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  1. Comparative levels of arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in Malaysian fish
    Gibson RA, Kneebone R, Kneebone GM
    Comp Biochem Physiol C Comp Pharmacol Toxicol, 1984;78(2):325-8.
    PMID: 6149073
    Total lipids were extracted from 22 species of Malaysian fish and the constituent fatty acids were analysed by gas chromatography. Malaysian fish generally contained high levels of saturated fatty acids (range 36-55% total fatty acids) and contained variable amounts of monounsaturates, chiefly palmitic and stearic acids, but only trace levels of 20:1 and 22:1. Unlike fish caught in colder northern hemisphere waters, Malaysian fish were found to contain arachidonic acid (20:4 omega 6, range 2-12%) in addition to the expected eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 omega 3, range 1-13%) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 omega 3, range 6.6-40.4%).
    Matched MeSH terms: Eicosapentaenoic Acid
  2. Seasonal variation of fatty acid content in natural microplankton from the Tumpat coastal waters of the South China Sea
    Shamsudin L
    Arch Physiol Biochem, 1998 Jul;106(3):253-60.
    PMID: 10099722
    In the search for better understanding on the nutritional quality of natural tropical plankton, samples were collected from shallow coastal waters facing the South China Sea during the dry monsoon (May-September) and the wet monsoon (November-April) seasons from March 1993 to July 1994. The total fatty acid content of the predominantly phytoplankton communities (25-200 microns sieve nets) varied four to fivefold with the lowest value occurring during the dry monsoon when blue-green became predominant. Saturated fatty acid content (SAFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and total omega 3 (sigma omega 3) showed the same seasonal pattern as the total fatty acid with high values in October to December 1993. When species of the dinoflagellate Peridinium and Ceratium were present in considerable amount, the docosahexaenoic acid DHA content was high, especially from March to May 1993. The maximum content of eicosapentaenoic acid EPA, total omega-3 fatty acid, PUFA and sigma omega 3 in phytoplankton occurred during the pre-monsoon period (October and November 1993) when the diatoms were present in large amounts. The larger fraction sample (> 200 microns sieve nets) which consisted predominantly of zooplankton had high amounts of PUFA from September to November 1993.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eicosapentaenoic Acid/analysis
  3. Fulltext Omega-3 fatty acids: potential sources in the Malaysian diet with the goal towards achieving recommended nutrient intakes
    Ng, T.K.W.
    Malays J Nutr, 2006;12(2):181-188.
    MyJurnal
    Omega-3 fatty acid nutrition is widely recognised as essential to health and general well-being. However, health professionals and the general public in Malaysia may lack knowledge on the sources or the amounts of these essential fat components in foods. This paper attempts to correct this scenario by identifying the potential sources of omega-3 fatty acids [a-linolenic acid (ALA), or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] in the Malaysian diet and calculating the amounts of these “nutrients” provided per serving of a wide variety of foods. The information generated provides Malaysian health professionals and consumers with options in food choices or meal planning with the goal towards achieving the recommended nutrient intakes for omega-3 fatty acids. The findings in the present study revealed that the potential sources of omega-3 fatty acids in the Malaysian diet in decreasing order are: edible oils (ALA), fish and fish products (EPA+DHA), vegetables (ALA), meat and eggs (EPA+DHA), and milk/milk products (EPA+DHA). Edible oils which are exceptionally high in ALA such as flaxseed oil and perilla oil are presently unavailable at local retail outlets and supermarkets. However, consumers can still meet the recommended nutrient intakes (RNIs) for omega-3 fatty acids of 0.3 to 1.2% energy (equivalent to 0.67g-2.67g) by choosing a wellbalanced diet prepared preferably with a cooking oil blend containing ALA, and one or more servings daily from at least three of the following food groups: (i) fish (“jelawat”, “siakap”, sardines, tuna, mackerel, salmon)/seafoods (shrimps, crab)/meat, (ii) vegetables/soybean/ soybean-based products/beans and peas, (iii) omega-3 enriched/fortified foods (eg. “omega-3 eggs”), and (iv) ready-to-drink omega-3 milk preparations/soybean milk.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eicosapentaenoic Acid
  4. The influence of maternal ethnic group and diet on breast milk fatty acid composition
    Su LL, S K TC, Lim SL, Chen Y, Tan EA, Pai NN, et al.
