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  1. Fulltext Osteoblast Demineralization Induced by Oxidized High-Density Lipoprotein via the Inflammatory Pathway Is Suppressed by Adiponectin
    Harun NH, Froemming GRA, Mohd Ismail A, Nawawi H, Mokhtar SS, Abd Muid S
    Int J Mol Sci, 2022 Nov 23;23(23).
    PMID: 36498945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314616
    Low mineralization activity by human osteoblast cells (HOBs) indicates abnormal bone remodeling that potentially leads to osteoporosis. Oxidation, the most prominent form of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) modification, is suggested to affect bone mineralization through the inflammatory pathway. Adiponectin, which possesses anti-inflammatory activity, is postulated to have the ability to suppress the detrimental effects of oxidized HDL (oxHDL). This study aimed to investigate the effects of HDL before and after oxidation on markers of mineralization and inflammation. The protective effects of adiponectin on demineralization and inflammation induced by oxHDL were also investigated. OxHDL at 100 µg/mL protein had the highest inhibitory effect on mineralization, followed by lower calcium incorporation. OxHDL also had significantly lower expression of a mineralization marker (COL1A2) and higher expression of inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α, and RELA proto-oncogene, NF-κβ (p65)) compared to the unstimulated control group. These findings suggest that oxHDL reduces the mineralization activity of HOBs by increasing the expression of inflammatory markers. Interestingly, co-incubation of adiponectin and oxHDL in HOBs resulted in higher expression of mineralization markers (ALPL, COL1A2, BGLAP, and RUNX2) and significantly reduced all targeted inflammatory markers compared to the oxHDL groups. On the contrary, HDL increased the expression of mineralization markers (COL1A2 and STAT-3) and exhibited lower expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), proving the protective effect of HDL beyond the reverse cholesterol transport activity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Remodeling
  2. Transplantation of human dental pulp stem cells: enhance bone consolidation in mandibular distraction osteogenesis
    Alkaisi A, Ismail AR, Mutum SS, Ahmad ZA, Masudi S, Abd Razak NH
    J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2013 Oct;71(10):1758.e1-13.
    PMID: 24040948 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2013.05.016
    The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the capacity of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) to enhance mandibular distraction osteogenesis (DO) in rabbits.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Remodeling/physiology
  3. Fulltext The Effect of Flapless and Full-thickness Flap Techniques on Implant Stability During the Healing Period
    Al-Juboori MJ, AbdulRahaman SB
    Open Dent J, 2015;9:243-9.
    PMID: 26312095 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601509010243
    PURPOSE: When soft tissue flaps are reflected for implant placement, the blood supply from the periosteum to the bone is disrupted. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the flapless (FL) and full-thickness flap (FT) techniques on implant stability. Methods : Nine patients received 22 implants. The implants were placed using the FL technique on the contralateral side of the jaw; the FT technique was used as the control technique. Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) was performed at the time of implant placement and at 6 and 12 weeks after implant placement. RFA values were compared between the FL and FT groups and between time intervals in the same group. Results : The median (interquartile range [IQR]) RFA values at the time of implant placement were 75.00 (15.00) for the FL technique and 75.00 (9.00) for the FT technique. At 6 weeks, the median (IQR) values were 79 (3.30) for the FL technique and 80 (12.70) for the FT technique. At 12 weeks, the median (IQR) values were 82.3 (3.30) for the FL technique and 82.6 (8.00) for the FT technique. There were no significant differences between the 2 techniques at the time of implant placement, after 6 weeks or after 12 weeks, with p values of 0.994, 0.789, and 0.959, respectively. There were significant differences between the RFA values at the time of implant placement and after 6 weeks for the FL technique (p=0.028) but not for the FT technique (p=0.091). There were also significant differences between the RFA values at 6 weeks and the RFA values at 12 weeks for the FL technique (p=0.007) and for the FT technique (p=0.003). Conclusion : Periosteum preservation during the FL procedure will speed up bone remodeling and result in early secondary implant stability as well as early loading.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Remodeling
  4. In vitro evaluation of osteoprotegerin in chitosan for potential bone defect applications
    Jayash SN, Hashim NM, Misran M, Baharuddin NA
    PeerJ, 2016;4:e2229.
