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Fulltext Consumer’s preferences for eggs attributes in Malaysia: Evidence from conjoint survey

Ahmad Hanis, I.A.H., Mad Nasir, S., Jinap, S., Alias, R., Ab Karim, M.S.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(5):2865-2872.
MyJurnal

As Malaysian economies grow, Malaysian per capita income is likely to increase. From economics point of view, it is expected that better-off consumers will move to better quality of food attributes such as freshness, food safety, quality and healthfulness in their food intake. This study aimed to investigate the demand for eggs attributes by Malaysian consumers. The study considers the conjoint analysis technique as a method for acquiring insights into preferences for eggs product. The technique was applied to establish the trade-offs that Malaysian consumers make between size, colour, size of packaging, functional attribute and price in the purchasing of eggs for 202 respondents. Least squares regression was utilized to estimate the relative importance of attributes for eggs. The results revealed that the ideal characteristic of egg was one with large size (grade A), omega eggs, brown, and ten per packs. We also found that consumers were also willing to pay more for their preferred attributes. The results found in the study provide valuable inputs to producers or marketers to improve their marketing efforts as well as market positioning, in line with the demanded eggs attributes.

Matched MeSH terms: Product Packaging
Fulltext Epoxidized Jatropha Oil as a Sustainable Plasticizer to Poly(lactic Acid)

Chieng BW, Ibrahim NA, Then YY, Loo YY

Polymers (Basel), 2017 Jun 02;9(6).
PMID: 30970882 DOI: 10.3390/polym9060204

A renewable resource, epoxidized jatropha oil (EJO), was used as a green plasticizer and added to poly(lactic acid) (PLA). EJO was compounded into PLA at different contents. The addition of 3 wt % EJO to the PLA demonstrates significant improvement in flexibility, which leads to a percentage increase of about 7000% in elongation at break. This tensile result was confirmed by surface morphology analysis with clear proof of plastic deformation in EJO-plasticized PLA. EJO imparts a good heat stabilization effect. Thermal stability of PLA was enhanced upon addition of EJO, which is due to their good interaction and plasticizer dispersion within the PLA matrix. This EJO-plasticized PLA has wide applications in various industries, such as packaging of food and non-food products.

Matched MeSH terms: Product Packaging
Polymer blend of PLA/PHBV based bionanocomposites reinforced with nanocrystalline cellulose for potential application as packaging material

Dasan YK, Bhat AH, Ahmad F

Carbohydr Polym, 2017 Feb 10;157:1323-1332.
PMID: 27987839 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.012

The current research discusses the development of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) reinforced nanocrystalline cellulose bionanocomposites. The nanocrystalline cellulose was derived from waste oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber by acid hydrolysis process. The resulting nanocrystalline cellulose suspension was then surface functionalized by TEMPO-mediated oxidation and solvent exchange process. Furthermore, the PLA/PHBV/nanocrystalline cellulose bionanocomposites were produced by solvent casting method. The effect of the addition of nanocrystalline cellulose on structural, morphology, mechanical and barrier properties of bionanocomposites was investigated. The results revealed that the developed bionanocomposites showed improved mechanical properties and decrease in oxygen permeability rate. Therefore, the developed bio-based composite incorporated with an optimal composition of nanocrystalline cellulose exhibits properties as compared to the polymer blend.

Matched MeSH terms: Product Packaging*
Fulltext Improving layout and workload of manufacturing system in small and medium enterprise (SME) using delmia quest

Dzullijah Ibrahim, Alifah Alyana, Hasrul Hafizuddin Hassim, Yusli Yaakob, Hamid Yusuf