    Ann Acad Med Singap, 2010 Sep;39(9):675-5.
    PMID: 20957301
    INTRODUCTION: Breast milk fatty acids play a major role in infant development. However, no data have compared the breast milk composition of different ethnic groups living in the same environment. We aimed to (i) investigate breast milk fatty acid composition of three ethnic groups in Singapore and (ii) determine dietary fatty acid patterns in these groups and any association with breast milk fatty acid composition.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective study conducted at a tertiary hospital in Singapore. Healthy pregnant women with the intention to breastfeed were recruited. Diet profile was studied using a standard validated 3-day food diary. Breast milk was collected from mothers at 1 to 2 weeks and 6 to 8 weeks postnatally. Agilent gas chromatograph (6870N) equipped with a mass spectrometer (5975) and an automatic liquid sampler (ALS) system with a split mode was used for analysis.

    RESULTS: Seventy-two breast milk samples were obtained from 52 subjects. Analysis showed that breast milk ETA (Eicosatetraenoic acid) and ETA:EA (Eicosatrienoic acid) ratio were significantly different among the races (P = 0.031 and P = 0.020), with ETA being the highest among Indians and the lowest among Malays. Docosahexaenoic acid was significantly higher among Chinese compared to Indians and Malays. No difference was demonstrated in n3 and n6 levels in the food diet analysis among the 3 ethnic groups.

    CONCLUSIONS: Differences exist in breast milk fatty acid composition in different ethnic groups in the same region, although no difference was demonstrated in the diet analysis. Factors other than maternal diet may play a role in breast milk fatty acid composition.

    Matched MeSH terms: Eicosapentaenoic Acid/metabolism
  5. Proximate, fatty acid and mineral composition of selected deep sea fish species from Southern Java Ocean and Western Sumatra Ocean, Indonesia
    Suseno, S.H., Tajul, A.Y., Nadiah, W.A., Hamidah, Asti, Ali, S.
    International Food Research Journal, 2010;17(4):905-914.
    MyJurnal
    Proximate content, fatty acid and mineral compositions were determined for the ten species of deepsea fish from Southern Java Ocean and Western Sumatra Ocean, Indonesia. The proximate composition was found to be 23.0-24.8 % protein, 1.9-4.1% fat , 0-1.75 % carbohydrate, 1.7-2.4 % ash and 70.1-72.1% water, whereas the fatty acid compositions consisted of 0.86 - 49.63 % saturated fatty acids (SFA), 0.29 - 50.09 % monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and 2.85 % - 46.32 % polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Among them, those occurring in the highest proportions were myristic acid (C14:0, 0.12-7.59%), palmitic acid (C16:0, 0.02–20.5%), stearic acid (C18:0, 0.42–49.19), oleic acid (C18:1, 0.29–50.09 %), linoleic acid (C18:2, 0.23– 44.91%), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n3, 0.41– 4.61%) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n3, 0.28– 3.44%). The rest of the microelements, Cd, Hg, and Pb were all present in amounts below toxic levels.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eicosapentaenoic Acid
  6. Comparative study of the oxidative and physical stability of liposomal and nanoliposomal polyunsaturated fatty acids prepared with conventional and Mozafari methods
    Rasti B, Jinap S, Mozafari MR, Yazid AM
    Food Chem, 2012 Dec 15;135(4):2761-70.