    PMID: 27635307 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2229
    The receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK)/RANK ligand/osteoprotegerin (OPG) system plays a critical role in bone remodelling by regulating osteoclast formation and activity. OPG has been used systemically in the treatment of bone diseases. In searching for more effective and safer treatment for bone diseases, we investigated newly formulated OPG-chitosan complexes, which is prepared as a local application for its osteogenic potential to remediate bone defects.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Remodeling
  5. Osteoblasts infill irregular pores under curvature and porosity controls: a hypothesis-testing analysis of cell behaviours
    Alias MA, Buenzli PR
    Biomech Model Mechanobiol, 2018 Oct;17(5):1357-1371.
    PMID: 29846824 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-018-1031-x
    The geometric control of bone tissue growth plays a significant role in bone remodelling, age-related bone loss, and tissue engineering. However, how exactly geometry influences the behaviour of bone-forming cells remains elusive. Geometry modulates cell populations collectively through the evolving space available to the cells, but it may also modulate the individual behaviours of cells. To factor out the collective influence of geometry and gain access to the geometric regulation of individual cell behaviours, we develop a mathematical model of the infilling of cortical bone pores and use it with available experimental data on cortical infilling rates. Testing different possible modes of geometric controls of individual cell behaviours consistent with the experimental data, we find that efficient smoothing of irregular pores only occurs when cell secretory rate is controlled by porosity rather than curvature. This porosity control suggests the convergence of a large scale of intercellular signalling to single bone-forming cells, consistent with that provided by the osteocyte network in response to mechanical stimulus. After validating the mathematical model with the histological record of a real cortical pore infilling, we explore the infilling of a population of randomly generated initial pore shapes. We find that amongst all the geometric regulations considered, the collective influence of curvature on cell crowding is a dominant factor for how fast cortical bone pores infill, and we suggest that the irregularity of cement lines thereby explains some of the variability in double labelling data as well as the overall speed of osteon infilling.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Remodeling
  6. Fulltext A Review on the Role of Denosumab in Fracture Prevention
    Pang KL, Low NY, Chin KY
    Drug Des Devel Ther, 2020;14:4029-4051.
    PMID: 33061307 DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S270829
    Denosumab is a receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand inhibitor, which suppresses the bone resorption process to preserve bone mass. It is usually recommended to postmenopausal women and men with high fracture risk. With the recent publication of the results from FREEDOM study and its extension, the long-term effect of denosumab in preventing fragility fractures has been put forward. This review aims at summarising the evidence of denosumab in reducing fracture risk and its safety derived from clinical studies. Most of the evidence are derived from FREEDOM trials up to 10 years of exposure. Denosumab is reported to prevent vertebral and non-vertebral fractures. It is also proven effective in Japanese women, patients with chronic kidney diseases and breast cancer patients receiving antineoplastic therapy. Denosumab discontinuation leads to high remodeling, loss of bone mineral density and increased fracture risk. These negative effects might be preventable by bisphosphonate treatment. The safety profile of denosumab is consistent with increased years of exposure. In conclusion, denosumab is a safe and effective option for reducing fracture risk among patients with osteoporosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Remodeling/drug effects
  7. Fulltext Are Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Mediators of Bone Loss Due to Estrogen Deficiency? A Review of Current Evidence
    Mohamad NV, Ima-Nirwana S, Chin KY
    Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets, 2020;20(9):1478-1487.
