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  1. [Taxonomy and evolution of the genus Pratylenchoides (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae)]
    Ryss AIu
    Parazitologia, 2007 Mar-Jun;41(3):161-94.
    PMID: 17722638
    The amended diagnosis of the genus Pratylenchoides and list of its valid species with synonyms are given. All the efficient diagnostic characters are listed. Modern taxonomic standard for the description of Pratylenchoides species is proposed; it may be used also in taxonomic databases. Tabular and text keys for all species of the genus are given. Five following groups are considered within the genus Pratylenchoides. The group arenicola differs from other groups in the primitive adanal bursa type; the groups magnicauda, crenicauda, ritteri, and megalobatus differ from each other in the position of cardium along the body axis in relation to the pharyngeal gland nuclei, pharynx types are named according to the stages of its evolution from the primitive tylenchoid pharynx (cardium situated posteriorly) to the advanced hoplolaimoid one (cardium situated anteriorly). Diagnoses and species compositions of the groups are given. Basing on the matrix of species characters, the dendrogram has been generated for all species of Pratylenchoides and for all characters (UPGMA, distance, mean character difference, random, characters ordered). Taking in view that the PAUP software gives equal weights to all characters, including the most important ones which define the prognostic species groups, the separate dendrograms for each prognostic species group were generated using the same above mentioned tree parameters. On the base of the records of Pratylenchoides species the matrices of plant host ranges, geographic distribution, and preferred soil-climatic conditions were developed. The dendrograms of the faunal similarities were generated using these matrices, with conclusions on a possible origin and evolution of the genus. The genus evolved from the flood lands with swampy soils and prevalence of dicotyledons (herbaceous Lamiaceae and woody Salicaceae families) to the forest mainland communities with balanced humidity and predominance of herbaceous Poaceae and Fabaceae with woody Fagaceae, Betulaceae, and Oleaceae. The leading factor of the evolutional adaptation to soil-climatic conditions was the factor of humidity, but its significance gradually decreased with the host change to more advanced plant taxa adapted to the communities with more dry balanced humidity. The genus took its origin on the south shores of Laurasia in the Cainozoe. Later, when Hindistant and Arabian Peninsula joined with Laurasia creating the Himalayas barrier, the Pratylenchoides spp. distributed by two branches: the northern one moved into Central Asia, East Europe and North America, and the south branch came into Indo-Malaya, West Asia and the north of Africa. The remnants of the ancient species groups remain in West Europe and East Asia. In the North America the genus gave an origin to its sister genus Apratylenchoides, which spread to the south up to Antarctica; another advanced branch spread in the North America reaching Alaska.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae/parasitology
  2. Yield potential of spring wheat influenced by crop residue, tillage system and nitrogen rate on irrigated land
    Asad Shah, Mohammad Akmal, Mohammad Jamal Khan, Mohammad Arif
    Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:1811-1819.
    Yield performance in wheat (Triticum aestivum) was compared under crop residue, tillage system and nitrogen rate treatments in cereal based cropping system. The experiments were conducted at Agronomy Research Farm, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, in 2009-2010 and 2010-2011. Chopped crop residue on dry matter basis (5 t ha1-) of legume (Vigna unguicuata, var. Ebney) and cereal (Zea mays, var. Azam) was applied in main plots with no residue treatments and plowed with Mould Board (MB) and Cultivator as deep and shallow treatments, respectively. A month after the crop residue and tillage system treatments, field was uniformly plowed with cultivator and wheat was sown with drill in rows 25 cm apart in the month of November on both years. Both P2O55 and K2O (80 and 40 kg ha , respectively) were applied uniformly to all fields before sowing. Nitrogen as subplot treatment (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1) was applied in two splits, half at 15 and the other half at 45 days after sowing with uniform cultural practices for crop growth and development. Compared to year 1, crop of year 2 showed better phenology with extended life cycle (LC). On two years average across tillage and N treatments, biological yield did not change (p<0.05) under the residue but did report lower at no-residue treatment. Nonetheless, grain yield showed a significant (p<0.05) change with the highest in legume followed by cereal and the lowest in no-residue treatments. A non-significant tiller number and significant variations in grain weight and spike m-2 were observed that influenced the grain and biological yield differently. Deep than shallow tillage resulted in better traits, which returned better biomass and grain yield. Nitrogen application from control to every increment showed a significant (p<0.05) improvement in all observations contributing in yield. The study confirms the significance of legume vs. cereal over no-crop residue incorporated through deep tillage system with optimum N (120 kg ha-1) in cereal-based cropping system for sustainable performance to sustain soil C:N for future production.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae
  3. Fulltext Use of Chinese herbal medicine and health-related quality of life among cancer patients in Johor, Malaysia
    Loke, Mi Mi, Chong, Kah Hui, Noor Salihah Zakaria, Hayati Mohd Yusof
    Malays J Nutr, 2017;23(2):227-238.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Chinese Herbal Medicine (CHM) is becoming increasingly popular among cancer patients worldwide. While health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in relation to cancer outcomes has attracted global attention, there are few studies on CHM use and HRQoL among cancer patients in Malaysia. This study attempted to determine the association between use of CHM, including the types, reasons, and beliefs, and HRQoL among Malaysian cancer patients.
    Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 120 cancer patients (60 male and 60 female) recruited from government oncology clinics in Johor state. A purposive non-probability sampling was applied to recruit respondents.
    Results: Use of CHM was reported by about half of the patients (49.2%). Common types of CHM used included Chinese herbal extracts (27.5%), Sabah snake grass (12.2%), and ginger (11.5%). The median score for overall belief in CHM significantly differed between
    CHM users (71.7%) and non-users (65.0%) (p<0.001). The HRQoL was generally reported as ‘good’ with high scores for overall functioning scales and low scores for symptom scales. However, no significant difference in HRQoL between CHM users and non-users was noted. ‘Social Functioning’ scores between both groups showed a significant difference (p < 0.001) with respect to sex, with females scoring higher than males. No significant association was noted between CHM use and socio-demographic characteristics except for sex.
    Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of self-prescription of CHM among the cancer patients studied. Nonetheless use of CHM did not show any significant difference in terms of quality of life among CHM users.
    Study site: Oncology clinics, Hospital Sultan Ismail (Johor Bahru) and Hospital Sultanah Nora Ismail (Batu Pahat), Johor, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae
  4. Fulltext Uptake evaluation of caesium by glasshouse grown grasses for radiophytoremediation of contaminated soil
    Nur Humaira’ Lau Abdullah, Zal U’yun Wan Mahmood, Norfaizal Mohamed @ Muhamad, Nazaratul Ashifa Abdullah Salim, Ahmad Nazrul Abd Wahid, Nor Dalila Desa, et al.
    Jurnal Sains Nuklear Malaysia, 2014;26(2):26-33.
    MyJurnal
    A glasshouse experiment was performed to evaluate the uptake of grasses viz. Napier and Vetiver
    in radiophytoremediation of caesium-contaminated soil. The radiophytoremediation experiment
    was designed according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The grasses were
    grown in troughs filled with soil mixed with a known specific activity of 134Cs. Initial Cs activity and
    activity after different cultivation time intervals of 1, 3, 6 and 9 months were analyzed using gamma
    spectrometer direct measurement. The results showed the uptake of caesium by Napier and Vetiver
    after 9 months with the transfer factors (TF) were 4.70 and 6.25, respectively. The remediation of
    caesium from the contaminated soil during the study period was 98.08% for Napier and 98.21% for
    Vetiver. Both grasses have been found to accumulate caesium, with Vetiver accumulating higher
    than Napier. Thus, the present study suggests that Vetiver could be used as a potential plant for
    radiophytoremediation of caesium.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae
  5. Toward understanding of rice innate immunity against Magnaporthe oryzae
    Azizi P, Rafii MY, Abdullah SN, Nejat N, Maziah M, Hanafi MM, et al.
    Crit Rev Biotechnol, 2016;36(1):165-74.