ESTEEM Academic Journal, 2018;14(1):83-92.
MyJurnal

A facility layout can be defined as an arrangement of the equipment area in the
industry or organization of the factory. The main objective of this project was to
improve the existing layout in SMEs using DELMIA QUEST simulation. In this
project, new layouts are proposed to reduce the waiting time in a production
line and increase the productivity. This study focused on packaging production
line of a coffee manufacturing company located in Tasek Gelugor Pulau
Pinang. The problems identified in this production line are limited working
space, some processes overlap and are stuck due to high demands of the
products. This results in high lead time. The existing layout was studied and
simulated to improve certain parameters such as labour, machines, and shape
of the layout. The workstations were repositioned in the proposed layout before
undergoing simulation process using DELMIA QUEST software. From the
simulation results, the significant improvement was determined and the best
layout was chosen in terms of machines utilization and total output. Based on
this, a new layout is proposed to increase the productivity capacity and to meet
customers’ demands. Simulation data of the proposed layout showed its
productivity had increased to approximately 41.5%.

Matched MeSH terms: Product Packaging
Uncovering environmental performance patterns of plastic packaging waste in high recovery rate countries: An example of EU-27

Fan YV, Čuček L, Si C, Jiang P, Vujanović A, Krajnc D, et al.

Environ Res, 2024 Jan 15;241:117581.
PMID: 37967705 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117581

Plastic consumption and its end-of-life management pose a significant environmental footprint and are energy intensive. Waste-to-resources and prevention strategies have been promoted widely in Europe as countermeasures; however, their effectiveness remains uncertain. This study aims to uncover the environmental footprint patterns of the plastics value chain in the European Union Member States (EU-27) through exploratory data analysis with dimension reduction and grouping. Nine variables are assessed, ranging from socioeconomic and demographic to environmental impacts. Three clusters are formed according to the similarity of a range of characteristics (nine), with environmental impacts being identified as the primary influencing variable in determining the clusters. Most countries belong to Cluster 0, consisting of 17 countries in 2014 and 18 countries in 2019. They represent clusters with a relatively low global warming potential (GWP), with an average value of 2.64 t CO2eq/cap in 2014 and 4.01 t CO2eq/cap in 2019. Among all the assessed countries, Denmark showed a significant change when assessed within the traits of EU-27, categorised from Cluster 1 (high GWP) in 2014 to Cluster 0 (low GWP) in 2019. The analysis of plastic packaging waste statistics in 2019 (data released in 2022) shows that, despite an increase in the recovery rate within the EU-27, the GWP has not reduced, suggesting a rebound effect. The GWP tends to increase in correlation with the higher plastic waste amount. In contrast, other environmental impacts, like eutrophication, abiotic and acidification potential, are identified to be mitigated effectively via recovery, suppressing the adverse effects of an increase in plastic waste generation. The five-year interval data analysis identified distinct clusters within a set of patterns, categorising them based on their similarities. The categorisation and managerial insights serve as a foundation for devising a focused mitigation strategy.

Matched MeSH terms: Product Packaging
Electrochemical corrosion behaviour of Pb-free SAC 105 and SAC 305 Solder Alloys: a comparative study

Fayeka M, Haseeb A, Fazal MA

Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:295-302.

Sn-Ag based solder alloy seems to be a promising lead-free solder for the application on electronic assembly. The corrosion behavior of different lead free solder alloys such as Sn-3.0Ag, Sn-1.0Ag-0.5Cu and Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu was investigated in 3.5% NaCl solution by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the samples after the tests. The results showed that the addition of 0.5 wt. % copper with Sn-3.0 Ag solder alloy led to a better corrosion resistance while lowering of Ag content from 3.0 to 1.0 wt. % decreased the resistance. Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu exhibits a better corrosion resistance in terms of increased charge transfer resistance and impedance values as well as the lowest capacitance. These characteristics signify its suitability for the application in electronic packaging.