    PMID: 32496996 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200604160614
    Osteoporosis is one of the major health issues associated with menopause-related estrogen deficiency. Various reports suggest that the hormonal changes related to menopausal transition may lead to the derangement of redox homeostasis and ultimately oxidative stress. Estrogen deficiency and oxidative stress may enhance the expression of genes involved in inflammation. All these factors may contribute, in synergy, to the development of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Previous studies suggest that estrogen may act as an antioxidant to protect the bone against oxidative stress, and as an antiinflammatory agent in suppressing pro-inflammatory and pro-osteoclastic cytokines. Thus, the focus of the current review is to examine the relationship between estrogen deficiency, oxidative stress and inflammation, and the impacts of these phenomena on skeletal health in postmenopausal women.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Remodeling/physiology*
  8. Effects of tocotrienol from Bixa orellana (annatto) on bone histomorphometry in a male osteoporosis model induced by buserelin
    Mohamad NV, Soelaiman IN, Chin KY
    Biomed Pharmacother, 2018 Jul;103:453-462.
    PMID: 29674281 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.083
    INTRODUCTION: Osteoporosis is a debilitating skeletal side effect of androgen deprivation therapy based on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist in men. Tocotrienol from Bixa orellana (annatto) has been demonstrated to offer protection against osteoporosis by exerting anabolic effects on bone. Thus, it may prevent osteoporosis among GnRH agonist users.

    OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of annatto-tocotrienol on the bone turnover markers and bone histomorphometry in a model of male osteoporosis induced by buserelin (a GnRH agonist).

    METHODS: Forty-six three-months-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (three months old; 300-350 g) were randomly divided into six groups. The baseline control group (n = 6) was sacrificed at the onset of the study. The normal control group (n = 8) received corn oil (the vehicle of tocotrienol) orally daily and normal saline (the vehicle of buserelin) subcutaneously daily. The buserelin control (n = 8) received corn oil orally daily and subcutaneous buserelin injection 75 μg/kg/day daily. The calcium control (n = 8) received 1% calcium in drinking water and subcutaneous buserelin injection 75 μg/kg/day. The remaining rats were treated with two different treatments, i.e., (1) oral annatto tocotrienol at 60 mg/kg/day plus subcutaneous buserelin injection 75 μg/kg/day (n = 8); (2) oral annatto tocotrienol at 100 mg/kg/day plus subcutaneous buserelin injection 75 μg/kg/day (n = 8). The rats were injected with calcein twice before being sacrificed to label the bones. The rats were euthanized, and their blood and right femur were harvested at the end of the treatment for bone turnover markers and bone histomorphometry examination.

    RESULTS: Both serum osteocalcin and C-telopeptide of type 1 collagen were not significantly different between treated groups and buserelin control (P > 0.05). The buserelin control group had a significantly lower bone volume and higher eroded surface compared with the normal control group (P bone volume, trabecular thickness and osteoblast number, as well as a significantly lower single-labelled surface compared with the buserelin control (P bone loss by increasing the mineralising surface and osteoblasts number. Thus, it has a potential role in preventing bone loss in men using GnRH agonist.

    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Remodeling/drug effects*; Bone Remodeling/physiology
  9. Fulltext A Review of the Potential Application of Osteocyte-Related Biomarkers, Fibroblast Growth Factor-23, Sclerostin, and Dickkopf-1 in Predicting Osteoporosis and Fractures
    Ramli FF, Chin KY
    Diagnostics (Basel), 2020 Mar 06;10(3).
    PMID: 32155909 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10030145
    Bone turnover markers (BTMs) derived from the secretory activities of osteoblasts and the matrix-degrading activities of osteoclasts are useful in monitoring the progression of osteoporosis and the efficacy of anti-osteoporotic treatment. However, the usefulness of BTMs in predicting osteoporosis remains elusive. Osteocytes play a central role in regulating bone formation and resorption. The proteins secreted by osteocytes, such as fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23), sclerostin (SOST), and dickkopf-1 (DKK1), could be candidates for osteoporosis screening and fracture prediction. This review summarizes the current evidence on the potential of osteocyte-related proteins as biomarkers for osteoporosis and fracture prediction. The literature reports that SOST may be a potential marker for osteoporosis screening but not for fracture prediction. FGF23 is a potential marker for increased fracture risk, but more studies are needed to confirm its usefulness. The role of DKK1 as a marker to predict osteoporosis and fracture risk cannot be confirmed due to a lack of consistent evidence. In conclusion, circulating osteocyte markers are potential osteoporosis biomarkers, but more studies are warranted to validate their clinical use.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Remodeling
  10. The effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (buserelin) and orchidectomy on bone turnover markers and histomorphometry in rats
    Mohamad NV, Ima-Nirwana S, Chin KY
    Aging Male, 2020 Dec;23(5):327-334.
