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  1. Influence of health providers on pediatrics' immunization rate
    Al-lela OQ, Baidi Bahari M, Al-abbassi MG, Salih MR, Basher AY
    J Trop Pediatr, 2012 Dec;58(6):441-5.
    PMID: 22538210 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fms014
    To identify the immunization providers' characteristics associated with immunization rate in children younger than 2 years. A cohort and a cluster sampling design were implemented; 528 children between 18 and 70 months of age were sampled in five public health clinics in Mosul-Iraq. Providers' characterizations were obtained. Immunization rate for the children was assessed. Risk factors for partial immunization were explored using both bivariate analyses and multi-level logistic regression models. Less than half of the children had one or more than one missed dose, considered as partial immunization cases. The study found significant association of immunization rate with provider's type. Two factors were found that strongly impacted on immunization rate in the presence of other factors: birthplace and immunization providers' type.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Schedule
  2. Fulltext Meningococcal diseases: post men c vaccination era
    Bazlin Ramly
    Malaysian Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2019;23(2):36-44.
    MyJurnal
    Meningococcal Diseases: Post Men C Vaccination EraMalaysian Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, Vol. 23 (2), December 2017: 36-44© 2017 MJPCH. All Rights Reserved.36ORIGINAL ARTICLEMENINGOCOCCAL DISEASES: POST MEN C VACCINATION ERABazlin RamlyPaediatric Department, Letterkenny University Hospital, Co Donegal, Ireland.AbstractIntroduction: Meningococcal infections are caused by Neisseria Meningitidis and they are manifested in a spectrum of disease in particular meningitis. There are different strains of this bacteria which are A, C, B, W and Y. Mortality rates are from 5-15% with 10-15% suffering permanent disability. After the introduction of Men C vaccination in the year 2000, the incidences of meningitis caused by both Neisseria Meningitidis Serotype C and Serotype B have significantly reduced. Methods: A retrospective study of children whomlumbar puncture was performed with the preliminary diagnosis of meningococcal disease/ meningitis. Total numbers of children were 30 after excluding neonates, those with non-infectious diagnosis and failed lumbar puncture. Symptoms, signs and investigations results were collected in a data collection sheet using the documented data from the patients’ chart. Results: Five children had positive results in either the cultures or the PCR samples sent. None of these children had Serotype C. Three children had Serotype B and 2 others were Serotype W135. Conclusions: There were presence of Nisseria Meningitidis Serotype B and Serotype W135 when blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples were sent. It shows how significant is the value of lumbar puncture to be done to secure a definite diagnosis of meningitis. The preventive strategy to include Men B vaccination in the national vaccination schedule is definite so that death and morbidity can be reduced.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Schedule
  3. Four is better than nine. a combined diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-hepatitis B-Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine for routine immunization in Malaysia
    Wong SL, Soosai P, Teoh YL, Han HH, Lefevre I, Bock HL
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2008 May;39(3):474-83.
    PMID: 18564687
    Malaysian infants would have to receive nine injections during the first few months of life in order to be protected against disease caused by hepatitis B (HBV), diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) if single HBV and Hib vaccines were used. We evaluated a combined DTPw-HBV/Hib vaccine administered at 1.5, 3 and 5 months after a birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine (HBV). One month after completion of the primary vaccination, 99% of subjects had seroprotective anti-HBV antibody levels, and at least 98% had seroprotective antibodies against diphtheria, tetanus, and Hib, and were seropositive for pertussis antibodies. The immune response to the combined vaccine was comparable to that induced by separate injections with DTPw, HBV and Hib vaccines. Overall, the DTPw-HBV/Hib vaccine was as well tolerated as separate administration of DTPw, HBV and Hib vaccines. The combined DTPw-HBV/Hib vaccine induces protection against five diseases as recommended in the Malaysian routine vaccination schedule. Use of the combined DTPw-HBV/Hib vaccine can reduce the required number of injections from nine to four in the first few months of life.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Schedule
  4. Fulltext COVID-19 vaccinations for children
    Mariatulqabtiah AR, Buttigieg KR
    Lancet Infect Dis, 2022 Sep;22(9):1255-1256.