Matched MeSH terms: Product Packaging
Reliability Assessment and Activation Energy Study of Au and Pd-Coated Cu Wires Post High Temperature Aging in Nanoscale Semiconductor Packaging

Gan CL, Hashim U

Journal of electronic packaging, 2013 Jun;135(2):0210101-210107.
PMID: 24891811

Wearout reliability and high temperature storage life (HTSL) activation energy of Au and Pd-coated Cu (PdCu) ball bonds are useful technical information for Cu wire deployment in nanoscale semiconductor device packaging. This paper discusses the influence of wire type on the wearout reliability performance of Au and PdCu wire used in fine pitch BGA package after HTSL stress at various aging temperatures. Failure analysis has been conducted to identify the failure mechanism after HTSL wearout conditions for Au and PdCu ball bonds. Apparent activation energies (Eaa) of both wire types are investigated after HTSL test at 150 °C, 175 °C and 200 °C aging temperatures. Arrhenius plot has been plotted for each ball bond types and the calculated Eaa of PdCu ball bond is 0.85 eV and 1.10 eV for Au ball bond in 110 nm semiconductor device. Obviously Au ball bond is identified with faster IMC formation rate with IMC Kirkendall voiding while PdCu wire exhibits equivalent wearout and or better wearout reliability margin compare to conventional Au wirebond. Lognormal plots have been established and its mean to failure (t50) have been discussed in this paper.

Matched MeSH terms: Product Packaging
Fulltext Effect of integration of oxalic acid and hot water treatments on postharvest quality of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L. cv. Anak Sekolah) under modified atmosphere packaging

Hafiz AFA, Keat YW, Ali A

J Food Sci Technol, 2017 Jun;54(7):2181-2185.
PMID: 28720977 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2645-1

The shelf life of rambutan is often limited due to rapid water loss from the spinterns and browning of the pericarp. An integrated approach, which combined hot water treatment (HWT) (56 °C for 1 min), oxalic acid (OA) dip (10% for 10 min) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), was used to study their effectiveness on the quality of rambutan during storage (10 °C, 90-95% relative humidity). Significant differences were observed in rambutan quality with the combination of MAP + HWT + OA after 20 days of storage. This treatment combination resulted into better retention of firmness and colour (L and a* values) than in the control. Change in the total soluble solid content was significantly delayed however the titratable acidity showed no significant change in comparison to the control at the end of storage.

Matched MeSH terms: Product Packaging
Health warning messages on tobacco products: a review

Hammond D

Tob Control, 2011 Sep;20(5):327-37.
PMID: 21606180 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2010.037630

OBJECTIVE: To review evidence on the impact of health warning messages on tobacco packages.
DATA SOURCES: Articles were identified through electronic databases of published articles, as well as relevant 'grey' literature using the following keywords: health warning, health message, health communication, label and labelling in conjunction with at least one of the following terms: smoking, tobacco, cigarette, product, package and pack.
STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Relevant articles available prior to January 2011 were screened for six methodological criteria. A total of 94 original original articles met inclusion criteria, including 72 quantitative studies, 16 qualitative studies, 5 studies with both qualitative and qualitative components, and 1 review paper: Canada (n=35), USA (n=29) Australia (n=16), UK (n=13), The Netherlands (n=3), France (n=3), New Zealand (n=3), Mexico (n=3), Brazil (n=2), Belgium (n=1), other European countries (n=10), Norway (n=1), Malaysia (n=1) and China (n=1).
RESULTS: The evidence indicates that the impact of health warnings depends upon their size and
DESIGN: whereas obscure text-only warnings appear to have little impact, prominent health warnings on the face of packages serve as a prominent source of health information for smokers and non-smokers, can increase health knowledge and perceptions of risk and can promote smoking cessation. The evidence also indicates that comprehensive warnings are effective among youth and may help to prevent smoking initiation. Pictorial health warnings that elicit strong emotional reactions are significantly more effective.
CONCLUSIONS: Health warnings on packages are among the most direct and prominent means of communicating with smokers. Larger warnings with pictures are significantly more effective than smaller, text-only messages.

Matched MeSH terms: Product Packaging/methods
Fulltext Coffee packaging: Consumer perception on appearance, branding and pricing

Harith, Z.T., Ting, C.H., Zakaria, N.N.A.