    PMID: 29495911 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2018.1446075
    This study aimed to compare the skeletal effect between GnRH agonist therapy and orchidectomy in male rats assessed using serum turnover markers and bone histomorphometry. Three-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 46) were divided into three experimental arms, baseline, buserelin, and orchidectomy. In the buserelin arm, the rats received a daily subcutaneous injection of either normal saline or buserelin acetate at 25 µg/kg or 75 µg/kg. In the orchidectomy arm, the rats were either sham-operated or orchidectomized. The rats were euthanized after the three-month treatment. Blood was collected for the evaluation of bone turnover markers. Femurs were harvested for bone histomorphometry examination. A significant increase in serum C-telopeptide of type 1 collagen was observed in the orchidectomized group compared with the sham group (p bone volume, number and significantly increased trabecular separation in rats compared with their respective controls (p bone microarchitecture and increased bone resorption similar to orchidectomy after three months.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Remodeling
  11. Fulltext LC-MS Data set on the Malayan Deer (Cervus timorensis) Antler Velvet and its antibiofilm activity against Candida species: LC-MS Data set on the Malayan Deer (Cervus timorensis) Antler Velvet and its antibiofilm properties against Candida species
    Arzmi MH, John A, Rismayuddin NAR, Kenali NM, Darnis DS
    Data Brief, 2021 Apr;35:106769.
    PMID: 33537383 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.106769
    Deer antler velvet (DAV) has been traditionally used in Chinese medicine, including treatment on toothache [1]. Due to its rapid and regenerative capacity, deer antlers were proposed to be the good model for bone remodelling in mammals [2]. The data presented in this work is on the liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) profile and bioactive potential of Malayan deer antler velvet (DAV) on different Candida species that has clinical importance. Aqueous extraction of DAV samples was subjected to Liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) profiling. Reverse phase (RP) separation was used due to the process extraction using water as a solvent to separate polar compound. The data was interpreted using Profile Analysis 2.1V. The DAV samples were also tested for the effect on the biofilm formation of seven Candida species in a 96 well plate [3]. The biofilms were developed for 72 h in aerobic environment. Following that, the biofilms biomass was determined using crystal violet assay.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Remodeling
  12. The effects of TNF α antagonist therapy on bone metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review
    Sakthiswary R, Das S
    Curr Drug Targets, 2013 Dec;14(13):1552-7.
    PMID: 23848441
    Osteoporosis is a common complication observed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Accelerated bone loss is always a matter of concern. The pathogenesis of RA may be important for better understanding of the bone loss. The mechanism involved in the bone loss in RA is not well understood although cytokines such as interleukin 1 and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF α) have been strongly implicated. TNF α antagonists have revolutionised the treatment of RA in the recent years. Beyond the control of disease activity in RA, accumulating evidence suggests that this form of therapy may provide beneficial effects to the bone metabolism and remodeling. An extensive search of the literature was performed in the Medline, Scopus and EBSCO databases to evaluate the documented research on the effects of TNF α antagonists in RA on bone mineral density and bone turnover markers. The available data based on our systematic review, depict a significant association between TNF α antagonists treatment and suppression of bone resorption.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Remodeling/drug effects
  13. Orbital fluid shear stress promotes osteoblast metabolism, proliferation and alkaline phosphates activity in vitro
    Aisha MD, Nor-Ashikin MN, Sharaniza AB, Nawawi H, Froemming GR
    Exp Cell Res, 2015 Sep 10;337(1):87-93.
