fields (IEI-EMF) also known as sensitive and 50.0% (non-IEI-EMF). The computer-administered Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB eclipse(TM)) is used to examine cognitive performance. Four tests are chosen to evaluate Cognitive performance in CANTAB: Reaction Time (RTI), Rapid Visual Processing (RVP), Paired Associates Learning (PAL) and Spatial Span (SSP). Paired sample t-test on the other hand, is used to examine the physiological parameters. Generally, in both groups, there is no statistical significant difference between the exposure and sham exposure towards cognitive performance and physiological effects (P's > 0.05).

Matched MeSH terms: Electromagnetic Fields
Fulltext Effect of nanoparticles concentration on electromagnetic-assisted oil recovery using ZnO nanofluids

Adil M, Lee K, Mohd Zaid H, A Shukur MF, Manaka T

PLoS One, 2020;15(12):e0244738.
PMID: 33382855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244738

Utilization of metal-oxide nanoparticles (NPs) in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has generated substantial recent research interest in this area. Among these NPs, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have demonstrated promising results in improving oil recovery due to their prominent thermal properties. These nanoparticles can also be polarized by electromagnetic (EM) field, which offers a unique Nano-EOR approach called EM-assisted Nano-EOR. However, the impact of NPs concentrations on oil recovery mechanism under EM field has not been well established. For this purpose, ZnO nanofluids (ZnO-NFs) of two different particle sizes (55.7 and 117.1 nm) were formed by dispersing NPs between 0.01 wt.% to 0.1 wt.% in a basefluid of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) and NaCl to study their effect on oil recovery mechanism under the electromagnetic field. This mechanism involved parameters, including mobility ratio, interfacial tension (IFT) and wettability. The displacement tests were conducted in water-wet sandpacks at 95˚C, by employing crude oil from Tapis. Three tertiary recovery scenarios have been performed, including (i) SDBS surfactant flooding as a reference, (ii) ZnO-NFs flooding, and (iii) EM-assisted ZnO-NFs flooding. Compare with incremental oil recovery from surfactant flooding (2.1% original oil in place/OOIP), nanofluid flooding reaches up to 10.2% of OOIP at optimal 0.1 wt.% ZnO (55.7 nm). Meanwhile, EM-assisted nanofluid flooding at 0.1 wt.% ZnO provides a maximum oil recovery of 10.39% and 13.08% of OOIP under EM frequency of 18.8 and 167 MHz, respectively. By assessing the IFT/contact angle and mobility ratio, the optimal NPs concentration to achieve a favorable ER effect and interfacial disturbance is determined, correlated to smaller hydrodynamic-sized nanoparticles that cause strong electrostatic repulsion between particles.

Matched MeSH terms: Electromagnetic Fields
Fulltext Effect of radio-frequency electromagnetic radiations (RF-EMR) on passive avoidance behaviour and hippocampal morphology in Wistar rats

Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Bhat PG, Mailankot M

Ups. J. Med. Sci., 2010 May;115(2):91-6.
PMID: 20095879 DOI: 10.3109/03009730903552661

The interaction of mobile phone radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) with the brain is a serious concern of our society.

Matched MeSH terms: Electromagnetic Fields*
Effects of Bluetooth device electromagnetic field on hearing: pilot study

Balachandran R, Prepageran N, Prepagaran N, Rahmat O, Zulkiflee AB, Hufaida KS

J Laryngol Otol, 2012 Apr;126(4):345-8.
PMID: 22310164 DOI: 10.1017/S0022215112000047

The Bluetooth wireless headset has been promoted as a 'hands-free' device with a low emission of electromagnetic radiation.

Matched MeSH terms: Electromagnetic Fields/adverse effects*
Fulltext Effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) on histological changes and norepinephrine levels in the brains of adult male rats

Yap, Hui Cin, Asmah Hamid, Farah Wahida Ibrahim, Nor Fadilah Rajab, Yanti Rosli

Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2016;14(1):55-61.
MyJurnal

The emergence of research about the biological effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) have growing concern among
researchers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects on the brain of rats periodically exposed to 0.1 mT EMF.
Total 24 adult male Sprague Dawley rats were subdivided randomly to 4 groups: 2 control groups (C1 6 hours: 6 h/
day for 5 days; C2 20 hours: 20 h/day for 5 days) and 2 treatment groups which exposed to 0.1 mT EMF (T1 6 hours:
6 h/day for 5 days; T2 20 hours: 20 h/day for 5 days). A significant decrease in the pyramidal cell number was higher
as the exposure duration to EMF was extended (T1, p