    PMID: 22980870 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.07.016
    The relative oxidative stability of freshly prepared and stored liposomal and nanoliposomal systems of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) were investigated. The effects of organic solvents on the oxidative stability of liposomal polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) produced by two methods, the Bangham thin-film hydration (conventional rotary evaporation method and using organic solvents) and Mozafari (direct hydration and without using organic solvents) methods, were compared. The highest physicochemical stability was observed in PUFA liposomes prepared by the Mozafari method, followed by conventional liposomes and bulk PUFAs. There was no significant change in physicochemical stability during 10 months of cold storage (4°C) in the dark. Moreover, the comparison between liposomes (>200 nm) and nanoliposomes (50-200 nm) revealed that the surface charge, physical stability and oxidative stability of liposomal PUFAs increased as the size of the liposomes decreased. The differences in the oxidative stability of PUFAs may be due to the protective effects of aqueous systems, which indicate the advantage of using non-organic solvent (water and CO(2)) techniques in liposome manufacturing.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eicosapentaenoic Acid/chemistry*
  7. Fulltext Omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid nutrition amongst Malaysians are far from desirable
    Tony, Kock Wai Ng, Siew, Rong Wong, Sim, Ling Chee, Augustine, Cheryl Andrea, Nalliah, Sivalingam, Azlinda Hamid
    International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2012;6(2):4-9.
    MyJurnal
    This paper reviews available reports on the omega-6 (linoleic acid, LA) and omega-3 fatty acid
    [alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) + eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid) intakes amongst Malaysians against Malaysian Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNI), focussing particularly on pregnant and lactating women because of the availability of data for these latter vulnerable groups. Overall, the omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid nutrition amongst Malaysians are poor and far from desirable. The nutritional situation regarding these long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
    (LCPUFA) amongst Malaysian pregnant and lactating women is alarming and warrants urgent attention in nutrition promotion activities/counselling. Daily consumption of LA by these women and other Malaysians studied ranged from 3.69 - 5.61 % kcal with 38-60% of individuals not meeting their RNIs. Daily intakes of omega-3 fatty acids faired worse, averaging 0.21- 0.33 % kcal with as high as 92% of subjects in one study not meeting their RNIs. The omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid
    ratios obtained in the studies reviewed are about 20:1, which is way above the World Health Organisationrecommended ratio of 5-10:1. Dietary sources of these omega- fatty acids in the subjects studied are chicken, fish and milk. Since local foods are not particularly rich in LCPUFA such as EPA and DHA, the options to improve EPA/DHA nutrition amongst Malaysians are
    the greater consumption of omega-3 enriched foods and in the case of pregnant and lactating women, LCPUFA supplementation may warrant serious consideration.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eicosapentaenoic Acid
  8. Fatty acids composition of selected Malaysian fishes
    Nur Airina Muhamad, Jamaludin Mohamad
    Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:81-94.
    A comparative study on the fatty acids contents of three Malaysian marine fishes Tenualosa toli (Terubok), Rastrelliger kanagurta (Kembong), Stolephorus baganensis (Bilis) and three freshwater fishes Channa striatus (Haruan), Pangasius hypothalamus (Patin), Clarias macrocephalus (Keli) were carried out. Marine fishes showed more unsaturated fatty acids with 3, 4, 5 and 6 double bonds than in freshwater fishes. Two n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs); eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docasahaexaenoic acid (DHA) were found more in marine fishes PUFAs than in freshwater fishes. Based on the fatty acids content of DHA, EPA and arachidonic acid (AA), Stolephorus baganensis provides the best source of it (4.68%,10.5%, 4.68%) followed by Rastrelliger kanagurta (10.62%, 4.85%, 3.17%) and Tenualosa toli (9.93%, 2.50%, 0.16%). However, freshwater fishes showed small range of DHA (0.63% - 1.41%), EPA (0.11% - 0.25%) and AA (1.41% - 4.46%). Saturated fatty acids palmitic was the major fatty acid found in all fishes studied.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eicosapentaenoic Acid
  9. The role of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in reducing lipid peroxidation among elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment: a case-control study
    Lee LK, Shahar S, Rajab N, Yusoff NA, Jamal RA, Then SM
    J Nutr Biochem, 2013 May;24(5):803-8.