    PMID: 35760075 DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00414-5
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Schedule
  5. Influence of immunization schedule on immunization coverage
    Chen ST
    J Trop Med Hyg, 1989 Dec;92(6):386-90.
    PMID: 2607571
    The infant immunization coverage for triple antigen (DPT) from 1968 and trivalent oral polio vaccine (TOPV) from 1972 to 1985 for Peninsular Malaysia are presented. It shows that immunization coverage improved when the recommended age for first dose of DPT was changed from the fourth to the second month of life in 1972 and declined when the recommended age for the first dose of DPT and TOPV was revised again from the second to the third month of life in 1980. The advantages of immunizing children early in life are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Schedule*
  6. Pneumonia and diarrhoeas: killers of toddlers in developing countries
    Chen ST
    Trop Geogr Med, 1975 Mar;27(1):103-8.
    PMID: 806152
    Pneumonia and diarrhoeas are an important cause of toddler mortality and morbidity in developing countries. Of the 147 children admitted to the University Hospital at Kuala Lumpur in 1971 for pneumonia and diarrhoeas 50 (34%) were found to be suffering from protein-calorie malnutrition of varying degrees of severity. The malnourished children tended to come from poorer homes, and to have a larger number of siblings born in rapid succession when compared with normal weight children. Anemia was more common among the malnourished children. The interaction of infection and malnutrition and the social implications of these diseases are important. It is vital that hospitals in developing countries promote health in addition to their traditional curative role.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Schedule
  7. The improvement of immunization coverage by early immunisation of children in Malaysia
    Chen ST
    Med J Malaysia, 1976 Sep;31(1):17-9.
    PMID: 1023007
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Schedule*
  8. The early immunisation of infants in Malaysia
    Chen ST, Choong MM
    Med J Malaya, 1971 Sep;26(1):15-9.
    PMID: 4258569
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Schedule*
  9. Vaccination in Southeast Asia--reducing meningitis, sepsis and pneumonia with new and existing vaccines
    Richardson A, Morris DE, Clarke SC
    Vaccine, 2014 Jul 16;32(33):4119-23.
    PMID: 24907487 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.05.062
    Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b and Neisseria meningitidis are leading causes of vaccine-preventable diseases such as meningitis, sepsis and pneumonia. Although there has been much progress in the introduction of vaccines against these pathogens, access to vaccines remains elusive in some countries. This review highlights the current S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae type b, and N. meningitidis immunization schedules in the 10 countries belonging to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Epidemiologic studies may be useful for informing vaccine policy in these countries, particularly when determining the cost-effectiveness of introducing new vaccines.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Schedule*
  10. Prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes causing invasive and non-invasive disease in South East Asia: a review
    Jauneikaite E, Jefferies JM, Hibberd ML, Clarke SC
    Vaccine, 2012 May 21;30(24):3503-14.
    PMID: 22475858 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.066
    BACKGROUND: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of bacterial infections resulting in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Currently, up to 13 serotypes are included in pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs). However, the serotype formulation of these vaccines was initially designed to protect children against serotypes most commonly causing invasive disease in North America, and may not reflect the serotype distribution across the world. Data regarding pneumococcal epidemiology from the other parts of the world, in particular South East Asia, has not been reviewed.
    METHODS: This systematic literature review analyses published serotype data regarding S. pneumoniae isolates from South East Asian countries (defined as countries belonging to the Association of South East Asian Nations, ASEAN): Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam up to 3rd of March 2012.
    RESULTS: Analysis of data from six ASEAN countries, from which information on pneumococcal serotypes was available, showed that the most common disease causing serotypes (in rank order) were 19F, 23F, 14, 6B, 1, 19A and 3. Serotype distribution of pneumococcal isolates was similar across the ASEAN region. Serotype level data was more commonly reported for pneumococcal isolates causing invasive pneumococcal disease than for those from non-invasive disease. Studies from Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore contributed the largest proportion of pneumococcal isolates, and serotype data, when compared to other ASEAN countries.