Matched MeSH terms: Electromagnetic Fields
Electromagnetic (EM) absorption reduction in a muscle cube with metamaterial attachment

Faruque MR, Islam MT, Misran N

Med Eng Phys, 2011 Jun;33(5):646-52.
PMID: 21216175 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2010.12.004

The purpose of this paper is to calculate the specific absorption rate (SAR) reduction in a muscle cube with metamaterial attachment. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method has been used to evaluate the SAR in a realistic anatomically based model of the muscle cube. In this paper, we have designed the single-negative metamaterials from a periodic arrangement of split ring resonators (SRRs). By properly designing the structural parameter of the SRRs, the effective medium parameter can be tuned negative at the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands. Numerical results concerning the SAR values in the muscle cube in the presence of resonators exhibit significant SAR reduction. These results can provide useful information when designing safety-compliant mobile communication equipment.

Matched MeSH terms: Electromagnetic Fields*
Fulltext Enhancement of mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis with short-term low intensity pulsed electromagnetic fields

Parate D, Franco-Obregón A, Fröhlich J, Beyer C, Abbas AA, Kamarul T, et al.

Sci Rep, 2017 08 25;7(1):9421.
PMID: 28842627 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09892-w

Pulse electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) have been shown to recruit calcium-signaling cascades common to chondrogenesis. Here we document the effects of specified PEMF parameters over mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) chondrogenic differentiation. MSCs undergoing chondrogenesis are preferentially responsive to an electromagnetic efficacy window defined by field amplitude, duration and frequency of exposure. Contrary to conventional practice of administering prolonged and repetitive exposures to PEMFs, optimal chondrogenic outcome is achieved in response to brief (10 minutes), low intensity (2 mT) exposure to 6 ms bursts of magnetic pulses, at 15 Hz, administered only once at the onset of chondrogenic induction. By contrast, repeated exposures diminished chondrogenic outcome and could be attributed to calcium entry after the initial induction. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels appear to mediate these aspects of PEMF stimulation, serving as a conduit for extracellular calcium. Preventing calcium entry during the repeated PEMF exposure with the co-administration of EGTA or TRP channel antagonists precluded the inhibition of differentiation. This study highlights the intricacies of calcium homeostasis during early chondrogenesis and the constraints that are placed on PEMF-based therapeutic strategies aimed at promoting MSC chondrogenesis. The demonstrated efficacy of our optimized PEMF regimens has clear clinical implications for future regenerative strategies for cartilage.

Matched MeSH terms: Electromagnetic Fields*
Evaluation of Interference of Cellular Phones on Electronic Apex Locators: An In Vitro Study

Sidhu P, Shankargouda S, Dicksit DD, Mahdey HM, Muzaffar D, Arora S

J Endod, 2016 Apr;42(4):622-5.
PMID: 26850688 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.12.027

INTRODUCTION: Use of mobile phone has been prohibited in many hospitals to prevent interference with medical devices. Electromagnetic radiation emitted from cellular phones might interfere with electronic working length determination. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of a smart phone (Samsung Galaxy Note Edge) on working length determination of electronic apex locators (EALs) Propex II and Rootor.
METHODS: Fifteen intact, non-carious single-rooted teeth were decoronated at the cementoenamel junction. Visually, working length was determined by using a #15 K-file under stereomicroscope (×20). The effect of cellular phones on electronic working length (EWL) was determined under 2 experimental settings: (1) in a closed room with poor signal strength and (2) in a polyclinic set up with good signal strength and 5 conditions: (1) electronically, without cellular phone in room; (2) electronically, with cellular phone in physical contact with EAL; (3) electronically, with mobile phone in physical contact with EAL and in calling mode for a period of 25 seconds; (4) electronically, mobile phone placed at a distance of 40 cm from the EAL; and (5) electronically, mobile phone placed at a distance of 40 cm and in calling mode for a period of 25 seconds. The EWL was measured 3 times per tooth under each condition. Stability of the readings was scored from 1 to 3: (1) good stability, (2) stable reading after 1 attempt, and (3) stable reading after 2 attempts. The data were compared by using analysis of variance.
RESULTS: The EWL measurements were not influenced by the presence of cellular phone and could be determined under all experimental conditions.
CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that mobile phones do not interfere with the EWL determination.

Matched MeSH terms: Electromagnetic Fields
Graphene oxide and gold nanoparticle based dual platform with short DNA probe for the PCR free DNA biosensing using surface-enhanced Raman scattering

Khalil I, Yehye WA, Julkapli NM, Rahmati S, Sina AA, Basirun WJ, et al.