    PMID: 26163894 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.07.002
    Prolonged disuse of the musculoskeletal system is associated with reduced mechanical loading and lack of anabolic stimulus. As a form of mechanical signal, the multidirectional orbital fluid shear stress transmits anabolic signal to bone forming cells in promoting cell differentiation, metabolism and proliferation. Signals are channeled through the cytoskeleton framework, directly modifying gene and protein expression. For that reason, we aimed to study the organization of Normal Human Osteoblast (NHOst) cytoskeleton with regards to orbital fluid shear (OFS) stress. Of special interest were the consequences of cytoskeletal reorganization on NHOst metabolism, proliferation, and osteogenic functional markers. Cells stimulated at 250 RPM in a shaking incubator resulted in the rearrangement of actin and tubulin fibers after 72 h. Orbital shear stress increased NHOst mitochondrial metabolism and proliferation, simultaneously preventing apoptosis. The ratio of RANKL/OPG was reduced, suggesting that orbital shear stress has the potential to inhibit osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast activity. Increase in ALP activity and OCN protein production suggests that stimulation retained osteoblast function. Shear stress possibly generated through actin seemed to hold an anabolic response as osteoblast metabolism and functional markers were enhanced. We hypothesize that by applying orbital shear stress with suitable magnitude and duration as a non-drug anabolic treatment can help improve bone regeneration in prolonged disuse cases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Remodeling
  14. Stress analysis of femoral bone resorption with implant
    Solehuddin Shuib, Sahari, B.B., Wong, Shaw Voon, Arumugam, Manohar, Halim Kadarman, A.
    CREAM : Current Research in Malaysia (Penyelidikan Terkini di Malaysia), 2013;2(2):23-41.
    MyJurnal
    Bone is a living tissue. It continuously reproduces its structure and its growth depends partly upon the applied mechanical load. After an implant is inserted, the load equilibrium is disturbed, leading to bone resorption and the stress shielding phenomena. Aseptic loosening is the main contributor for hip prosthesis failure. The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of bone resorption on the stress values and hence obtain a better understanding of the behavior of the stress adaptive bone-remodeling. The bone material used for the analysis was assumed to be isotropic and linearly elastic, and the external loads applied comprised of a femoral head load and an abductor load. A Finite element computer program for evaluating the changes in bone's density and modulus was developed. The values of stress for bone, cement mantle in medial, and lateral positions of Total Hip Replacement (THR) are presented. The failure mechanisms of THR with bone resorption observed the implant loosening since stress is reduced.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Remodeling
  15. Fulltext Early remodeling in children's forearm fractures
    Qairul IH, Kareem BA, Tan AB, Harwant S
    Med J Malaysia, 2001 Dec;56 Suppl D:34-7.
    PMID: 14569764
    The forearm fracture is a fracture of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist. It is a common injury in children, accounting for more than half of all children's fractures, and mostly occur when a child falls on the outstretched arm. A difficult clinical problem that often arises is how much angulation can be accepted in the child and how much remodeling will occur. One hundred consecutive cases of forearm fractures that were admitted at Childrens Orthopaedic Ward, Institute of Paediatrics at Hospital Kuala Lumpur between 1st January 1997 to 31st December 1998 were studied. We found that all fractures united 3 to 6 weeks, with a remodeling rate of about 2.5 degrees/month: the proximal fractures having the most potential to remodel. We conclude that the early remodeling potential of forearm fractures in children is 1.5 degrees/month in midshaft fractures and 2.5 degrees/month in distal and proximal fractures. We recommend accepting a 10-20 degree angulation in midshaft fractures, and a 20-30 degree angulation in metaphyseal fractures; based on our study of early remodeling potential.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Remodeling/physiology*
  16. Fulltext Annatto tocotrienol improves indices of bone static histomorphometry in osteoporosis due to testosterone deficiency in rats
    Chin KY, Abdul-Majeed S, Fozi NF, Ima-Nirwana S
    Nutrients, 2014 Nov;6(11):4974-83.