    CONCLUSION: This review demonstrates that the majority of IPD causing serotypes in SE Asia are included in currently licensed PCVs. However, PCV's are included in the routine childhood immunisation schedule of only one of the ten countries included in this analysis. Our findings demonstrate the scarcity of information available on serotype prevalence and distribution of pneumococci in SE Asia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Schedule
  11. The "built-in failure-rate" of immunisation at infant-health clinics
    Dugdale AE
    Lancet, 1969 Feb 22;1(7591):409-11.
    PMID: 4179241 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(69)91371-3
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Schedule*
  12. Fulltext A VLP-based vaccine provides complete protection against Nipah virus challenge following multiple-dose or single-dose vaccination schedules in a hamster model
    Walpita P, Cong Y, Jahrling PB, Rojas O, Postnikova E, Yu S, et al.
    NPJ Vaccines, 2017;2:21.
    PMID: 29263876 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0023-7
    Nipah virus is a highly lethal zoonotic paramyxovirus that was first recognized in Malaysia during an outbreak in 1998. During this outbreak, Nipah virus infection caused a severe febrile neurological disease in humans who worked in close contact with infected pigs. The case fatality rate in humans was approximately 40%. Since 2001, NiV has re-emerged in Bangladesh and India where fruit bats (Pteropus spp.) have been identified as the principal reservoir of the virus. Transmission to humans is considered to be bat-to-human via food contaminated with bat saliva, or consumption of contaminated raw date palm sap, although human-to-human transmission of Nipah virus has also been documented. To date, there are no approved prophylactic options or treatment for NiV infection. In this study, we produced mammalian cell-derived native Nipah virus-like particles composed of Nipah virus G, F and M proteins for use as a novel Nipah virus vaccine. Previous studies demonstrated that the virus-like particles were structurally similar to authentic virus, functionally assembled and immunoreactive. In the studies reported here, purified Nipah virus-like particles were utilized either alone or with adjuvant to vaccinate golden Syrian hamsters with either three-dose or one-dose vaccination regimens followed by virus challenge. These studies found that Nipah virus-like particle immunization of hamsters induced significant neutralizing antibody titers and provided complete protection to all vaccinated animals following either single or three-dose vaccine schedules. These studies prove the feasibility of a virus-like particle-based vaccine for protection against Nipah virus infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Schedule
  13. Fulltext Safety and immunogenicity of a tetravalent dengue vaccine in healthy children aged 2-11 years in Malaysia: a randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase III study
    Hss AS, Koh MT, Tan KK, Chan LG, Zhou L, Bouckenooghe A, et al.
    Vaccine, 2013 Dec 2;31(49):5814-21.
    PMID: 24135573 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.10.013
    Dengue disease is a major public health problem across the Asia-Pacific region for which there is no licensed vaccine or treatment. We evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of Phase III lots of a candidate vaccine (CYD-TDV) in children in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Schedule
  14. Fulltext Hepatitis B immunisation status among health care workers in two Kuala Lumpur hospitals
    Hesham R, Zamberi S, Tajunisah ME, Ariza A, Ilina I
    Med J Malaysia, 2005 Oct;60(4):407-10.