    PMID: 22898566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.04.014
    The present work explores the effect of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) intake on lipid peroxidation among mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients. The plasma lipid hydroperoxide (LPO) levels in 67 MCI patients were compared to those of 134 healthy elderly controls. Omega-3 PUFA intake was assessed using an interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire. Apolipoprotein E genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme digestion. The association between various confounders and lipid peroxidation was evaluated using regression analysis. The influence of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) intake on LPO level was investigated. The results revealed that LPO levels were significantly higher in the MCI group than in the control group. Inverse correlations were found between DHA and EPA intake and LPO level among the MCI group. LPO levels decreased significantly with increasing DHA and EPA intake. In summary, the findings revealed that DHA and EPA can play a role in alleviating oxidative stress and reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eicosapentaenoic Acid/administration & dosage*
  10. Fulltext The bioaccessibility of eicosapentaenoic acid was higher from phospholipid food products than from mono- and triacylglycerol food products in a dynamic gastrointestinal model
    Domoto N, Koenen ME, Havenaar R, Mikajiri A, Chu BS
    Food Sci Nutr, 2013 Nov;1(6):409-15.
    PMID: 24804049 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.58
    The bioaccessibility of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the forms of monoacylglycerol (EPA-MAG), triacylglycerol (EPA-TAG), and phospholipid (EPA-PL) during gastrointestinal passage was compared in this study using a dynamic gastrointestinal model (TIM system). The TIM system simulated the average upper gastrointestinal tract conditions of healthy human adults after intake of a meal (fed state conditions). In this study, the three EPA-rich oils were separately homogenized with full fat milk to obtain oil-in-water emulsions. Plain yogurt was added into the mixture at an emulsion/yogurt ratio of 4:1 (w/w) as the food matrix of the test products. The results show that the test meals containing EPA-PL left the stomach compartment most efficiently in comparison with the gastric emptying of EPA-MAG and EPA-TAG. The PLs also showed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher bioaccessibility of EPA (75-80%) in comparison with MAG (30%) and TAG (38%). The better gastric emptying of EPA-PL was likely related to the more stable emulsion of EPA-PL in the test meal. EPA-PL was delivered within the meal matrix into the duodenum instead of floating on the top of the test meal matrix. EPA-MAG had the highest amount of EPA that did not leave the stomach (68% of the test meal). The results from this work indicate that EPA-PL is a more effective form of EPA for a higher lipid bioaccessibility than MAG and TAG under the test conditions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eicosapentaenoic Acid
  11. Fulltext A study of fatty acid composition and tocopherol content of lipid extracted from marine microalgae, Nannochloropsis oculata and Tetraselmis suecica, using solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction
    Bong, S.C., Loh, S. P.
    International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(2):721-729.
    MyJurnal
    This study was conducted to investigate and compare the fatty acids and tocopherols of lipid extracted from marine microalgae, Nannochloropsis oculata (NO) and Tetraselmis suecica (TS) using solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Fatty acids and tocopherols were determined in the extracted lipid as functions of the temperature (40, 80oC) and pressure (3000, 5000, 7000, 9000psi). Dichloromethane/methanol and hexane were the chosen conventional solvent for fatty acids and tocopherols extraction respectively. The results obtained showed that there were differences in the fatty acid composition of various lipid extracts of NO and TS. Extracts of NO were high in myristic acid (C14:0) (17-35%), palmitic acid (C16:0) (14-47%) and palmitoleic acid (C16:1) (11-42%) whereas extracts of TS were high in C14:0 (21-34%) and C16:0 (29-49%). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was detected only under certain SFE conditions in NO but was not detected in TS. α-, β- and γ-tocopherol were detected in various SFE extracts of NO but only α- and β-tocopherol were detected in TS. Hexane extraction of both NO and TS resulted in the detection of only α-tocopherol. In conclusion, the use of different extraction methods resulted in different compositions and concentrations of fatty acids and tocopherols in the microalgae studied.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eicosapentaenoic Acid
  12. The capacity for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis in a carnivorous vertebrate: Functional characterisation and nutritional regulation of a Fads2 fatty acyl desaturase with Δ4 activity and an Elovl5 elongase in striped snakehead (Channa striata)
    Kuah MK, Jaya-Ram A, Shu-Chien AC
    Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2015 Mar;1851(3):248-60.