    PMID: 25198435 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.946883
    The blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, causes serious disease on a wide variety of grasses including rice, wheat and barley. The recognition of pathogens is an amazing ability of plants including strategies for displacing virulence effectors through the adaption of both conserved and variable pathogen elicitors. The pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) were reported as two main innate immune responses in plants, where PTI gives basal resistance and ETI confers durable resistance. The PTI consists of extracellular surface receptors that are able to recognize PAMPs. PAMPs detect microbial features such as fungal chitin that complete a vital function during the organism's life. In contrast, ETI is mediated by intracellular receptor molecules containing nucleotide-binding (NB) and leucine rich repeat (LRR) domains that specifically recognize effector proteins produced by the pathogen. To enhance crop resistance, understanding the host resistance mechanisms against pathogen infection strategies and having a deeper knowledge of innate immunity system are essential. This review summarizes the recent advances on the molecular mechanism of innate immunity systems of rice against M. oryzae. The discussion will be centered on the latest success reported in plant-pathogen interactions and integrated defense responses in rice.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae
  6. The use of palm kernel shell (PKS) as substrate material in vertical-flow engineered wetlands for septage treatment in Malaysia
    Jong VS, Tang FE
    Water Sci Technol, 2015;72(1):84-91.
    PMID: 26114275 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.186
    In this study, the treatment of septage (originating from septic tanks) was carried out in a pilot-scale, two-staged, vertical-flow engineered wetland (VFEW). Palm kernel shells (PKS) were incorporated as part of the VFEW's substrate (B-PKS), to compare its organic matter (OM) and nitrogen (N) removal efficiency against wetlands with only sand substrates (B-SD). The results revealed satisfactory OM removal with >90% reduction efficiencies at both wetlands B-PKS and B-SD. No increment of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration was observed in the effluent of B-PKS. Ammonia load removal efficiencies were comparable (>91% and 95% in wetland B-PKS and B-SD, respectively). However, nitrate accumulation was observed in the effluent of B-SD where PKS was absent. This was due to the limited denitrification in B-SD, as sand is free of carbon. A lower nitrate concentration was associated with higher COD concentration in the effluent at B-PKS. This study has shown that the use of PKS was effective in improving the N removal efficiency in engineered wetlands.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae/chemistry*
  7. The effect of zinc supplementation on antioxidant and lipid peroxidation status during Brachiaria decumbens intoxication in sheep
    Zhang SS, Noordin MM, Rahman SO, Haron MJ
    Vet Hum Toxicol, 2001 Apr;43(2):83-7.
    PMID: 11308125
    An attempt was made to clarify the association between zinc (Zn) and antioxidants due to Zn supplementation on lipid peroxidation occurring during Brachiaria decumbens intoxication. The concentration of Zn, copper, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and gluthathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were determined in tissues. There was a gradual increment in the concentration of Zn and MDA in serum and hepatocytic SOD in groups given Zn + B decumbens. A decline in erythrocytic GSH-Px and SOD, and lower concentration of reduced glutathione in hepatocyte cytosols were also detected in these sheep. It is highly suggestive that Zn supplementation may depress antioxidant status and enhance lipid peroxidation during B decumbens intoxication.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae/poisoning*
  8. The effect of signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) on drug-metabolizing enzymes in sheep and comparison with normal cells
    Khairi HM, Elsheikh HA, Salam Abdullah A
    Vet Hum Toxicol, 2000 Aug;42(4):193-5.
    PMID: 10928679
    The effect of Brachiaria decumbens (signal grass) on drug-metabolizing enzymes was studied in sheep. After 14 d of grazing a pure signal grass pasture, significant declines were observed in hepatic aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline 4-hydroxylase (phase I biotransformation) and in conjugative enzymes UDP-glucuronyltransferase and glutathione S-transferase. Kidney enzymes were significantly decreased except for UDP-glucuronyltransferase. Enzyme activities were also compared for normal sheep and cattle livers and kidneys. Lower activities were found in cattle, indicating that factors other than biotransformation are responsible for the clincial tolerance of cattle to B. decumbens toxicity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae/poisoning*
  9. Signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) toxicity in sheep: changes in rumen microbial populations and volatile fatty acid concentrations
    Abdullah AS, Rajion MA
    Vet Hum Toxicol, 1990 Oct;32(5):444-5.