    PMID: 25389899 DOI: 10.3390/nu6114974
    This study aimed to evaluate the effects of annatto tocotrienol on indices of bone static histomorphometry in orchidectomized rats. Forty male rats were randomized into baseline (BL), sham (SH), orchidectomized (ORX), annatto tocotrienol-treated (AnTT) and testosterone enanthate-treated (TE) groups. The BL group was sacrificed upon receipt. All rats except the SH group underwent bilateral orchidectomy. Annatto tocotrienol at 60 mg/kg body weight was administered orally daily to the AnTT group for eight weeks. Testosterone enanthate at 7 mg/kg body weight was administered intramuscularly once weekly for eight weeks to the TE group. The rat femurs were collected for static histomorphometric analysis upon necropsy. The results indicated that the ORX group had significantly higher osteoclast surface and eroded surface, and significantly lower osteoblast surface, osteoid surface and osteoid volume compared to the SH group (p < 0.05). Annatto tocotrienol and testosterone enanthate intervention prevented all these changes (p < 0.05). The efficacy of annatto tocotrienol was on par with testosterone enanthate. In conclusion, annatto tocotrienol at 60 mg/kg can prevent the imbalance in bone remodeling caused by increased osteoclast and bone resorption, and decreased osteoblast and bone formation. This serves as a basis for the application of annatto tocotrienol in hypogonadal men as an antiosteoporotic agent.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Remodeling/drug effects*
  17. Fulltext Effects of annatto-derived tocotrienol supplementation on osteoporosis induced by testosterone deficiency in rats
    Chin KY, Ima-Nirwana S
    Clin Interv Aging, 2014;9:1247-59.
    PMID: 25120355 DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S67016
    BACKGROUND: Previous animal models have demonstrated that tocotrienol is a potential treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis. This study evaluated the antiosteoporotic effects of annatto-derived tocotrienol (AnTT) using a testosterone-deficient osteoporotic rat model.
    METHODS: Forty rats were divided randomly into baseline, sham, orchidectomized, AnTT, and testosterone groups. The baseline group was euthanized without undergoing any surgical treatment or intervention. The remaining groups underwent orchidectomy, with the exception of the sham group. AnTT 60 mg/kg/day was given orally to the AnTT group, while the testosterone group received testosterone enanthate 7 mg/kg per week intramuscularly for 8 weeks. Structural changes in trabecular bone at the proximal tibia were examined using microcomputed tomography. Structural and dynamic changes at the distal femur were examined using histomorphometric methods. Serum osteocalcin and C-terminal of type 1 collagen crosslinks were measured. Bone-related gene expression in the distal femur was examined.
    RESULTS: There were significant degenerative changes in structural indices in the orchidectomized group (P<0.05), but no significant changes in dynamic indices, bone remodeling markers, or gene expression (P>0.05) when compared with the sham group. The AnTT group showed significant improvement in structural indices at the femur (P<0.05) and significantly increased expression of bone formation genes (P<0.05). Testosterone was more effective than AnTT in preventing degeneration of bone structural indices in the femur and tibia (P<0.05).
    CONCLUSION: AnTT supplementation improves bone health in testosterone-deficient rats by enhancing bone formation. Its potential should be evaluated further by varying the dosage and treatment duration.
    KEYWORDS: bone remodeling; osteoporosis; testosterone; tocotrienol
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Remodeling/drug effects*
  18. Fulltext Effects of metabolic syndrome on bone mineral density, histomorphometry and remodelling markers in male rats
    Wong SK, Chin KY, Suhaimi FH, Ahmad F, Ima-Nirwana S
    PLoS One, 2018;13(2):e0192416.