    PMID: 25542509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.12.012
    The endogenous production of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in carnivorous teleost species inhabiting freshwater environments is poorly understood. Although a predatory lifestyle could potentially supply sufficient LC-PUFA to satisfy the requirements of these species, the nutrient-poor characteristics of the freshwater food web could impede this advantage. In this study, we report the cloning and functional characterisation of an elongase enzyme in the LC-PUFA biosynthesis pathway from striped snakehead (Channa striata), which is a strict freshwater piscivore that shows high deposition of LC-PUFA in its flesh. We also functionally characterised a previously isolated fatty acyl desaturase cDNA from this species. Results showed that the striped snakehead desaturase is capable of Δ4 and Δ5 desaturation activities, while the elongase showed the characteristics of Elovl5 elongases. Collectively, these findings reveal that striped snakehead exhibits the genetic resources to synthesise docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3). Both genes are expressed at considerable levels in the brain and the liver. In liver, both genes were up-regulated by dietary C18 PUFA, although this increase did not correspond to a significant rise in the deposition of muscle LC-PUFA. Brain tissue of fish fed with plant oil diets showed higher expression of fads2 gene compared to fish fed with fish oil-based diet, which could ensure DHA levels remain constant under limited dietary DHA intake. This suggests the importance of DHA production from EPA via the ∆4 desaturation step in order to maintain an optimal reserve of DHA in the neuronal tissues of carnivores.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eicosapentaenoic Acid/biosynthesis*
  13. Fulltext Fatty acid compositions of silver catfish, Pangasius sp. farmed in several rivers of Pahang, Malaysia
    Hashim RB, Jamil EF, Zulkipli FH, Daud JM
    J Oleo Sci, 2015;64(2):205-9.
    PMID: 25748380 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess14191
    Pangasius micronemus (Black Pangasius sp.) and Pangasius nasutus (Fruit Pangasius sp.) are two species of silver catfish widely consumed in Malaysia. The present study evaluated fatty acid profiles of fish muscles in these two Pangasius sp. from different farms and locations to determine which species or location is better in term of lipid quality. The results showed MUFAs (Monounsaturated fatty acid) content was highest (35.0-44.4%) followed by SFA (Saturated fatty acid) [32.0-41.5%] and PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) [9.3-19.3%]. P. micronemus of Sg. Kanchong displayed higher palmitic acid (SFA; 29.0%) than P. nasutus from Peramu (23.5%). In contrast, oleic acid (MUFA) revealed highest in P. nasutus (38.1%) while lowest in P. micronemus of Sg. Kanchong (29.7%). Additionally, utmost PUFAs belonged to P. micronemus of Sg. Kanchong (19.3%) and lower most in P. nasutus from Peramu (9.3%). P. micronemus presented with a higher EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) [1.0-1.4%], DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid) [1.7-2.8%] and LA (Linoleic acid) [11.8-12.0%] than P. nasutus (EPA; 0.3%, DHA; 1.0%, LA; 4.8%). However, P. nasutus established higher GLA (gamma-linolenic acid) [0.4%] than P. micronemus (0.04-0.06%). Both Pangasius sp. can be regarded as good supplies of omega-3 and omega-6. Overall, P. micronemus from Sg. Kanchong is the best choice among all for reason high in EPA and DHA.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eicosapentaenoic Acid/analysis
  14. Fulltext The Omega-3 fatty acids (Fish Oils) and Aspirin in Vascular access OUtcomes in REnal Disease (FAVOURED) study: the updated final trial protocol and rationale of post-initiation trial modifications
    Viecelli AK, Pascoe E, Polkinghorne KR, Hawley C, Paul-Brent PA, Badve SV, et al.
    BMC Nephrol, 2015;16:89.
    PMID: 26116581 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-015-0089-2
    The FAVOURED study is an international multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial which commenced recruitment in 2008 and examines whether omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) either alone or in combination with aspirin will effectively reduce primary access failure of de novo arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) in patients with stage 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease. Publication of new evidence derived from additional studies of clopidogrel and a high screen failure rate due to prevalent aspirin usage prompted an updated trial design.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eicosapentaenoic Acid/therapeutic use*
  15. EPA-coated titanium implants promote osteoconduction in white New Zealand rabbits
    Mustafa A, Lung CY, Mustafa NS, Mustafa BA, Kashmoola MA, Zwahlen RA, et al.