    PMID: 2238442
    Brachiaria decumbens toxicity resulted in an altered reticulorumen environment in the sheep. This adversely affected the growth and activity of microorganisms in the rumen as reflected by greatly decreased concentrations of the volatile fatty acids (acetic, propionic and butyric) in B decumbens-intoxicated sheep.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae*
  10. Fulltext Short-term grazing behavior of cattle under indoor housing for a new-bred tetraploid ruzigrass (Brachiaria ruziziensis Germain et Everard)
    Ishigaki G, Nitthaisong P, Prasojo YS, Kobayashi I, Fukuyama K, Rahman MM, et al.
    Asian-Australas J Anim Sci, 2018 May;31(5):748-754.
    PMID: 29059721 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0543
    OBJECTIVE: The preference evaluation of cattle is an important factor for estimation and improvement of the grazing amounts of newly introduced or bred grasses or cultivars in barn. This study was performed to assess the grazing behavior (the amount of grazing and/or the grazing speed) of cattle as indirect method using newly bred Brachiaria ruziziensis tetraploid strain 'OKI-1'(BR) hay as treatment group and Cloris gayana 'Callide' (CG) hay as control group. It also compared the feasibility of using behavioral differences between two groups as one criteria for evaluating preference by Japanese black cattle in barn.

    METHODS: Three experiments were carried out using 12 growing Japanese Black cattle including 6 males and 6 females. In each experiment, the four Japanese Black cattle (2 males and 2 females) were placed in separated stall and allowed to graze BR and CG in manger that was separated into two portions for about 30 min. The position and behavior of the cattle were recorded, and weighed the residual of each gay at 15 and 30 minutes after experiment start.

    RESULTS: The BR was superior to CG in chemical composition such as protein, fibers and non-fibrous carbohydrate. The cattle, over all, tended to prefer BR over CG in the first half 15 minutes in terms of the time spent and amount of grazing. Additionally, growing cattle exhibited neophilia for BR bred newly.

    CONCLUSION: These findings indicated the current approach could be applied for one of criteria to evaluate the preference of hay by Japanese black cattle under indoor housing environment.

    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae
  11. Fulltext Salinity tolerance turfgrass: history and prospects
    Uddin MK, Juraimi AS
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2013;2013:409413.
    PMID: 24222734 DOI: 10.1155/2013/409413
    Land and water resources are becoming scarce and are insufficient to sustain the burgeoning population. Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses affecting agricultural productions across the world. Cultivation of salt-tolerant turfgrass species may be promising option under such conditions where poor quality water can also be used for these crops. Coastal lands in developing countries can be used to grow such crops, and seawater can be used for irrigation of purposes. These plants can be grown using land and water unsuitable for conventional crops and can provide food, fuel, fodder, fibber, resin, essential oils, and pharmaceutical products and can be used for landscape reintegration. There are a number of potential turfgrass species that may be appropriate at various salinity levels of seawater. The goal of this review is to create greater awareness of salt-tolerant turfgrasses, their current and potential uses, and their potential use in developing countries. The future for irrigating turf may rely on the use of moderate- to high-salinity water and, in order to ensure that the turf system is sustainable, will rely on the use of salt-tolerant grasses and an improved knowledge of the effects of salinity on turfgrasses.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae/classification; Poaceae/physiology*
  12. Response surface methodology for optimizing methylene blue dye removal by mesoporous activated carbon derived from renewable woody Bambusoideae waste
    Jawad AH, Abdulhameed AS, Khadiran T, ALOthman ZA, Wilson LD, Algburi S
    Int J Phytoremediation, 2024;26(5):727-739.