    PMID: 29420594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192416
    This study aimed to evaluate the effects of metabolic syndrome (MetS) induced by high-carbohydrate high-fat (HCHF) diet on bone mineral density (BMD), histomorphometry and remodelling markers in male rats. Twelve male Wistar rats aged 12 weeks old were randomized into two groups. The normal group was given standard rat chow while the HCHF group was given HCHF diet to induce MetS. Abdominal circumference, blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipid profile were measured for the confirmation of MetS. Bone mineral density, histomorphometry and remodelling markers were evaluated for the confirmation of bone loss. The HCHF diet caused central obesity, hyperglycaemia, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia in male rats. No significant difference was observed in whole body bone mineral content and BMD between the normal and HCHF rats (p>0.05). For bone histomorphometric parameters, HCHF diet-fed animals had significantly lower osteoblast surface, osteoid surface, osteoid volume, and significantly higher eroded surface; resulting in a reduction in trabecular bone volume (p<0.05). Feeding on HCHF diet caused a significantly higher CTX-1 level (p<0.05), but did not cause any significant change in osteocalcin level compared to normal rats (p>0.05). In conclusion, HCHF diet-induced MetS causes imbalance in bone remodelling, leading to the deterioration of trabecular bone structure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Remodeling*
  19. Fulltext Probiotics (Bifidobacterium longum) Increase Bone Mass Density and Upregulate Sparc and Bmp-2 Genes in Rats with Bone Loss Resulting from Ovariectomy
    Parvaneh K, Ebrahimi M, Sabran MR, Karimi G, Hwei AN, Abdul-Majeed S, et al.
    Biomed Res Int, 2015;2015:897639.
    PMID: 26366421 DOI: 10.1155/2015/897639
    Probiotics are live microorganisms that exert beneficial effects on the host, when administered in adequate amounts. Mostly, probiotics affect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of the host and alter the composition of gut microbiota. Nowadays, the incidence of hip fractures due to osteoporosis is increasing worldwide. Ovariectomized (OVX) rats have fragile bone due to estrogen deficiency and mimic the menopausal conditions in women. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of Bifidobacterium longum (B. longum) on bone mass density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), bone remodeling, bone structure, and gene expression in OVX rats. The rats were randomly assigned into 3 groups (sham, OVX, and the OVX group supplemented with 1 mL of B. longum 10(8)-10(9) colony forming units (CFU)/mL). B. longum was given once daily for 16 weeks, starting from 2 weeks after the surgery. The B. longum supplementation increased (p < 0.05) serum osteocalcin (OC) and osteoblasts, bone formation parameters, and decreased serum C-terminal telopeptide (CTX) and osteoclasts, bone resorption parameters. It also altered the microstructure of the femur. Consequently, it increased BMD by increasing (p < 0.05) the expression of Sparc and Bmp-2 genes. B. longum alleviated bone loss in OVX rats and enhanced BMD by decreasing bone resorption and increasing bone formation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Remodeling/drug effects; Bone Remodeling/genetics
  20. Bone health among patients with primary aldosteronism: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Loh HH, Yee A, Loh HS
    Minerva Endocrinol., 2019 Dec;44(4):387-396.
    PMID: 30482008 DOI: 10.23736/S0391-1977.18.02867-5
    INTRODUCTION: Recent studies showed a possible association between hyperaldosteronism and secondary hyperparathyroidism leading to reduced bone health, however results are conflicting.

    EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between primary aldosteronism (PA) with bone biochemical markers and to assess bone mineral density in patients with primary aldosteronism.

    EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: A total of 939 subjects were examined (37.5% with PA). Patients with PA had significantly higher serum parathyroid hormone, lower serum calcium, higher urine calcium excretion and higher serum alkaline phosphatase compared to patients without PA, with no significant difference in serum vitamin D between both groups. Bone mineral density of lumbar spine, femoral neck and total neck of femur were similar between two groups. With PA treatment, there was a significant increment in serum calcium and reduction in serum parathyroid hormone.

    CONCLUSIONS: PA is associated with hypercalciuria with subsequent secondary hyperparathyroidism. This potentially affects bone health. We recommend this to be part of complication screening among patients with PA.

    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Remodeling
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