    Clin Oral Implants Res, 2016 Mar;27(3):303-9.
    PMID: 25393376 DOI: 10.1111/clr.12525
    OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-coated Ti implants on osteoconduction in white New Zealand rabbit mandibles.

    MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sandblasted and cleansed planar titanium specimens with a size of 5 × 5 × 1 mm were coated on one side with 0.25 vol% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The other side of the specimens was kept highly polished (the control side). These specimens were inserted in rabbit mandibles. Twelve rabbits were randomly assigned into three study groups (n = 4). The rabbits were sacrificed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The harvested specimens with the implants were assessed for new bone formation on both sides of the implant using CBCT, conventional radiographs, and the biaxial pullout test. The results were statistically analyzed by a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test and Friedman's test as multiple comparisons and by Brunner-Langer nonparametric mixed model approach (R Software).

    RESULTS: A significant osteoconductive bone formation was found on the EPA-coated Ti implant surface (P < 0.05) at 8 weeks when compared to the polished surface (control). Biaxial pullout test results showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) after 8 and 12 weeks with a maximum force of 243.8 N, compared to 143.25 N after 4 week.

    CONCLUSION: EPA implant coating promoted osteoconduction on the Ti implant surfaces, enhancing the anchorage of the implant to the surrounding bone in white New Zealand rabbits.

    Matched MeSH terms: Eicosapentaenoic Acid/pharmacology*
  16. Baseline characteristics of the omega-3 fatty acids (Fish oils) and Aspirin in Vascular access OUtcomes in REnal Disease (FAVOURED) study
    Viecelli AK, Pascoe EM, Polkinghorne KR, Hawley CM, Paul-Brent PA, Badve SV, et al.
    Nephrology (Carlton), 2016 Mar;21(3):217-28.
    PMID: 26205903 DOI: 10.1111/nep.12573
    The Fish oils and Aspirin in Vascular access OUtcomes in REnal Disease (FAVOURED) trial investigated whether 3 months of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, either alone or in combination with aspirin, will effectively reduce primary access failure of de novo arteriovenous fistulae. This report presents the baseline characteristics of all study participants, examines whether study protocol amendments successfully increased recruitment of a broader and more representative haemodialysis cohort, including patients already receiving aspirin, and contrasts Malaysian participants with those from Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom (UK).
    Matched MeSH terms: Eicosapentaenoic Acid/administration & dosage*
  17. Fulltext Cladosporium cladosporioides from the perspectives of medical and biotechnological approaches
    AlMatar M, Makky EA
    3 Biotech, 2016 Jun;6(1):4.
    PMID: 28330073 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-015-0323-4
    Fungi are important natural product sources that have enormous potential for the production of novel compounds for use in pharmacology, agricultural applications and industry. Compared with other natural sources such as plants, fungi are highly diverse but understudied. However, research on Cladosporium cladosporioides revealed the existence of bioactive products such as p-methylbenzoic acid, ergosterol peroxide (EP) and calphostin C as well as enzymes including pectin methylesterase (PME), polygalacturonase (PG) and chlorpyrifos hydrolase. p-Methylbenzoic acid has ability to synthesise 1,5-benzodiazepine and its derivatives, polyethylene terephthalate and eicosapentaenoic acid. EP has anticancer, antiangiogenic, antibacterial, anti-oxidative and immunosuppressive properties. Calphostin C inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) by inactivating both PKC-epsilon and PKC-alpha. In addition, calphostin C stimulates apoptosis in WEHI-231 cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. Based on the stimulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in some types of cancer, calphostin C has also been evaluated as a potential photodynamic therapeutic agent. Methylesterase (PME) and PG have garnered attention because of their usage in the food processing industry and significant physiological function in plants. Chlorpyrifos, a human, animal and plant toxin, can be degraded and eliminated by chlorpyrifos hydrolase.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eicosapentaenoic Acid
  18. Fulltext Nutrient and fatty acid composition of the flesh of oil sardine (Sardinella Longiceps) and Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger Kanagurta) from Hadhramout coast of the Arabian Sea, Yemen
    Bahurmiz, O.M., Adzitey, F., Ng, W.K.