    PMID: 16570700
    Health care workers (HCW) are at higher risk of acquiring blood borne infections such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus from patients. To minimise exposure, Universal Precautions Policy guidelines were introduced. This study looked into one of the aspects of hepatitis B prevention among HCW in the Malaysian context. The objective of this study was to assess hepatitis B vaccine coverage among HCW. A cross sectional study involving pre-tested questionnaires was undertaken from February 2001 to August 2001. Hospital staff in Hospital Kuala Lumpur and Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia as well as undergraduate students undergoing clinical attachments were randomly chosen. A total of 625 subjects were enrolled. Only 58.4% had taken a complete hepatitis B vaccination. However, 82.2% have taken at least one dose of the hepatitis B vaccine and were supposed to complete the schedule in due course. Not all HCW were protected against hepatitis B. Preventing hepatitis B in HCW should be one of the priorities of the hospital management as it is definitely cheaper than managing chronic hepatitis B cases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Schedule
  15. Fulltext A study of hand, food and moth epidemic in Hulu Langat district, 2000. [Tinjauan wabak penyakit tangan, kaki dan mulut (HFMD) di daerah Hulu Langat, 2000]
    Meftahuddin Tarip, Jamsiah Mustafa
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2003;3(1):16-22.
    MyJurnal
    The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiological features of HFMD outbreak in the Hulu Langat District in 2000. Until November 2000, a total of 60 cases were reported and the worst ever reported to the previous years. The mean age of patients was 3.9; 5.8 years with majority of the cases aged between 1 to 4 years old (53.8 per 100,000 of population), male gender (8.3 per 100,000 of populations), and were of Chinese (12.2 per 11 100,000 of populations) and Malay ethnicity (7.2 per 100.000 of populations). All cases were uncomplicated cases and were diagnosed clinically. Most of the notified cases were front the government facilities, which are 44 cases (73.3%). Thirty-five (35) cases (58.4%) were treated as outpatient and 25 cases (41.6%) as in patients (p>0,05). Only 7 cases (11.7%) have history of contact with HFMD patients. The notified cases were mainly from the densely populated areas which were Cheras, Kajang and Ampang. No differences were noted between HFMD cases which have been breasfed for less than 6 month or more, and twenty nine (29) cases (48.3 %) had completed the immunization schedule. In conclusion, the recent emergence of HFMD brings a new challenge, which have to be faced in the prevention and surveillance activities of public health problems in the district.
    Study site: Notified cases from Klinik Kesihatan, hospital, private clinics, Ulu Langat, Selangor, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Schedule
  16. Fulltext COVID-19: A call for awareness or mandatory vaccination even in pandemics?
    Wong YJ, Lee SWH
    J Glob Health, 2021 Jan 30;11:03005.
    PMID: 33643615 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.11.03005
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Schedule
  17. Evaluating effective measles vaccine coverage in the Malaysian population accounting for between-dose correlation and vaccine efficacy
    Kumar SS, Hartner AM, Chandran A, Gaythorpe KAM, Li X
    BMC Public Health, 2023 Nov 28;23(1):2351.
    PMID: 38017415 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17082-9
    BACKGROUND: Malaysia introduced the two dose measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine in 2004 as part of its measles elimination strategy. However, despite high historical coverage of MCV1 and MCV2, Malaysia continues to report high measles incidence. This study suggests a novel indicator for investigating population immunity against measles in the Malaysian population.

    METHODS: We define effective vaccine coverage (EVC) of measles as the proportion of a population vaccinated with measles-containing vaccine (MCV) and effectively protected against measles infection. A quantitative evaluation of EVC throughout the life course of Malaysian birth cohorts was conducted accounting for both vaccine efficacy (VE) and between-dose correlation (BdC). Measles vaccination coverage was sourced from WHO-UNICEF estimates of Malaysia's routine immunisation coverage and supplementary immunisation activities (SIAs). United Nations World population estimates and projections (UNWPP) provided birth cohort sizes stratified by age and year. A step wise joint Bernoulli distribution was used to proportionate the Malaysian population born between 1982, the first year of Malaysia's measles vaccination programme, and 2021, into individuals who received zero dose, one dose and multiple doses of MCV. VE estimates by age and doses received are then adopted to derive EVC. A sensitivity analysis was conducted using 1000 random combinations of BdC and VE parameters.

    RESULTS: This study suggests that no birth cohort in the Malaysian population has achieved > 95% population immunity (EVC) conferred through measles vaccination since the measles immunisation programme began in Malaysia.