International Food Research Journal, 2014;21(3):849-853.
MyJurnal

In determining consumer’s acceptance of any products in the market, packaging appearance, branding and pricing of the products are important. This study focused on consumer’s perception towards the outlook of the coffee packaging which resulted in influencing their purchasing decision through survey study. This current study was done on three main issues namely appropriateness of appearance, branding and pricing as reflected by the first impression towards the product’s packaging. Survey was done targeting on consumers (n = 100) reside in Kelantan, Malaysia through printed and online questionnaires distribution. Results obtained shows that consumers notice the differences possessed by each coffee packaging in the market and they purchase what they like based on their perception. According to Pearson Correlation, respondents also have the opinion that appearance, branding and pricing are correlated to each other in order to convey the correct messages to the correct group of people (p-value > 0.5). Response from the respondents reflected the behaviour of consumers reside in Kelantan that the overall outlook (packaging appearance, branding and pricing) of a coffee packaging were taken into consideration during their buying process. Therefore, it is crucial for the packaging itself to be able to create emotional attachment in consumers’ mind during their first glimpse.

Matched MeSH terms: Product Packaging
Some of the properties of flame retardant medium density fiberboard made from rubberwood and recycled containers containing aluminum trihydroxide

Hashim R, How LS, Kumar RN, Sulaiman O

Bioresour Technol, 2005 Nov;96(16):1826-31.
PMID: 16051090

The flame retardancy of medium density fiberboard (MDF) made from mixture of rubberwood fibers and recycled old corrugated containers was studied. Aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) was used as a fire retardant additive and mixed with the fibers to manufacture experimental MDF panels using wet process. Phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin in liquid, 2% based on oven dry weight of fibers, was used along with 0%, 10%, 15% and 20% of ATH. The flame retardant test was done using the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. The other properties investigated include internal bond strength, thickness swelling and water absorption. The results showed that ATH loading increased as the LOI of MDF increased. This demonstrated that ATH could improved the fire retardant property of MDF at sufficient loading. An increase in concentration of ATH showed an increase in the IB values of MDF made without resin. MDF panels made without resin showed a progressive increase in internal bond as the composition of recycled old corrugated containers fiber increased. Addition of resin improved internal bond strength and reduced thickness swelling, and water absorption. Thickness swelling of panel increased as the composition of recycled old corrugated containers fiber increased. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) showed that there is indication of ATH and resin filling the void space in between fibers.

Matched MeSH terms: Product Packaging
Fulltext Surface-Mounted Bare and Packaged Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Measuring Rock Strain in Uniaxial Testing

Isah BW, Mohamad H

Sensors (Basel), 2021 Apr 22;21(9).
PMID: 33922008 DOI: 10.3390/s21092926

The paper explores the possibility of using high-resolution fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing technology for on-specimen strain measurement in the laboratory. The approach provides a means to assess the surface deformation of the specimen, both the axial and radial, through a chain of FBG sensor (C-FBG), in a basic setup of a uniaxial compression test. The method is cost-effective, straightforward and can be commercialized. Two C-FBG; one was applied directly to the sample (FBGBare), and the other was packaged (FBGPack) for ease of application. The approach measures the local strain with high-resolution and accuracy levels that match up to the existing local strain measuring sensors. The approach enables the evaluation of small-strain properties of the specimen intelligently. The finite element model analysis deployed has proven the adaptability of the technique for measuring material deformation. The adhesive thickness and packaging technique have been shown to influence the sensitivity of the FBG sensors. Owing to the relative ease and low-cost of instrumentation, the suggested method has a great potential to be routinely applied for elemental testing in the laboratory.

Matched MeSH terms: Product Packaging
Fulltext An innovative probabilistic hesitant fuzzy set MCDM perspective for selecting flexible packaging bags after the prohibition on single-use plastics

Jeon J, Krishnan S, Manirathinam T, Narayanamoorthy S, Nazir Ahmad M, Ferrara M, et al.