    PMID: 37817463 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2023.2262040
    In this study, the focus was on utilizing tropical plant biomass waste, specifically bamboo (BB), as a sustainable precursor for the production of activated carbon (BBAC) via pyrolysis-induced K2CO3 activation. The potential application of BBAC as an effective adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions was investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to evaluate key adsorption characteristics, which included BBAC dosage (A: 0.02-0.08 g/L), pH (B: 4-10), and time (C: 2-8 min). The adsorption isotherm analysis revealed that the adsorption of MB followed the Freundlich model. Moreover, the kinetic data were well-described by the pseudo-second-order model, suggesting the role of a chemisorption process. The BBAC demonstrated a notable MB adsorption capacity of 195.8 mg/g, highlighting its effectiveness as an adsorbent. Multiple mechanisms were identified as controlling factors in MB adsorption by BBAC, including electrostatic forces, π-π stacking, and H-bonding interactions. The findings of this study indicate that BBAC derived from bamboo has the potential to be a promising adsorbent for the treatment of wastewater containing organic dyes. The employment of sustainable precursors like bamboo for activated carbon production contributes to environmentally friendly waste management practices and offers a solution for the remediation of dye-contaminated wastewater.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae
  13. Relative salinity tolerance of warm season turfgrass species
    Uddin KM, Juraimi AS, Ismail MR, Othman R, Rahim AA
    J Environ Biol, 2011 May;32(3):309-12.
    PMID: 22167942
    Fresh water, coupled with soil salinization in many areas has resulted in an increased need forscreening of salt tolerant turf grasses. Relative salinity tolerance of eightwarm season turfgrass species were examined in this study in sand culture. Grasses were grown in a glasshouse, irrigated with either distilled water or saline sea water adjusted to 24, 48 or 72 dSm-1. Salt tolerances of the grasses were assessed on the basis of their shoot and root growth, leaf firing and turf quality. Regression analysis indicated that Zoysiajaponica (Japanese lawn grass) (JG), Stenotaphrum secundatum (St. Augustine) (SA), Cynodon dactylon (satiri) (BS), Zoysia teneuifolia (Korean grass) (KG), Digitaria didactyla (Serangoon grass) (SG), Cynodon dactylon (Tifdwarf) (TD), Paspalum notatum (Bahia grass) (BG) and Axonopus compressus(Pearl blue) (PB) suffered a 50% shoot growth reduction at 36.0, 31.8, 30.9, 28.4, 26.4, 25.7, 20.0 and 18.6 dSm1 of salinity, respectively and a root growth reduction at44.9, 43.7, 33.4, 31.0, 29.5 27.5, 21.5 and 21.4 dSm- of salinity, respectively. Leaf firing and turf quality of the selected species, as a whole, were also found to be affected harmoniously with the change in root and shoot growth. On the basis of the experimental results the selected species were ranked for salinity tolerance as JG>SA>BS>KG>SG >TD>BG>PB.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae/drug effects*; Poaceae/growth & development*
  14. Fulltext Reforestation success can be enhanced by improving tree planting methods
    Preece ND, van Oosterzee P, Lawes MJ
    J Environ Manage, 2023 Jun 15;336:117645.
    PMID: 36871451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117645
    Successful cost-effective reforestation plantings depend substantially on maximising sapling survival from the time of planting, yet in reforestation programs remarkably little attention is given to management of saplings at the planting stage and to planting methods used. Critical determinants of sapling survival include their vigour and condition when planted, the wetness of the soil into which saplings are planted, the trauma of transplant shock from nursery to natural field soils, and the method and care taken during planting. While some determinants are outside planters' control, careful management of specific elements associated with outplanting can significantly lessen transplanting shock and improve survival rates. Results from three reforestation experiments designed to examine cost-effective planting methods in the Australian wet tropics provided the opportunity to examine the effects of specific planting treatments, including (1) watering regime prior to planting, (2) method of planting and planter technique, and (3) site preparation and maintenance, on sapling survival and establishment. Focusing on sapling root moisture and physical protection during planting improved sapling survival by at least 10% (>91% versus 81%) at 4 months. Survival rates of saplings under different planting treatments were reflected in longer-term survival of trees at 18-20 months, differing from a low of 52% up to 76-88%. This survival effect was evident more than 6 years after planting. Watering saplings immediately prior to planting, careful planting using a forester's planting spade in moist soil and suppressing grass competition using appropriate herbicides were critical to improved plant survival.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae
  15. Fulltext Recursion to food plants by free-ranging Bornean elephant
    English M, Gillespie G, Goossens B, Ismail S, Ancrenaz M, Linklater W
    PeerJ, 2015;3:e1030.