    CONCLUSION: The persistence of measles in Malaysia is due to pockets of insufficient vaccination coverage against measles in the population. Monitoring BdC through immunisation surveillance systems may allow for the identification of susceptible subpopulations (primarily zero-dose MCV individuals) and increase the coverage of individuals who are vaccinated with multiple doses of MCV. This study provides a tool for assessment of national-level population immunity of measles conferred through vaccination and does not consider subnational heterogeneity or vaccine waning. This tool can be readily applied to other regions and vaccine-preventable diseases.

    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Schedule
  18. Fulltext Knowledge on immunisation among nurses in Malaysia
    Lidwina Edwin Amir
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(104):21-21.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: The National Immunization Program in Malaysia began in the 1950s and was integrated into the Ma-ternal and Child Health Program. Administrative data showed that coverage for all vaccinations was more than 95% except for measles vaccination. Despite the high coverage, there were clusters of outbreaks of vaccine preventable diseases. One of the reasons is the increasing phenomena of vaccines refusals following the rapid spread of negative perception and concerns through social media. Nurses as front liners play an important role to communicate on vac-cine safety and adverse events (AEFI). A survey was conducted to identify the level of knowledge among nurses who deal with immunisation programme. Methods: Nurses from all states attending a National seminar on immunisation communication in Putrajaya were asked to answer a Digital online questionnaire. They were asked to answer 12 questions on knowledge of vaccines, immunization schedule and cold chain management. Results: A total of 74% (429) of the seminar participants responded to the questionnaire, of which 85% were from the government sector and 15% from private. Findings showed that although about 75% of the nurses had formal training on immunisation, 50% had lack of knowledge about vaccination schedule for defaulters and 63.2% (268) had knowledge gaps related to questions on vaccines and handling of vaccines. Conclusion: In view of the knowledge gap from this survey, there is a need for ongoing training for the nurses and evaluation by supervisors on the knowledge and practices among nurses.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Schedule
  19. Immunogenicity of the 9-Valent HPV Vaccine Using 2-Dose Regimens in Girls and Boys vs a 3-Dose Regimen in Women
    Iversen OE, Miranda MJ, Ulied A, Soerdal T, Lazarus E, Chokephaibulkit K, et al.
    JAMA, 2016 12 13;316(22):2411-2421.
    PMID: 27893068 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.17615
    Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections cause anogenital cancers and warts. The 9-valent HPV vaccine provides protection against 7 high-risk types of HPV responsible for 90% of cervical cancers and 2 other HPV types accounting for 90% of genital warts.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Schedule*
  20. Fulltext Sociodemographic and health care factors in determining immunization defaulters among preschool children in Petaling District, Selangor: a cross-sectional study in Malaysia
    Krishna D, Mohd Zulkefli NA, Md Said S, Mahmud A
    BMC Public Health, 2019 Sep 18;19(1):1275.
    PMID: 31533790 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7561-z
    BACKGROUND: Immunization is an effective public health intervention to reduce morbidity and mortality among children and it will become more effective if the child can receive the full course of recommended immunization doses. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of childhood immunization defaulters and its associated factors among children below 5 years attending registered child care centers in Petaling District, Selangor.

    METHODS: This was a cross-sectional survey among mothers with children below 5 years from 60 registered child care centers in District of Petaling, Selangor. Data was collected by a self-administered questionnaire from a total of 1015 mothers. Simple Logistic Regression, Chi-square or Fisher's exact test were performed to determine the association between individual categorical variables and childhood immunization defaulters. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the predictors of childhood immunization defaulters.

    RESULTS: The study showed that the prevalence rate for defaulting immunization was 20.7%. After adjusting all confounders, six statistically significant predictors of childhood immunization defaulters were determined. They were non-Muslims (aOR = 1.669, 95% CI = 1.173, 2.377, p = 0.004), mothers with diploma and below educational background (aOR = 2.296, 95% CI = 1.460, 3.610, p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Schedule
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