Sci Rep, 2023 Jun 23;13(1):10206.
PMID: 37353615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37200-2

The probabilistic hesitant elements (PHFEs) are a beneficial augmentation to the hesitant fuzzy element (HFE), which is intended to give decision-makers more flexibility in expressing their biases while using hesitant fuzzy information. To extrapolate a more accurate interpretation of the decision documentation, it is sufficient to standardize the organization of the elements in PHFEs without introducing fictional elements. Several processes for unifying and arranging components in PHFEs have been proposed so far, but most of them result in various disadvantages that are critically explored in this paper. The primary objective of this research is to recommend a PHFE unification procedure that avoids the deficiencies of operational practices while maintaining the inherent properties of PHFE probabilities. The prevailing study advances the hypothesis of permutation on PHFEs by suggesting a new sort of PHFS division and subtraction compared with the existing unification procedure. Eventually, the proposed PHFE-unification process will be used in this study, an innovative PHFEs based on the Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment Method-Analytic Hierarchy Process (WASPAS-AHP) perspective for selecting flexible packaging bags after the prohibition on single-use plastics. As a result, we have included the PHFEs-WASPAS in our selection of the most effective fuzzy environment for bio-plastic bags. The ranking results for the suggested PHFEs-MCDM techniques surpassed the existing AHP methods in the research study by providing the best solution. Our solutions offer the best bio-plastic bag alternative strategy for mitigating environmental impacts.

Matched MeSH terms: Product Packaging*
Characteristics of thermoplastic sugar palm Starch/Agar blend: Thermal, tensile, and physical properties

Jumaidin R, Sapuan SM, Jawaid M, Ishak MR, Sahari J

Int J Biol Macromol, 2016 Aug;89:575-81.
PMID: 27177458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.028

The aim of this work is to study the behavior of biodegradable sugar palm starch (SPS) based thermoplastic containing agar in the range of 10-40wt%. The thermoplastics were melt-mixed and then hot pressed at 140°C for 10min. SEM investigation showed good miscibility between SPS and agar. FT-IR analysis confirmed that SPS and agar were compatible and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds existed between them. Incorporation of agar increased the thermoplastic starch tensile properties (Young's modulus and tensile strength). The thermal stability and moisture uptake increased with increasing agar content. The present work shows that starch-based thermoplastics with 30wt% agar content have the highest tensile strength. Higher content of agar (40wt%) resulted to more rough cleavage fracture and slight decrease in the tensile strength. In conclusion, the addition of agar improved the thermal and tensile properties of thermoplastic SPS which widened the potential application of this eco-friendly material. The most promising applications for this eco-friendly material are short-life products such as packaging, container, tray, etc.

Matched MeSH terms: Product Packaging
Cigarette price level and variation in five Southeast Asian countries

Liber AC, Ross H, Ratanachena S, Dorotheo EU, Foong K

Tob Control, 2015 Jun;24(e2):e137-41.
PMID: 24500266 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051184

OBJECTIVES: To monitor and analyse impacts of the interaction between tobacco excise tax policy and industry price strategy, on the price level and variation of cigarettes sold in five Southeast Asian countries (Indonesia, Cambodia, Lao PDR, the Philippines and Vietnam).
METHODS: Prices of cigarette sold by sticks and packs were collected through an in-person survey of retailers during 2011. Mean cigarette prices and price variation were calculated in each study country for single cigarettes, whole packs and brand groups.
RESULTS: Price variation of whole packs was greater in countries with ad-valorem excise tax structures (Cambodia, Lao PDR and Vietnam) than in countries with multitiered specific excise taxes (Indonesia and the Philippines). The price variation for single sticks appeared to be driven by local currency denomination. Cigarettes sold individually cost more per stick than cigarettes sold in whole packs in every brand group except for Indonesia's domestic brands.
CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco industry strategy and excise tax structure drove the price level and variation of cigarettes sold in packs, while currency denominations influence the selling price of single sticks. To maximise the effectiveness of tobacco tax policies, countries should adopt specific excise tax structures to decrease cigarette price variation, which would minimise opportunities for smokers to 'trade down' to a cheaper brand to avoid a tax-driven price increase.
KEYWORDS: Low/Middle Income Country; Packaging and Labelling; Price; Surveillance and Monitoring; Taxation

Matched MeSH terms: Product Packaging
Fulltext Small/Kiddie Cigarette Packaging Size and Its Impact on Smoking: A Systematic Review

Mat Rifin H, Jane Ling MY, Robert Lourdes TG, Saminathan TA, Rodzlan Hasani WS, Ab Majid NL, et al.

Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2022 Sep 23;19(19).
PMID: 36231349 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912051

Background: Small cigarette pack sizes contain less than 20 cigarette sticks in a pack. Smaller packs may suggest lower costs, increasing affordability among lower-income users, especially the younger generation, which could lead to tobacco-related diseases and economic costs, including human capital lost results from tobacco-attributable morbidity and mortality. This concern has caused many countries to ban the sale of single cigarette sticks or kiddie packs. However, small cigarette pack sizes were proposed recently to be reintroduced by the tobacco industry with an excuse to prevent consumers from buying illicit cigarettes. This would demean efforts in combating tobacco consumption based on the existing tobacco control policies to prevent minors from purchasing cigarettes. Given the competing influences of affordability and availability of tobacco on consumption and the dearth of evidence-based review on the impact of pack size on smoking, this systematic review was conducted to identify the link between kiddie packs and smoking specifically on the initiation of smoking, urge/tendency to buy cigarettes among the general population and attempt to reduce cigarette consumption and prevalence of smoking using kiddie packs among current smokers. Methods: We include all studies except for reviews, guidelines, conference papers, commentaries, editorials, or opinion pieces. A database search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, Web of Science and Scopus on 27 November 2021. The results were presented in the form of narrative synthesis under four groups: initiation of smoking; urge/tendency to buy cigarettes; the prevalence of smoking, and attempt to reduce cigarette consumption. The literature search identified 1601 articles, of which 21 articles had met the inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of all included articles was determined using a validated 16-item quality assessment tool (QATSDD). The average quality score for all papers was 34.8%. Discussion: Given the diverse study settings of the articles and despite the challenges of the methodological quality of some articles, this review provides some evidence that kiddie packs may increase the urge/tendency to buy cigarettes and mixed evidence on the attempt to reduce cigarette consumption. This review also found some evidence that kiddie pack purchasing among teenage smokers was higher compared to adults. However, we are uncertain about the link between kiddie packs and smoking initiation. Nevertheless, since most studies were of low quality, further high-quality studies are needed to conclude about the impact of kiddie packs on smoking to assist the policymakers and stakeholders in formulating new policies and strengthening existing strategies related to the kiddie packs.

Matched MeSH terms: Product Packaging
Fulltext A systematic review protocol on small/kiddie cigarette packaging size and its impact on smoking

Mat Rifin H, Rodzlan Hasani WS, Ling MYJ, Robert Lourdes TG, Saminathan TA, Ab Majid NL, et al.

Syst Rev, 2020 01 13;9(1):13.
PMID: 31931868 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-019-1263-6

BACKGROUND: Small/kiddie cigarette packs consist of less than 20 cigarette sticks. Kiddie packs were recently proposed to be reintroduced by the tobacco industry with an excuse to prevent consumers from buying illicit cigarettes. By reintroducing kiddie packs, cigarettes will inevitably be more affordable and this would appeal to lower-income consumers especially teens. In this systematic review, we aimed to identify the impact of kiddie packs on smoking, specifically on smoking initiation, the urge/tendency to buy cigarettes and attempts to reduce cigarette consumption.
METHODS: This systematic review will be based on the review of original articles on the impact of kiddie packs on smoking. There is no restriction on the publication dates. The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Scopus will be searched to retrieve potential original articles. Additional records identified through other sources: Google Scholar, as well as Journal of Substance Use and Tobacco Control, are also to be searched. These will include original articles in any language which included all study designs (randomised controlled trials, quasi experimental and experimental studies, observational cross-sectional and cohort studies) comparing kiddie packs with regular cigarette packs. The primary outcomes of interest will be initiation of smoking and urge/tendency to buy cigarettes in the general population and attempts to reduce cigarette consumption among current smokers. Secondary outcomes will be the prevalence of smoking using kiddie packs among the current smokers.
DISCUSSION: This systematic review will provide evidence to support the impact of kiddie packs on smoking in terms of smoking initiation, smoking prevalence, urge/tendency to purchase cigarettes and attempts to reduce cigarette consumption. The findings from this review could be helpful to policymakers in regulating kiddie packs to control the consumption of tobacco.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42018102325.