    PMID: 26290779 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1030
    Plant recovery rates after herbivory are thought to be a key factor driving recursion by herbivores to sites and plants to optimise resource-use but have not been investigated as an explanation for recursion in large herbivores. We investigated the relationship between plant recovery and recursion by elephants (Elephas maximus borneensis) in the Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sabah. We identified 182 recently eaten food plants, from 30 species, along 14 × 50 m transects and measured their recovery growth each month over nine months or until they were re-browsed by elephants. The monthly growth in leaf and branch or shoot length for each plant was used to calculate the time required (months) for each species to recover to its pre-eaten length. Elephant returned to all but two transects with 10 eaten plants, a further 26 plants died leaving 146 plants that could be re-eaten. Recursion occurred to 58% of all plants and 12 of the 30 species. Seventy-seven percent of the re-eaten plants were grasses. Recovery times to all plants varied from two to twenty months depending on the species. Recursion to all grasses coincided with plant recovery whereas recursion to most browsed plants occurred four to twelve months before they had recovered to their previous length. The small sample size of many browsed plants that received recursion and uneven plant species distribution across transects limits our ability to generalise for most browsed species but a prominent pattern in plant-scale recursion did emerge. Plant recovery time was a good predictor of time to recursion but varied as a function of growth form (grass, ginger, palm, liana and woody) and differences between sites. Time to plant recursion coincided with plant recovery time for the elephant's preferred food, grasses, and perhaps also gingers, but not the other browsed species. Elephants are bulk feeders so it is likely that they time their returns to bulk feed on these grass species when quantities have recovered sufficiently to meet their intake requirements. The implications for habitat and elephant management are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae
  16. Radioecological impacts of tin mining
    Aliyu AS, Mousseau TA, Ramli AT, Bununu YA
    Ambio, 2015 Dec;44(8):778-87.
    PMID: 26093469 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-015-0677-1
    The tin mining activities in the suburbs of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria, have resulted in technical enhancement of the natural background radiation as well as higher activity concentrations of primordial radionuclides in the topsoil of mining sites and their environs. Several studies have considered the radiological human health risks of the mining activity; however, to our knowledge no documented study has investigated the radiological impacts on biota. Hence, an attempt is made to assess potential hazards using published data from the literature and the ERICA Tool. This paper considers the effects of mining and milling on terrestrial organisms like shrubs, large mammals, small burrowing mammals, birds (duck), arthropods (earth worm), grasses, and herbs. The dose rates and risk quotients to these organisms are computed using conservative values for activity concentrations of natural radionuclides reported in Bitsichi and Bukuru mining areas. The results suggest that grasses, herbs, lichens, bryophytes and shrubs receive total dose rates that are of potential concern. The effects of dose rates to specific indicator species of interest are highlighted and discussed. We conclude that further investigation and proper regulations should be set in place in order to reduce the risk posed by the tin mining activity on biota. This paper also presents a brief overview of the impact of mineral mining on biota based on documented literature for other countries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae
  17. Production of major mycotoxins by Fusarium species isolated from wild grasses in Peninsular Malaysia
    Nor Azliza I, Hafizi R, Nurhazrati M, Salleh B
    Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:89-94.
    The Fusarium species are notoriously known for causing various plants and animal diseases and producing a number of harmful mycotoxins. The mycotoxins production by species recovered from non-agricultural hosts such as wild grasses have hitherto never been given attention. We examined 30 strains representing 12 Fusarium species i.e. F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. semitectum, F. nelsonii, F. compactum, F. equiseti, F. chlamydosporum, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans, F. sacchari, F. lateritium and F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex isolated from wild grasses in Peninsular Malaysia for the production of four major mycotoxins i.e. moniliformin (MON), fumonisin BI (FB1), zearalenone (ZEN) and beauvericin (BEA) using TLC and HPLC techniques. BEA was the highest frequency of mycotoxin detected, followed by MON, ZEN and FB1. This study also presented the first report of BEA production by F. solani, F. compactum and F. chlamydosporum. All mycotoxins were not produced by F. nelsonii and F. lateritium. All Fusarium species were isolated from asymptomatic grasses, hence they are likely to exist as endophytes or latent pathogens.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae
  18. Phytotoxic activity of the allelochemical, 2,4-Di-Tert-Butylphenol on two selected weed species
    Chuah TS, Norhafizah MZ, Naimah AH, Ismail BS
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:963-967.