Biosens Bioelectron, 2019 Apr 15;131:214-223.
PMID: 30844598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.02.028

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) based DNA biosensors have considered as excellent, fast and ultrasensitive sensing technique which relies on the fingerprinting ability to produce molecule specific distinct spectra. Unlike conventional fluorescence based strategies SERS provides narrow spectral bandwidths, fluorescence quenching and multiplexing ability, and fitting attribute with short length probe DNA sequences. Herein, we report a novel and PCR free SERS based DNA detection strategy involving dual platforms and short DNA probes for the detection of endangered species, Malayan box turtle (MBT) (Cuora amboinensis). In this biosensing feature, the detection is based on the covalent linking of the two platforms involving graphene oxide-gold nanoparticles (GO-AuNPs) functionalized with capture probe 1 and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) modified with capture probe 2 and Raman dye (Cy3) via hybridization with the corresponding target sequences. Coupling of the two platforms generates locally enhanced electromagnetic field 'hot spot', formed at the junctions and interstitial crevices of the nanostructures and consequently provide significant amplification of the SERS signal. Therefore, employing the two SERS active substrates and short-length probe DNA sequences, we have managed to improve the sensitivity of the biosensors to achieve a lowest limit of detection (LOD) as low as 10 fM. Furthermore, the fabricated biosensor exhibited sensitivity even for single nucleotide base-mismatch in the target DNA as well as showed excellent performance to discriminate closely related six non-target DNA sequences. Although the developed SERS biosensor would be an attractive platform for the authentication of MBT from diverse samples including forensic and/or archaeological specimens, it could have universal application for detecting gene specific biomarkers for many diseases including cancer.

Matched MeSH terms: Electromagnetic Fields
Fulltext Harnessing energy from electromagnetic field: practical implementation integrating coil antenna and IC load

Syahrizal Salleh, Zulkifli Abd Majid

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2013;21(2):555-566.
MyJurnal

An AC to DC voltage rectifier and its respective regulator were designed and integrated on a 0.25μm CMOS process. Its input impedance was measured along with the regulated DC output. Input impedance of a series of rectangular coil microstrip antenna on FR4 PCB with outer dimension of 78mm x 41mm was measured. The positive reactance of the antenna was matched at resonance with negative reactance of the integrated rectifier and regulator with addition of external capacitor. Relationship between incidental electromagnetic field in A/m at the coil microstrip antenna all the way to the rectified DC voltage at the output of the regulator is presented. In the context of wireless power transfer, this work focuses on the remote unit that absorbs electromagnetic field generated by another system and converts the energy into DC supply voltage for remote device

Matched MeSH terms: Electromagnetic Fields
Fulltext Low-Profile Slotted Metamaterial Antenna Based on Bi Slot Microstrip Patch for 5G Application

Hoque A, Islam MT, Almutairi AF

Sensors (Basel), 2020 Jun 11;20(11).
PMID: 32545228 DOI: 10.3390/s20113323

A low-profile high-directivity, and double-negative (DNG) metamaterial-loaded antenna with a slotted patch is proposed for the 5G application. The radiated slotted arm as a V shape has been extended to provide a low-profile feature with a two-isometric view square patch structure, which accelerates the electromagnetic (EM) resonance. Besides, the tapered patch with two vertically split parabolic horns and the unit cell metamaterial expedite achieve more directive radiation. Two adjacent splits with meta units enhance the surface current to modify the actual electric current, which is induced by a substrate-isolated EM field. As a result, the slotted antenna shows a 7.14 dBi realized gain with 80% radiation efficiency, which is quite significant. The operation bandwidth is 4.27-4.40 GHz, and characteristic impedance approximately remains the same (50 Ω) to give a VSWR (voltage Standing wave ratio) of less than 2, which is ideal for the expected application field. The overall size of the antenna is 60 × 40 × 1.52 mm. Hence, it has potential for future 5G applications, like Internet of Things (IoT), healthcare systems, smart homes, etc.

Matched MeSH terms: Electromagnetic Fields
Fulltext Measurement and Mapping of Wi-Fi Radiation Level at Hamdan Tahir Library, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus

Supardi, N. F., Mohd Taib, N. H., Abu Amat, N. H., Yusoff, M. N. S.