Matched MeSH terms: Product Packaging/economics*
Fulltext Application of artificial neural networks for the optimisation of wetting contact angle for lead free Bi-Ag soldering alloys

Nima Ghamarian, Azmah Hanim, M.A., Nahavandi, M., Zulkarnain Zainal, Lim, Hong Ngee

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2017;25(4):1255-1260.
MyJurnal

In the recent years, electronic packaging provides significant research and development challenges
across multiple disciplines such as performance, materials, reliability, thermals and interconnections.
New technologies and techniques frequently adopted can be implemented in soldering alloys of
semiconductor sectors in terms of optimisation. Wetting contact angle or wettability of solder alloys
is one of the important factors which has got the attention of scholars. Hence in this study, due to the
remarkable similarity over classical solder alloys (Pb-Sn), Bi-Ag solder was investigated. Data were
collected through the effects of aging time variation and different weight percentages of Ag in solder
alloys. The contact angle of the alloys with Cu plate was measured by optical microscopy. Artificial
neural networks (ANNs) were applied on the measured datasets to develop a numerical model for further
simulation. Results of the experiments and simulations showed that the coefficient of determination (R2
)
is around 0.97, which signifies that the ANN set up is appropriate for the evaluation.

Matched MeSH terms: Product Packaging
Fulltext Development and Characterization of Biodegradable Composite Films Based on Gelatin Derived from Beef, Pork and Fish Sources

Nur Hanani ZA, Beatty E, Roos YH, Morris MA, Kerry JP

Foods, 2013 Jan 02;2(1):1-17.
PMID: 28239092 DOI: 10.3390/foods2010001

The objectives of this study were to develop composite films using various gelatin sources with corn oil (CO) incorporation (55.18%) and to investigate the mechanical and physical properties of these films as potential packaging films. There were increases (p < 0.05) in the tensile strength (TS) and puncture strength (PS) of films when the concentration of gelatin increased. The mechanical properties of these films were also improved when compared with films produced without CO. Conversely, the water barrier properties of composite films decreased (p < 0.05) when the concentration of gelatin in composite films increased. Comparing with pure gelatin films, water and oxygen barrier properties of gelatin films decreased when manufactured with the inclusion of CO.

Matched MeSH terms: Product Packaging
Fulltext Mass modeling of Malaysian varieties Pomelo fruit (Citrus Grandis L. Osbeck) with some physical characteristics

Nur Salihah, B., Norashikin, A.A., Rosnah, S.

International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(2):0-0.
MyJurnal

Knowledge of physical characteristics of Malaysian variety pomelo fruits are necessary for the design of some post harvesting, processing systems such as cleaning, handling, grading and packaging system. For proper development of pomelo grading systems, important relationships between the mass and some physical characteristics of pomelo fruits such as length, width, thickness, surface area, projected areas and volumes must be known. The aim of this research was to measure physical characteristics of two Malaysian varieties of pomelo fruit; Ledang (PO55) and Tambun (PO52) varieties. In this study, the mass of pomelo fruit was evaluated and correlated to measure physical characteristics using Linear, Quadratic, S-curve and Power models. The results showed that the correlation of the mass of pomelo fruit with all measured physical characteristics was significant at the 0.01 probability level. In the nutshell, mass modeling of pomelo fruit for Ledang (PO55) and Tambun (PO52) varieties based on the projected area are recommended according to economical view.

Matched MeSH terms: Product Packaging

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