    International Food Research Journal, 2017;24(6):2387-2393.
    MyJurnal
    The current study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional characteristics (moisture, protein, lipids, ash and fatty acid composition) of the flesh of oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps) and Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) caught from Hadhramout coast of the Arabian Sea. The protein content was 21.6% and 18.1% (wet weight basis) for mackerel and sardine, respectively. The lipid content was much higher in sardine (10.1%) compared with mackerel (1.7%). The fatty acid composition showed that total saturated fatty acids had the highest relative value (37.5%) among other fatty acid groups in the flesh lipids of sardine, followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (29.9%) and monounsaturated fatty acids (23.4%). In mackerel, polyunsaturated fatty acids was present at 37.4%, followed by saturated fatty acids (36.7%) and then monounsaturated fatty acids (14.3%). The majority of polyunsaturated fatty acids in both fish were deposited as omega-3 (89.8% in sardine and 87.9% in mackerel), of which docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid were the most abundant. In conclusion, oil sardine and Indian mackerel which are locally available and affordable fish in Yemen can be considered valuable sources of nutrients particularly protein and health-beneficial omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eicosapentaenoic Acid
  19. Coenzyme Q10-Loaded Fish Oil-Based Bigel System: Probing the Delivery Across Porcine Skin and Possible Interaction with Fish Oil Fatty Acids
    Zulfakar MH, Chan LM, Rehman K, Wai LK, Heard CM
    AAPS PharmSciTech, 2018 Apr;19(3):1116-1123.
    PMID: 29181705 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0923-x
    Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a vitamin-like oil-soluble molecule that has anti-oxidant and anti-ageing effects. To determine the most optimal CoQ10 delivery vehicle, CoQ10 was solubilised in both water and fish oil, and formulated into hydrogel, oleogel and bigel. Permeability of CoQ10 from each formulation across porcine ear skin was then evaluated. Furthermore, the effects of the omega-3 fatty eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids from fish oil on skin permeation were investigated by means of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and computerised molecular modelling docking experiments. The highest drug permeation was achieved with the bigel formulation that proved to be the most effective vehicle in delivering CoQ10 across the skin membrane due to a combination of its adhesive, viscous and lipophilic properties. Furthermore, the interactions between CoQ10 and fatty acids revealed by NMR and molecular modelling experiments likely accounted for skin permeability of CoQ10. NMR data showed dose-dependent changes in proton chemical shifts in EPA and DHA. Molecular modelling revealed complex formation and large binding energies between fatty acids and CoQ10. This study advances the knowledge about bigels as drug delivery vehicles and highlights the use of NMR and molecular docking studies for the prediction of the influence of drug-excipient relationships at the molecular level.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eicosapentaenoic Acid/chemistry*
  20. Eicosapentaenoic acid production from Nannochloropsis oceanica CY2 using deep sea water in outdoor plastic-bag type photobioreactors
    Chen CY, Nagarajan D, Cheah WY
    Bioresour Technol, 2018 Apr;253:1-7.
    PMID: 29328929 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.12.102
    In this study, Nannochloropsis oceanica CY2 was grown in deep-sea water (DSW)-based medium in 5-L plastic bag-type photobioreactors (PBRs) for the autotrophic production of Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3). EPA production of N. oceanica CY2 was stimulated when it was grown in 100% DSW amended with 1.5 g L-1 NaNO3, achieving a EPA content of 3.1% and a biomass concentration of 3.3 g L-1. An outdoor-simulated microalgae cultivation system was also conducted to validate the feasibility of outdoor cultivation of the CY2 strain in plastic bag-type PBRs. Using an inoculum size of 0.6 g/L, the biomass concentration in the PBR culture was 3.5 g L-1, while the EPA content and productivity reached a maximal level of 4.12% and 7.49 mg L-1 d-1, respectively. When the PBRs were operated on semi-batch mode, the EPA productivity could further increase to 9.9 mg L-1 d-1 with a stable EPA content of 4.1%.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eicosapentaenoic Acid*
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