Physics and Technology in Medicine, 2020;1(1):52-57.
MyJurnal

Wi-Fi is a wireless communication technology that uses specific electromagnetic frequencies. The increasing use of Wi-Fi has raised public concerns about the impact of electromagnetic radiation on the environment and human health. Since the exposure level of the electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation differs between different locations, it is important to measure the strength of the EMF at various locations under observation. This study aimed to obtain specific values related to the radiofrequency and microwave EMF which is described by four specific parameters, that are 1) the frequency of the wave, 2) the electric field strength E, 3) the magnetic field strength H, and 4) the power density S. This study was carried out at the first floor area of Hamdan Tahir Library, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus. Mapping of Wi-Fi signal and measurement of Wi-Fi radiation level was performed at four specific locations, that are Laptop zone 1, Laptop zone 2, Computer lab, and Cozy corner. The average radiation level was compared with the ICNIRP standard limit for public user. It was observed that the Wi-Fi signal was highest in Laptop zone 2 followed by Laptop zone 1 which displayed a moderate signal strength. Whereas moderate but lower signal level was detected in Computer lab zone and Cozy corner. The electric and magnetic fields as well as power density were found highest in Laptop zone 1, followed by Laptop zone 2, Cozy corner, and Computer lab. Comparison with standard ICNIRP limit showed that the radiation level is still far below the ICNIRP limit, which is only 2% of exposure level. To conclude, Laptop zone 2 exhibited the strongest Wi-Fi signal whereas Laptop zone 1 displayed the highest radiation level. However, the strength of the electric and magnetic fields as well as power density is still far below the ICNIRP limit.

Matched MeSH terms: Electromagnetic Fields
Fulltext Measurement and Mapping of Wi-Fi Radiation Level at Students Hostel in Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus

Abu Amat, N. H., Mohd Taib, N. H., Supardi, N. F., Yusoff, M. N. S.

Physics and Technology in Medicine, 2020;1(1):38-44.
MyJurnal

The increasing use of wireless communication devices, particularly Wi-Fi has raised public concerns on the exposure to electromagnetic field (EMF) and its possible effect on human health. As the exposure level of the EMF radiation varies between different locations, measurement of the EMF strength at various locations is vital. In this study, we aimed to measure the EMF exposure which is described by four specific parameters, specifically 1) the frequency of the wave, 2) the electric field strength E, 3) the magnetic field strength H, and 4) the power density S. This study was performed at the second floor in Nurani hostel block in Desasiswa Murni Nurani, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus. Mapping of Wi-Fi signal and measurement of Wi-Fi radiation level was performed at four specific locations, that are in a student room, television room, prayer room, and ironing room. The average radiation level was compared with the standard limit set by International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). It was observed that the strength of Wi-Fi signal was highest in students’ room followed by television room. Both of these rooms exhibited high signal strength. While moderate but lower signal level was observed in prayer room followed by ironing room. The electromagnetic field and power density were found highest in students’ room, followed by television room, prayer room, and ironing room. Comparison with standard ICNIRP limit showed that the radiation level is still far below the acceptable limit, which is only 2% of the exposure level. To conclude, students’ room exhibited the strongest Wi-Fi signal and the highest radiation level. However, the radiation level especially power density is still far below the ICNIRP limit.

Matched MeSH terms: Electromagnetic Fields
Fulltext Measurement of extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic flux in the vicinity of the overhead high voltage transmission line in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Faizal Mohamed, Irman Abdul Rahman, Ngu, Thieng Kui, Syazwani Mohd Fadzil, Firdaus Pozi, Amran Ab. Majid, et al.

Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2017;14(2):1-10.
MyJurnal

Electricity has become one of the necessities for human daily activities. The presence of electric
current produces electromagnetic fields (EMF) at extremely low frequency (ELF). The problem arises
when scientists suggests a possible connection between ELF exposure to human health and safety.
Concerned about the safety and health of students and staff, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
took the initiative to identify possible ELF sources and measure their exposure in various locations
around the UKM main campus in Bangi. This paper reports the results obtained from the monitoring
of the magnetic flux density at three identified locations in the vicinity of the overhead high-voltage
transmission line which transverses the university compound and compare the maximum value results
with the exposure limit suggested by the International Committee on Non Ionising Radiation
Protection (ICNIRP) for ELF. Measurements were done with an (Extech) Three Axis
Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Meter (Model 430826) to determine the magnetic flux density. The
lateral profile method was applied as the standard measurement methodology. Results showed that the
maximum value of the magnetic flux density was 12.5 mG, which is below the suggested ICNIRP
public exposure limit of 1000 mG, or in percentage ratio, 1.25% of ICNIRP public exposure limit.
Results from the statistical Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there is a significant difference in the
distributions of the magnetic flux densities at the different locations (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the
measured locations are still safe for people in short-term exposure. However, long-term exposure
measurements still need to be done to provide concrete data on the ELF-emission levels in UKM.

Matched MeSH terms: Electromagnetic Fields

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