    The allelochemical 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) is one of the natural compounds present in medicinal plants.
    This compound has been reported to possess herbicidal properties. However, its effect on weed growth parameters is
    unknown for it to be utilized in weed management. Hence, the herbicidal potential of the allelochemical 2,4-DTBP on the
    root and leaf tissues of the grassy weed, Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees and the broadleaf weed, Hedyotis verticillata
    (L.) Lam was investigated. After 2,4-DTBP treatment, both bioassay species had abnormal and much shorter root hairs
    compared to those of untreated plants. The roots of H. verticillata were severely damaged with the root nodes turned
    brown. The phytotoxic effect of 2,4-DTBP on L. chinensis and H. verticillata became apparent at seven days and 14 days
    after treatment with symptoms of lamina wilting and necrosis, respectively. These results demonstrated that 2,4-DTBP
    could be used as a natural herbicide for the control of L. chinensis and H. verticillata.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae
  19. Fulltext Physiological and growth responses of six turfgrass species relative to salinity tolerance
    Uddin K, Juraimi AS, Ismail MR, Hossain A, Othman R, Abdul Rahim A
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2012;2012:905468.
    PMID: 22666166 DOI: 10.1100/2012/905468
    The demand for salinity-tolerant turfgrasses is increasing due to augmented use of effluent or low-quality water (sea water) for turf irrigation and the growing turfgrass industry in coastal areas. Experimental plants, grown in plastic pots filled with a mixture of river sand and KOSAS(R) peat (9 : 1), were irrigated with sea water at different dilutions imparting salinity levels of 0, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, or 48 dS m⁻¹. Salinity tolerance was evaluated on the basis of leaf firing, shoot and root growth reduction, proline content, and relative water content. Paspalum vaginatum was found to be most salt tolerant followed by Zoysia japonica and Zoysia matrella, while Digitaria didactyla, Cynodon dactylon "Tifdwarf," and Cynodon dactylon "Satiri" were moderately tolerant. The results indicate the importance of turfgrass varietal selection for saline environments.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae/classification; Poaceae/genetics*; Poaceae/physiology*
  20. Fulltext PHYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF GERANIOL-TREATED LEMONGRASS LEAF MULCH AGAINST COMMON WEEDS IN NURSERIES
    NORLIYANA FATIN OMAR, CHUAH TSE SENG
    UMT Journal of Undergraduate Research, 2019;1(1):1-11.
    MyJurnal
    Hand weeding continues to be one of the most laborious aspects of nursery
    maintenance. Oxygenated monoterpene, an important group of secondary metabolite found in
    essential oils, has a potential herbicidal activity that could be exploited as natural herbicide
    whereas organic mulch could delay weed emergence. Thus, this study aimed to examine the
    phytotoxicity of geraniol, an oxygenated monoterpene compound, in combination with
    lemongrass leaf mulch against three common weeds, Eleusine indica (grass), Cyperus distans
    (sedge), and Tridax procumbens (broadleaf). Greenhouse experiments were carried out by
    treating 4.0 t/ha lemongrass leaf mulch with 7.5% (v/v) geraniol compound. The pretreated
    mulch acted synergistically and inhibited the emergence and shoot growth of T. procumbens
    completely. However, the pretreated mulch exhibited a moderate inhibitory effect on C. distans
    emergence and growth. Geraniol-treated lemongrass leaf mulch acted synergistically and
    inhibited the emergence of E. indica by 72%, but it acted antagonistically and caused a 45%
    reduction of shoot biomass. The present findings suggest that geraniol-treated lemongrass leaf
    mulch has potent herbicidal activity but its phytotoxic effect is species-dependent.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae
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